"(Translation) 李濟開國功臣敎書"의 두 판 사이의 차이

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{{Primary Source Document3
 
{{Primary Source Document3
 
|Image = 이제개국공신교서1392.jpg
 
|Image = 이제개국공신교서1392.jpg
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|English =  
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|English = Royal Instruction to Yi Je the Meritorous Minister of Founding State
 
|Chinese = 李濟 開國功臣 敎書
 
|Chinese = 李濟 開國功臣 敎書
 
|Korean =  
 
|Korean =  
 
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
 
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
 
|Type =
 
|Type =
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|Author =   
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|Author =  朝鮮太祖 李成桂
 
|Year = 1392
 
|Year = 1392
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|Key Concepts=  
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|Key Concepts= Royal Instruction, Meritorous Minister, State Founding, Goryeo-Joseon Transition, Dynastic Change, Loyalty, Justification
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|Translator = [[2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
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|Translator = [[2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
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|Editor =  
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|Editor = Martin Gehlmann, Inho Choi, King Kwong Wong
 
|Translation Year = 2018
 
|Translation Year = 2018
  
 
}}
 
}}
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[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Primary Sources for Korean Studies]]
  
  
 
=='''Introduction'''==
 
=='''Introduction'''==
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In the tenth month of 1392, this document appointed Yi Je(李濟, Yi Je) as the First Rank Meritorious Minister of the Chosŏn Founding. Those who participated in Yi Sŏnggye's (Yi Seonggye, 李成桂, posthumously known as King T'aejo 太祖) overthrow of the Koryŏ (高麗,Goryeo) were recognized for their contributions with the honorable title, the Meritorious Minister of the Chosŏn founding. In the eighth month of the same year, Yi Sŏnggye installed the Directorate of Meritorious Ministers (功臣都監) for the registration of meritorious ministers. Due to political struggle, the list of meritorious ministers changed a few times; the final list included thirty-nine ministers. This is the only surviving document among King T'aejo's royal instructions issued to thirty-nine ministers. Interestingly, the royal seal of Koryŏ King was used in this document. At this point, the name of the newly founded state was still undetermined. King T'aejo's court was yet to be endorsed by the Ming court. For this reason, the newly founded state still used the royal seal of the Koryŏ dynasty it had just overthrown.
  
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1392年(太祖 1) 10月에 朝鮮을 開國하는데 功勳을 세운 李濟를 開國功臣 1等으로 錄勳하면서 發給한 功臣敎書이다. 開國功臣은 高麗 末期에 太祖 李成桂를 도와 朝鮮을 開國하는데 功을 세운 臣下에게 내린 功臣號이다. 1388年(禑王, 1365-1389)에 威化島 回軍을 通해 政權을 掌握한 李成桂는 1392年 7月에 朝鮮을 開國하고 卽位하였다. 李成桂는 1392年 8月 2日 功臣都監을 設置하였으며, 이후 功臣都監에서 朝鮮 開國에 功을 세운 臣下를 開國功臣으로 錄勳하였다. 그러나 朝鮮 初期에 政治的인 狀況으로 因하여 一部 開國功臣은 削勳되거나 復勳되었고, 最終的으로 <<國朝功臣錄>>에 39人이 수록되었다.
 
  
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<<國朝功臣錄>>에 收錄된 開國功臣은 1等 功臣에 益安大君 芳毅·裵克廉·趙浚 等 15人이고, 2等 功臣에 尹虎·李敏道·趙英珪 等 9人이며, 3等 功臣에 安景恭·金稇·柳爰廷 等 11人이었다. 이 가운데 이제 開國功臣敎書가 唯一하게 現傳하고 있다. 이제 開國功臣敎書는 高麗國王之印이 安寶되어 있다. 高麗國王之印은 1370年(恭愍王 19) 5月에 高麗가 明(1368-1644)으로부터 받은 寶印으로 󰡔高麗史󰡕의 記錄에 따르면 材質은 金이고, 形態는 龜紐이며, 크기는 方 3寸이었다.  
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In this document we find the idea of the heaven's mandate (tianming 天命), the long-standing Confucian theory of political legitimacy. In this regard, this document may be read in connection with Taejo's royal edict of accession. <ref>http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kaa_10107028_003</ref> Both Taejo's royal edict of accession and this document legitimate the overthrow of the Koryŏ dynasty. The phrases such as "people rebelled and the relatives dissipated(衆叛親離)" and "the mandate of heaven return to the virtuous (天命歸於有德)" are cited from Zhuxi's commentary on Mencius 1B8 and 4A7 where Mencius explains the legitimacy of overthrowing a tyranny through political revolution.  
  
