NJ2018 Cultivating Hemp

Nongsa jikseol
Project Introduction Editor's Notes
Table of Contents
Preface Preparing the Seed Grain Plowing the Soil Cultivating Hemp Cultivating Rice Cultivating Proso and Foxtail Millet Cultivating Barnyard Grass Cultivating Soybeans, Red Beans, and Mung Beans Cultivating Barley and Wheat Cultivating Sesame Cultivating Buckwheat
Glossary Further Readings

Contributor: Jeeeun Kwon (Original Text and Korean Translation Editing)

Contributor: Lyndsey Twining (English Translation Editing)

Original Script

Text with Punctuation	Text Image
種麻 正月氷解, 擇良田。 田多, 則歲易。 【歲易, 則皮薄節闊。】 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞。 二月上旬, 更耕之。 【中旬爲中時, 下旬爲下時。 至於北土, 寒氣晩解, 要當隋時適宜。 九穀倣此。】 以木斫【鄕名斫訖羅】及鐵齒擺【鄕名手愁音】, 熟治使平, 後足踏均密。撒種, 又須均須密。 【足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用。】 曳撈覆種。【撈, 鄕名曳介. 編多枝木爲之, 松枝爲上。】 其上, 又布牛馬糞。麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之。【不過一鋤。 又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也。】	05 06

Korean Translation

삼 심고 키우기

정월에 얼음이 녹자마자 좋은 밭을 선택한다. 만약에 밭이 많이 확보되면 1년 휴한한 땅에 심는 것이 좋다. 1년 휴한한 땅에서 자란 삼은 껍질이 얇고 마디 사이가 넓다. 삼베밭을 가는 방법은 먼저 세로로 세 번 가로로 세 번 하고 소나 말의 똥을 펼쳐 놓는다. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 갈아 준다. (2월 상순이 가장 최적의 시기이며) 중순은 그 다음이고 하순은 가장 나쁜 시기이다. 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로 (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다. 추운 지방의 아홉 가지 곡식도 밭갈이 시기의 선택은 이와 같다.

흙을 잘게 썰어주는 목작(써래) 향명 소흘라 과 땅을 고르고 풀을 쳐내는 철치파(쇠스랑) 향명 수수음 으로 잘 삶고 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주어야 한다. 씨를 파종할 때에도 고른 간격으로 조밀하게 파종하여야 한다. 발로 밟거나 종자를 뿌릴 때 고르고 조밀하게 하지 않으면 삼의 섬유질이 거칠게 되거나 혹은 가지가 나서 사용하는데 적합하지 않게 되므로 유의하여야 한다. [그 다음에] 끌개(끙게)를 이끌어서 종자가 흙에 덮이도록 하며 로는 향명으로는 끌개인데, 이것은 가지가 많은 나무로 만든다. 소나무 가지로 만든 것이 가장 좋다. 그 위에는 또 소똥, 말똥을 깐다. 삼이 3치(6 cm) 정도 자랐을 때 잡초가 있다면 김을 매주어야 한다. 김매는 것은 한번을 넘지 않는다. 또한 만종이 있는데, 하지 전후 10일 이내 기간에는 언제나 심을 수 있다.

English Translation

Cultivating Hemp

When the soil thaws in the first (lunar) month, select good fields. If the fields are abundant, rotate them annually. If (the fields are) rotated annually, then the bark (of the hemp's stem) will be thin, and the space between the joints wide.

Plow three times lengthwise and three times breadththwise. Spread cow and horse manure (over the field). In the first week of the second month, plow again. Plowing again in the second week is the second best time, and the third week is the worst time. In the northern regions, the (spring) thaw comes later, and this should be taken into consideration when selecting the best time (for plowing). (The plowing for) all nine grains (should) follow this.

With a mokjak (Its common name issoheulla) and a cheolchipa Its common name is susueum), level the soil well, and then evenly and densely tamp it down with your feet.

When sowing seeds, it is also necessary to sow them evenly and densely. If the tamping and sowing are not done evenly and densely, then the hemp may be too rough or too branchy, therefore not suitable for use. Drag a ro to cover the seeds. Its common name is kkeulgae. To make it, bind multiple branches of wood; pine branches work best. On top (of the soil), also spread cow and horse manure.

If there are weeds when the hemp has reached three chon , then weed them (with a homi). Do not weed more than once. The late-sowing varieties can be sowed anytime within ten days before or after the summer solstice.

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Glossary

Plant Varieties

• Bark
• Joints
• Late-sowing variety
• Nine grains
• Pine (branches)

Farming Tools

• Cheolchipa
• Homi
• Manure (cow and horse manure)
• Mokjak
• Ro

Land Types

• Good fields
• Northern regions

Calendar Terms

• First lunar month
• First week
• Second week
• Summer Solstice
• Third week

Measurements

• Chon

Footnote

• For '田多, 則歲易' translation may depend on the meaning of 歲易. 'Crop alternately with other crops(rotate)' or 'cultivate hemp one year and leave the farmland with nothing cultivated for a year'. Does crop rotation referring to changing to a different crop each year, or letting the land go fallow for a year before planting the same crop again? (지은 comment)

• Tool names are kept in their original form in the English translation (romanized). Refer to the glossary for the English tool names.

• 上旬, 中旬 and 下旬 were translated into English as <first sun>, <middle sun> and <last sun>. Other translations: <first sun>, <second sun> and <third sun>. Suggestions were made for the use of <decade>. The etymology and usage of <decade> can be found here. 旬 is translated as <decade> in a dictionary of classical and medieval Chinese [Kroll, Paul W.(2017). A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese(Revised edition). Leiden:Brill.]: <Meaning 1: A decade of days, three of which make up a month; the standard “week” in premodern times. a. (med.) a decade of years, sgl. or in cmpd.; e.g. 旬年, ten years. b. (med.) a unit of ten, e.g.旬月, ten months. Meaning 2. Complete, full, a whole cycle: e.g. 旬歲, a whole year, 旬月, a whole month. Meaning 3. (med.) time in general, as a whole unit.> (Evelyn comment)

• To plow or to till. "Conceptually, tilling is more like running a comb or a rake over the soil, while plowing is more like using a spatula to flip a pancake. These are much too simple analogies, but the basic idea should be clear. A tilling machine runs blades through the soil, while a plow's main work is to flip soil over on top of itself. This is a basically different approach to mixing and aerating the soil. A till will knife air into the soil and drag some soil particles into contact with different soil particles, while the plowshare's goal is to flip topsoil over and leave a layer upside-down." - Stephen Wright [1] (Lindsey comment)

Further Reading

• On farming tools, in general: "농기구", 한국민족문화대백과사전, 한국학중앙연구원.
• About the wooden harrow (mokjak): "써레", 한국의 농기구, 네이버 지식백과.
• Terms related to plant morphology: "Glossary of Plant Morphology", Wikipedia.
• General Information: "Hemp", Wikipedia.
• Hemp structure: Hemp plant anatomy