남한산성

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남한산성
Namhansanseong Fortress
대표명칭 남한산성
영문명칭 Namhansanseong Fortress
한자 南漢山城
주소 경기도 광주시 남한산성면 산성리 산1
지정(등록) 종목 사적 제57호
지정(등록)일 1963년 1월 21일
분류 유적건조물/정치국방/성/성곽
시대 조선시대
수량/면적 608,705㎡
웹사이트 남한산성, 국가문화유산포털, 문화재청.



해설문

국문

남한산성은 청량산을 중심으로 북쪽으로 연주봉, 동쪽으로 벌봉과 한봉을 연결한다. 해발 500m 내외의 자연지형을 따라 둘레 12km가 넘는 성벽을 구축하여 많은 병력으로도 쉽게 공략할 수 없는 지리적 여건을 구비하고 있다. 동아시아 성곽 건축술의 원형과 시대별 발달을 잘 보여주는 남한산성은 672년 신라 주장성으로부터 시작하여 1624년 본격적인 축성이 이루어졌으며, 19세기에 이르기까지 지속적으로 개·수축이 이루어졌다. 특히, 남한산성은 인조 14년(1636) 병자호란 당시 청 태종의 10만이 넘는 대군에 맞서 인조가 47일간 항전하였던 전쟁터였으며, 동아시아 명·청 교체기에 힘의 각축장이었다. 17세기 남한산성의 축성과 광주유수부 설치는 국토 방어와 주민 거주의 개념을 통합한 ‘산성거주론’을 실천한 처음이자 마지막 사례이다. 남한산성은 인조 2년(1624)에 축성한 이후 왕실의 보장처로서 역할을 하며, 300여년 넘게 체계적으로 관리하고 경영한 세계사적으로 보기 힘든 초대형 산성의 사례가 되었다.

하지만, 1896년 을미의병의 거점이 된 남한산성은 1907년 일제에 의해 많은 건물이 파괴되었으며, 1917년 성내에 있던 광주군청이 산성 밖으로 이전하면서 쇠퇴하기 시작하였다. 이후 1954년 국립공원 지정, 1971년 도립공원 지정으로, 남한산성은 정부에 의해 체계적으로 관리되기 시작하였다. 유원지로 알려졌던 남한산성은 1999년부터 시작된 경기도의 남한산성 복원 사업으로 지금의 모습을 갖추었고, 2014년 6월에 1439번째 유네스코 세계문화유산으로 등재되었다.

  • 문화재청 국가문화유산포털, 한국민족문화대백과사전, 경기도문화재총람 등에는 모두 주장성이 673년 축성되었다고 함.

영문

Namhansanseong Fortress

Namhansanseong Fortress served to protect the royal capital (Hanyang, today’s Seoul) during the latter half of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). Measuring over 12 km in circumference, this stone fortification is known for its advantageous topography, which consists of a wide and flat basin surrounded by tall mountains that boast panoramic views of the surrounding area, including the Hangang River.

First built in the late 7th century by Unified Silla (668-935), the fortress was maintained as a defensive outpost for a millennium. In the early 17th century, it was rebuilt on a larger scale and equipped with a temporary palace, a local government office, military facilities, and royal shrines so that it could serve as an emergency capital in times of crisis. During the Manchu invasion of 1637, King Injo (r. 1623-1649) indeed sought refuge here as more than 100,000 enemy soldiers laid siege. In 1683, the fortress was designated as a special military and administrative district, which led to the development of a fully-fledged walled town, which is rare for a Korean mountain fortification. Notably, the fortress was also home to 10 Buddhist temples, where soldier-monks in charge of defending the fortress resided.

In the early 20th century, Japanese colonial authorities destroyed many of the buildings inside the fortress and relocated the local government office elsewhere, resulting in the decline of the local area. However, with its designation as a historic site in 1963 and a provincial park in 1971, the fortress began to be maintained once again. In 1999, a major project to restore and reconstruct the fortress and its various buildings was launched. In 2014, the site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its significance as an outstanding fortified city.

Long Version

Namhansanseong ("Mountain Fortress to the South of the Han[gang River]") is a historical mountain fortress built to protect the royal capital (Hanyang, today's north-central Seoul) during the latter half of the Joseon period (1392-1910). Measuring over 12 km in circumference, this large stone fortification is known for its advantageous topography, which consists of a wide and flat central basin surrounded by high mountains (up to 522 m above sea level) that boast panoramic views of the surrounding flatland, including the Hangang River, which has been valued since ancient times for its fertile floodplains and wide waterway. Thanks to its geographical features, the fortress was not only well-protected, but it was also spacious enough to function as a self-sufficient stronghold during times of crisis and to support the development of a fully-fledged walled town, which is rare among Korean mountain fortifications.