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實際로 이제 開國功臣敎書에 安寶된 高麗國王之印의 크기는 9.2×9.2㎝인 것을 확인할 수 있다. 李濟(?~1398)는 高麗 末·朝鮮 初의 文臣으로 本貫은 星州이다. 曾祖는 李兆年이고, 父親은 李仁立이며, 婦人은 李成桂의 셋째 딸 慶順公主이다. 李成桂를 도와 朝鮮을 開國하는데 공을 세워 開國功臣 1等에 錄勳되었다. 1392年 8月에 興安君에 封해졌고, 義興親軍衛節制使에 任命되었으며, 1393年(太祖 2) 10月에 右軍節制使에 任命되었다. 1398年(太祖 7) 第1次 王子의 亂 때에 죽임을 당했다. 이후 世宗 年間에 伸冤되었으며, 太祖의 廟庭에 配享되었다. 諡號는 景武이다.
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Yi Je hailed from Sŏngju (星州, Seongju). His great grandfather was Yi Chonyŏn(李兆年, Yi Jonyeon), and his father was Yi Inrip(李仁立, Yi Inrip). Her wife was the Princess Kyŏngsun (慶順公主) who was the third daughter of Yi Sŏnggye. He was recognized as the first rank Meritorious Minister of the dynastic founding for his aid for Yi Sŏnggye's takeover. He was enfeoffed as the Prince Hŭngan (興安君, Heungan) in the eighth month of 1392, was appointed as the Ŭihŭng Commander of Royal Guard (義興親軍衛節制使), and was again appointed as the Right Army Commander in 1393. He was killed during the first rebellion of the princes in 1398. Afterward, he was rehabilitated and enshrined in T'aejo's tempple. Yi Ji is posthumously known as Kyŏngmu (景武, Gyeongmu).
  
 
=='''Original Script'''==
 
=='''Original Script'''==
107번째 줄: 109번째 줄:
  
 
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(translation)
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Instruction for Yi Je, the Faithful Left Honor Meritorious Minister of the Dynastic Founding , the Prince Hŭngan (興安 Heungan), the Ŭihŭng (義興 Uiheung) Commander of Royal Guard and the Preceptor of the Crown Prince.
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From the ancient times, a new ruler launched a political revolution [lit. shifted the heaven's mandate] just by responding to the heaven's [call] and following the people.<ref> This statement is from Tuan 彖 Commentary on the Ge 革 Hexagram in the Book of Change《易·革·彖辭》“湯武革命，順乎天而應乎人”</ref> At the time, among the people, there always were great persons who aided such a ruler. For example, when Kings Tang and Wu acted from above, Yi Yin (1649-1550 BC) and Lü Shang (Ca. 1156—1017 BC) responded from below.<ref>Yi Yin was one of the meritorious ministers who helped King Tang to found the Shang dynasty. Lü Shang (better known as Jiang Taigong 姜太公) was a military strategist and meritorious minister in the Zhou founding.</ref> (They) restored order in the world [lit. set aright heaven and earth]<ref> From the Song (960-1279) poet Wang Zao's stanza (宋·汪藻《退老堂》詩之一)：“心如金石氣如虹，整頓乾坤指顧中。”</ref> and supported the sun and the moon. Their heroic spirits and their great enterprises have shined forth ever so brightly throughout ages that they could not be hidden from view. 
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Minister, your heaven-endowed character is pure and balanced, and you have nurtured your mind with respect and prudence.<ref>"''bingxin''" is cited from the Book of Poetry(君子秉心《诗·小雅·小弁》)</ref> . You have nourished [the good human] heart with removing [the selfish] desires, and held on to the right so as to keep your integrity. In your childhood, you follow [the instructions on] the right ways of conduct. As an adult, you have never developed the habits of luxury and corruption.
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Minister, you have embodied the accumulated residues of good deeds, and your family has transmitted the magnificence of ten thousand ''seok'' of grain. As you marry your daughter to a house, the couple lived in conjugal harmony. As you are being filial to your parents, the greater family was without trouble.
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Although you are still young in age, you have already had the virtue of a consummated man. Although your title and position are high, you still have the mind of modesty and respectfulness.
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Your imposing appearance was sufficient to destroy the guts of enemy. Your confident speech was enough to facilitate the plans of the state. Your spirit of loyalty and righteousness competed with the height of the Autumn atmosphere. Truly it can be said you were born as the fate demands of the time and was of the type of Yi and Lu. As to the last descendants of the Wang family, the heaven hated their character and cut their mandate(life?), yet the false Xin usurped the throne for 16 years. I and several others (?) searched for the descendants to have them administer their ancestral rites.
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[However]Just by listening to Heaven, it will not regret what's passed. Just by listening to people, people will not return their mind. People turned their back, and the relatives of the Wang family scattered. The state at this moment fell, and the mandate of Heaven returned to those who have virtue, and people's mind faced toward those with the perfect virtue. Your honor by the exhaustive understanding carefully watched the subtle movement(beginning) of the Heavenly principle and people's desire. With the Left Grand Councilor of the Council of Palace(與門下左侍中) Paegŭngnyŏm(裵克廉, Baegeungnyeom), the Right Grand Councilor of the Council of Palace(門下右侍中) Chojun(趙浚, Jojun) and other ministers, you proclaimed the great righteousness and resolved the doubt in the moment of the royal heir's crisis. You fixed the plans right at the subtle beginning and promoted [the future crown] with loyalty. You edified the family and establish the state. You supported the hidden virtue and revealed the occluded light grasped auspicious fortune and established the great enterprise.
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When I arose to the throne, in the market, they did not shift the store.<ref>Mencius 1B11. ...孟子對曰：「臣聞七十里為政於天下者，湯是也。未聞以千里畏人者也。《書》曰：『湯一征，自葛始。』天下信之。『東面而征，西夷怨；南面而征，北狄怨。曰，奚為後我？』民望之，若大旱之望雲霓也。'''歸市者不止'''，耕者不變。誅其君而弔其民，若時雨降，民大悅。《書》曰：『徯我后，后來其蘇。』</ref> While having casual conversations, you put the state on Mountain Tai.<ref>stabilizing the state.</ref>. The greatness of Your achievement is incomparable, and people had no slandering words. We can indeed say that the merits carved on bronze vessels<ref>《文选·任昉》：“前郡尹温太真、 刘真长 ，或功铭鼎彝，或德标素尚。”李善注：“《礼记》曰：鼎有铭，铭者，论撰其先祖之德美、功烈、勋劳，而酌之祭器。《左氏传》：臧武仲曰：大伐小，取其所得，以作彝器，铭其功，以示子孙。</ref> do not disappear and that the pledge of the belt and whetstone<ref>史記, 高祖功臣侯者年表. 太史公曰：古者人臣功有五品，以德立宗廟定社稷曰勳，以言曰勞，用力曰功，明其等曰伐，積日曰閱。封爵之誓曰：「使河如帶，泰山若厲。國以永寧，爰及苗裔。」始未嘗不欲固其根本，而枝葉稍陵夷衰微也。</ref> is difficult to forget. Due to this, although I increase the number of titles and offices, yet it was not satisfying to the mind, and although I sent down the encouraging and instructing royal teaching, yet it was not enough to the heart. Then, I ordered the officials to register a few people as his dependents(slaves), to bestow fields as his inheritable benefice, to paint his portrait with the Dancheng(Tanch'ŏng) colors, and to show the merits to posterity.
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I entitle your honor's mother as Princess-Ordinary Hyeryeong(Hyeryŏng) and appoint honor's wife as Lady of the Palace Gyeongsun(Kyŏngsun). Titles will be given for three upper generations, and indulgences will be applied to the descendants. Now I send one strip of gold belt, two bolts of thick silk, and seven bolts of white silk, and you shall receive it. Ah! Heaven is called father, and Earth is called mother; Would lords and kings are born through a lineage? Wind follows tiger. Cloud follows dragon; the followers must have responded with the same voice. You further deepened the care for the lord and the parent, and did not take lightly the grace from maternal family. For these reasons, I thus proclaim and think all should be known. 10th Month ...., the 25th year of Emperor Hongwu(明太祖, Ming Taizu).
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=='''Discussion Questions'''==
 