The history of this fortress goes back to the late 7th century when the Silla kingdom built a stone fortress here during the Silla-Tang War (670-676) following Silla's unification of the Korean Peninsula. Over the next millennium, the fortress was kept in repair and served as a defensive outpost for the regional capital. In the early 17th century, as conflict grew between Korea's neighboring states, the fortress was rebuilt on a larger scale and equipped to serve as an emergency capital in the case of a national crisis, such as a foreign invasion. To this end, the fortress housed a temporary palace where the king could reside, local government offices, and royal shrines, in addition to its various military facilities. The fortress was also home to ten Buddhist temples, where soldier-monks in charge of defending the fortress resided. And, indeed, the fortress served its purpose during the Manchu invasion of 1637, when King Injo (r. 1623-1649) sought refuge here for 47 days as more than 100,000 enemy soldiers failed to capture the fortress. In 1683, the fortress was designated as a special military and administrative district, resulting in the growth of the local population as military and civil officials moved here with their families.

In the early 20th century, many of the buildings inside the fortress were destroyed by Japanese colonial authorities, who also moved the local government office elsewhere, resulting in the loss of the fortress's military and administrative functions and the decline of the once-booming local community. However, with its designation as a Historic Site in 1963 and a provincial park in 1971, the fortress began to be maintained once again. Beginning in 1999, Gyeonggi-do Province began to restore or reconstruct the fortress wall and its many historic landmarks, including its defensive structures, administrative buildings, and military training facilities. In June 2014, the site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its significance as an outstanding fortified city that features a variety of military, administrative, and religious buildings and demonstrates important developments in East Asian defensive military engineering.

직역 Version

Namhansanseong is centered around Cheongnyangsan and connects to Yeonjubong in the north and Beolbong and Hanbong in the east. Along the natural terrain which is around about 500 m above sea level, the fortress wall, measuring over 12 km in circumference, was constructed to satisfy geographical conditions to prevent easy capture even by many troops. Namhansanseong, which shows well the original form and development over time of East Asian fortress architecture technology, began with the 672 Silla Jujangseong, and its full-fledged construction was carried out in 1624, and continued reconstruction and repairs were carried out until the 19th century. In particular, at the time of the Byeongja War in the 14th year of Injo (1636), Namhansanseong became a battleground as Injo fought back against over 100,000 troops of Taizong of Qing for 47 days and was an arena of struggle for power during the East Asian Ming-Qing transition period. The 17th-century construction of Namhansanseong and the installation of the Gwangju Defense Prefecture is the first and last case of the realization of the "mountain fortress residential theory" which combined the concepts of national defense and inhabitant residence. After Namhansanseong was constructed in the 2nd year of Injo (1624), it played the role of a place of security for the royal family and was systematically maintained and managed for over about 300 years, becoming a case of a large-scale mountain fortress that is hard to see worldwide.

However, Namhansanseong, which became a hub for the Eulmi Righteous Army in 1896, had many of its buildings destroyed by the Japanese Empire in 1907 and began to decline as the Gwangju County Office, which had been inside the fortress, was moved outside the mountain fortress in 1917. Later, through designation as a national park in 1954 and a provincial park in 1971, Namhansanseong began to be systematically managed by the government. Namhansanseong, which was known as a recreation area, obtained its current appearance through the Gyeonggi-do Namhansanseong Restoration Project that began in 1999, and in June 2014 it was inscribed as the 1,439th UNESCO World Heritage.

영문 해설 내용

남한산성은 조선시대 후기에 수도인 한양(지금의 서울)을 지키던 성곽이다. 둘레 12km가 넘는 이 성곽은 높은 봉우리로 둘러싸인 넓고 평평한 분지로 이루어져 있으며, 한강을 비롯한 주변 지역을 조망할 수 있는 유리한 지형을 갖추고 있다.

이곳에는 7세기 후반 통일신라에 의해 처음 성이 축조되었고, 이후 천 년 동안 방어의 전초기지로 유지되었다. 17세기 초에는 성곽을 대대적으로 증축하였고, 행궁, 관아, 군사시설, 왕실 사당 등을 갖추어 유사시 임시 수도로 기능할 수 있게 하였다. 실제로 병자호란 당시 인조(재위 1623-1649)가 이곳으로 피난하여 10만이 넘는 적군에 맞서 항전하였다. 1683년 남한산성에 군사·행정을 통합한 특별 행정구역이 설치되면서 산성도시로 발전하였으며, 이는 한국의 산성 중 매우 드문 사례이다. 특히 남한산성에는 10개의 불교 사찰이 이 있었고, 산성을 지키는 승병들이 거주하였다.

20세기 초 일제가 성 안의 많은 건물들을 파괴하고 지방 관청을 다른 곳으로 이전하면서, 이 지역은 쇠퇴하기 시작하였다. 그러나 1963년 사적, 1971년 도립공원으로 지정되면서 남한산성은 다시 정비되기 시작하였다. 1999년 남한산성과 산성 내 건물들을 복원하는 사업이 시작되었고, 탁월한 산성도시 유적으로서의 가치를 인정 받아 2014년에는 유네스코 세계유산에 등재되었다.

갤러리

  • 남한산성 탐방안내도[1]

개별안내판

참고자료

주석

  1. ↑ “행궁 및 문화재 안내”, 경기도 남한산성 세계유산센터.
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