=='''Discussion Questions'''==
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# How does Yi Seonggye justify his takeover? Why, according to Yi Seonggye, did the Goryeo dynasty have to collapse?
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# According to this document, what are the purposes of establishing a new dynasty?
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# What can we learn from this document about the actual relationships between the king and his ministers in the Joseon founding?
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# For what specific reasons did Yi Seonggyue award his meritorious ministers?
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# How is the notion of "heaven" used in the Instruction given by King Taejo?
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# What was Yi Je's involvement in the overthrow of the Koryo dynasty? Can we tell from the text?
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# How does this document explain Goryeo(Koryŏ)'s loss of the heaven's mandate?
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# How does the author use Confucian or Neo-Confucian rhetoric?
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# How does the author praise the personality of the receiver of this royal instruction? And what does that imply?
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# Who do you think actually wrote this document? and how would he choose that(those) scholar(s)?
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# Is he giving Yi Je a great position because he fears not to be able to convince him and his peers to support him?
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# Are the references he chooses enough to "impress" this person (e.g. quoting the king Wu of Zhou who only lasted 3 years before dying)?
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# How many royal instructions of that sort did the new king send, and for what kind of positions?
  
 
=='''Further Readings'''==
 
=='''Further Readings'''==
122번째 줄: 155번째 줄:
 
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247번째 줄: 280번째 줄:
  
  
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帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之〔數〕, 而不滿於心. His merit is so great that people cannot forget about it through the ages. Therefore, no matter how many honorary titles I award him, I can never feel satisfied.  
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帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之〔數〕, 而不滿於心. His merit is so great that people cannot forget about it through the ages (till the Yellow River dries up to a belt and the Mountain Tai slakes to a stone). Therefore, no matter how many honorary titles I award him, I can never feel satisfied.  
  
  
269번째 줄: 302번째 줄:
 
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(1-12)
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Royal Instruction,
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to steadfastly loyal and mandate assisting meritorious minister of the state founding, Lord of Heungan (Hŭngan) and concurrently Deputy commander of the Imperial Guard in Uiheung (Ŭihŭng) and Administrator in the Bureau of Explaining the Classics, Yi Chae.The king spoke: Since antiquity, the dynastic shifts of rulers were only the result of answering Heaven and following the people. At these times great people come forward among the people and are assisted in this, like when Tang#1 and Wu#2 took action from above, Yi#3 and Lü#4 responded below. They restored the order of heaven and earth and assisted the sun and moon. Their heroic conduct and great acts, shine brightly through the ages and cannot be obscured.
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My minister, naturally pure and balanced, carries a heart that is prudent and staunch. He diminishes his desires in order to nurture his mind (5#) and firmly holds on to what is proper in order to maintain his steadfast moral character. From childhood he carried with him the teachings of righteousness and in age he has not taken on the habits of donning undeserved robes. A superabundance of happiness and accumulated goodness (#6) is handed down in the family like the brilliance of Lord Wanshi (#7).
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I gave him my daughter as wife and they are in conjugal harmony like the lutes and harps (#8). He is respectful towards his parents and conforms to his lineage.
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1#: Tang 湯 the first ruler of the Shang dynasty overthrew Jie 桀 of the Xia
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2#: Wu 武 first ruler of the Zhou dynasty overthrew Zhou 紂 of the Shang
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3#: Yi Yin 伊尹 was a minister of Tang 湯, who helped in the overthrow of the Xia dynasty
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4#: Lü Shang 呂尚 stands for Jiang Ziya 姜子牙, who helped Wen and Wu to overthrow the Shang dynasty
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5#: reference to Mencius 7B:35
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6#: reference to Yijing, 2. Kun 10.
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7#: Shi Fen 石奋, also known as Lord Wanshi, was a high official under Liu Bang 刘邦, the founder and Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty 漢高祖.
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8#: reference to Zhongyong 15.
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(15)　計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕
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His loyalty and righteousness are competing with the height of the autumn sky. It truly can be said he was sent forward by heaven
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(29)　心. 下獎諭之綸, 而未足〔於〕懷. 乃命有司
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Awarding Instructions in my words [to him], still I do not feel content in my chest, therefore I command the officials to
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敎  
 
敎  
 
Royal Instruction,
 
Royal Instruction,
374번째 줄: 439번째 줄:
 
(31) 封卿之母,　爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶順宮主. 爵贈三世, 宥及子孫. 今遣金帶壹腰, 段子貳匹, 絹子柒匹(1), 至可領也. 於戱! 乾稱父坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋輕甥舅之恩. 故玆敎示, 想宜知悉. 洪武貳拾伍年拾月　日.
 
(31) 封卿之母,　爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶順宮主. 爵贈三世, 宥及子孫. 今遣金帶壹腰, 段子貳匹, 絹子柒匹(1), 至可領也. 於戱! 乾稱父坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋輕甥舅之恩. 故玆敎示, 想宜知悉. 洪武貳拾伍年拾月　日.
  
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I entitle your honor's mother as Princess-Ordinary Hyeryeong(Hyeryŏng) and appoint honor's wife as Lady of the Palace Gyeongsun(Kyŏngsun). Titles will be given for three upper generations, and indulgences will be applied to the descendants. Now I send one strip of gold belt, two bolts of thick silk, and seven bolts of white silk, and you shall receive it. Ah! Heaven is called father, and Earth is called mother; Would lords and kings are born through a lineage? Wind follows tiger. Cloud follows dragon; the followers must have responded with the same voice. You further deepened the care for the lord and the parent, and did not take lightly the grace from maternal family. For these reasons, I thus proclaim and think all should be known. October ...., 25th year of Hongwu reign.
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I entitle your honor's mother as Princess-Ordinary Hyeryeong(Hyeryŏng) and appoint honor's wife as Lady of the Palace Gyeongsun(Kyŏngsun). Titles will be given for three upper generations, and indulgences will be applied to the descendants. Now I send one strip of gold belt, two bolts of thick silk, and seven bolts of white silk, and you shall receive it. Ah! Heaven is called father, and Earth is called mother; Would lords and kings are born through a lineage? Wind follows tiger. Cloud follows dragon; the followers must have responded with the same voice. You further deepened the care for the lord and the parent, and did not take lightly the grace from maternal family. For these reasons, I thus proclaim and think all should be known. 10th Month ...., 25th year of Hongwu(1392) reign.
  
  
420번째 줄: 485번째 줄:
 
and could not be concealed.
 
and could not be concealed.
 
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卿稟性淑均, 秉心謹恪.  
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卿稟性淑均, 秉心謹恪.
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My minister, your disposition is gentle and fair, and you keep in your heart prudence and reverence. 
 
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寡欲以養其心, 持正以守其節.  
 
寡欲以養其心, 持正以守其節.  
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You limit your desires to cultivate your mind (孟子．盡心下：「養心莫善於寡欲。其為人也寡欲，雖有不存焉者，寡矣。」), you uphold impartiality (主持正道，無所偏私。漢書．卷五十四．蘇建傳：「不平心持正，反欲鬥兩主，觀禍敗。」) to preserve moral rectitude.
 
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幼佩義方之訓, 長無紈綺之習.  
 
幼佩義方之訓, 長無紈綺之習.  
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Since childhood, you carry the teaching of righteousness (合乎正義的道理。左傳．隱公三年：「臣聞，愛子教之以義方，弗納於邪。」); after coming of age, you do not have the habit of those come from rich families.
 
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慶鍾積善之餘, 家傳萬石之美.  
 
慶鍾積善之餘, 家傳萬石之美.  
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This is the remaining grace of cumulating goodness (​語出《易經·坤卦·文言曰》：「積善之家，必有餘慶；積不善之家，必有餘殃。」餘慶，餘留的德澤。全句指多行善事，必有後福。) and the beauty of inheriting the family stipend of ten thousand sŏk [RR: seok].
 
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妻之以女而琴瑟和, 孝於其親而宗族順.  
 
妻之以女而琴瑟和, 孝於其親而宗族順.  
 +
Marrying him with a daughter, lutes and cithers will harmonize with each other (比喻夫妻感情和睦 "窈窕涉女,琴瑟友之。——《诗·周南·关雎》" "妻子好合,如鼓琴瑟。——《诗·小雅·常棣》"); Being filial to his family, lineage and clan will be put into order.
  
 
<br />
 
<br />
438번째 줄: 508번째 줄:
 
<br />
 
<br />
 
凜凜風采, 可以破奸雄之膽.  
 
凜凜風采, 可以破奸雄之膽.  
−
His awe-inspiring demeanor is able to break the audacity of scheming villains.   
+
His awe-inspiring demeanor is able to break the guts of treacherous villains.   
 
<br />
 
<br />
 
堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之計.  
 
堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之計.  
485번째 줄: 555번째 줄:
 
assisting the hidden virtue to emanate serene light, relying on the bright fortune to establish a great undertaking.
 
assisting the hidden virtue to emanate serene light, relying on the bright fortune to establish a great undertaking.
  
−
I enfeoffed your mother as Prince-Ordniance Hyeryŏng [RR: Hyeryeong], appointed your wife as Princess Kyŏngsun [RR: Gyeongsun].
+
 
 +
卽祚之初, 市不易肆.
 +
At the beginning of ascension ((皇帝)即位登基。三國 魏 曹操 《陳損益表》：“陛下即祚，復蒙試用，遂受上將之任。”), shops in the markets remain unchanged (三国魏·钟会《檄蜀文》：“百姓士民，安堵乐业。农不易亩，市不回肆。”).
 +
<br />
 +
談笑之間, 措國泰山.
 +
At the moment of talking and laugthers (又说又笑 "谈笑有鸿儒。——唐· 刘禹锡《陋室铭》" "谈笑间。——宋· 苏轼《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》"), I handle the state as firm as Mount Tai (形容象泰山一样稳固，不可动摇。汉·枚乘《上书谏吴王》：“变所欲为，易于反掌，安于泰山。”).
 +
<br />
 +
其功莫盛, 人無間言.
 +
His vigorous merit is matched by none, and people do not have gossip.
 +
<br />
 +
可謂鼎彛不泯, 帶礪難忘.
 +
This can be called as the sacrificial vessels that do not perish, and as the fidelity vows that are unforgettable. (帶，衣帶。礪，砥石。河山帶礪是古代帝王分封功臣的誓辭，意指即使黃河細如衣帶，泰山小如砥石，但國家依舊存在，誓約依舊有效。「礪」文獻異文作「厲」。語本《史記·卷一八·高袓功臣侯者年表·序》：「封爵之誓曰：『使河如帶，泰山若厲。國以永寧，爰及苗裔。』」比喻國基堅固，國祚永存。唐·陸贄〈賜李納王武俊等鐵券文〉：「子孫代代，為國勛臣，河山帶礪，傳祚無絕。」)
 +
<br />
 +
是以加爵命之數, 而不滿於心.
 +
Therefore, after increqsing several times your noble rank, it still does not fulfil my heart.
 +
<br />
 +
下獎諭之綸, 而未足於懷.
 +
After betowing upon you the tassel of praise, it has yet satisfied my bosom.
 +
<br />
 +
乃命有司,
 +
As a result I ordered relevent officicals, (指官吏。古代设官分职,各有专司,故称. "陛下可将彼家属送有司问罪。——《三国演义》" "召有司案图。——《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》" "宜付有司论其刑赏。——诸葛亮《出師表》" "授之于有司。——宋· 王安石《答司马谏议书》")
 +
<br />
 +
籍人口以爲厮養, 錫土田以爲世祿,
 +
to register people to be your servants(供使役的人。唐．白行簡．李娃傳：「生遂下階，拜而謝之曰：『願以己為廝養。』」), to confer lands and fields to be your hereditary stipend,
 +
<br />
 +
繪形像於丹靑, 視功載於奕葉.
 +
to draw your figure and image in painting (丹和青是我国古代绘画,常用的两种颜色,借指绘画, "竹帛所載,丹青所畫。--《漢書.蘇武傳》"), and to show your merit record (記功的冊籍。《書·洛誥》：“惟命曰：‘汝命命篤弼，丕視功載，乃汝其悉自教工。’” 蔡沉 集傳：“功載者，記功之載籍也。”) to your posterity (累世，代代。漢 蔡邕 《瑯邪王傅蔡郎碑》：“奕葉載德，常歷宮尹，以建于茲。”).
 +
<br />
 +
封卿之母, 爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶順宮主.
 +
I enfeoffed your mother as Prince-Ordniance Hyeryŏng [RR: Hyeryeong], appointed your wife as Princess Kyŏngsun [RR: Gyeongsun].  
 +
<br />
 +
爵贈三世, 宥及子孫.
 +
Noble ranks are bestowed to your previous three generations, and pardons are extended to your children and their children.
 +
<br />
 +
今遣金帶壹腰, 段子貳匹, 絹子柒匹,
 +
Now I sent you one sash of golden belt, two p'il [RR: pil] of satin, and seven p'il of silk.
 +
<br />
 +
至可領也. 於戱!
 +
Take them as they arrived, hooray!
 +
<br />
 +
乾稱父坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生.
 +
Heaven is our father and Earth is our mother (語出北宋哲學家張載《西銘》, this in turn refer to the Book of Change 「大哉乾元，萬物資始」); from marquises and king, none is born with such nobility. (語出《史记·陈涉世家》王侯將相，寧有種乎。)
 +
<br />
 +
風從虎雲從龍, 臣子必同聲而應.
 +
Tiger is followed by winds and dragon is followed by clouds (語本《易經·乾卦·九五》); ruler will surely be echoed by subjects in unison.
 +
<br />
 +
益篤君親之念, 毋輕甥舅之恩.
 +
Increasingly you should deepen the yearning for your ruler and family, and do not treat lightly the grace of being the nephew of your uncle.
 +
<br />
 +
故玆敎示, 想宜知悉.
 +
Therefore now I instruct and notify you, hopefully and appropreiately you know about it.
 +
<br />
 +
洪武貳拾伍年拾月　日.
 +
In the 10th month of the 25th year of the Hongwu reign
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
508번째 줄: 631번째 줄:
 
(12-18) You are young in age, but you have the virtue of old accomplishment. Your titles are high, but you maintained a modest mind. Your imposing appearance would be capable to break treacherous pretenders. Your impressive ability to discuss would be capable to break support the plans of the altar<sup>7</sup>. Your vive of loyalty and righteousness compete with the autumn scenery. You can really be called ，命世. And 生, you would be almost like Yi and Lü.  
 
(12-18) You are young in age, but you have the virtue of old accomplishment. Your titles are high, but you maintained a modest mind. Your imposing appearance would be capable to break treacherous pretenders. Your impressive ability to discuss would be capable to break support the plans of the altar<sup>7</sup>. Your vive of loyalty and righteousness compete with the autumn scenery. You can really be called ，命世. And 生, you would be almost like Yi and Lü.  
 
As for the last descendance of the Wang familly, the heaven hated its morals, cut off their mandate, left them as corrupted miserables on the throne. For sixteen years, me and two or three ministrers were looking for its posterity, managing its rites.
 
As for the last descendance of the Wang familly, the heaven hated its morals, cut off their mandate, left them as corrupted miserables on the throne. For sixteen years, me and two or three ministrers were looking for its posterity, managing its rites.
 +
 +
...
 +
 +
 +
(33-34) As for posthumus titles, I offer them to your three generations. As for amnesty, I provide it to your descendance. Presently, I send [you] a golden belt, two pieces of satin, seven pieces of strong silk ; when they arrive, you can have them. Hurrah!
  
 
...
 
...
539번째 줄: 667번째 줄:
 
4. Are the references he chooses enough to "impress" this person (e.g. quoting the king Wu of Zhou who only lasted 3 years before dying)?
 
4. Are the references he chooses enough to "impress" this person (e.g. quoting the king Wu of Zhou who only lasted 3 years before dying)?
  
−
5. How many royal instruction of that sort did the new king send, and for what kind of positions?
+
5. How many royal instructions of that sort did the new king send, and for what kind of positions?
−
 
 
−
6. Would his writtings be different when adressing "less" educated persons?
 
  
 
==='''Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)'''===
 
==='''Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)'''===
560번째 줄: 686번째 줄:
 
Although he is young in age, he is mature in virtue. Although he was in a high level, he maintains a humble and righteous heart. His admiring behaviors can scare the evil guys; his confident argument can maintain the persistence of the state. The vividness of his upright behaviors can be compared to the color of autumn. It is able to say that he was ordered by the heaven to come to the world and that his contribution was close to Jiang Ziya and Yi Yin. During the last decades of Wang's reign, the heaven disliked the royal Wang family's virtue, cutting the Wang's mandate. Even though the hypocritical U of Goryeo occupied the throne for 16 years, a few officials and I still tried to find his descendants, made them perform ancestor worship. The rulers of Wang family waited for the judgment from the heaven, but the heaven did not regret its mistake; they exposed themselves to people, but could not win people's heart. The mass rebelled, the people who were closed to the Wangs left, and the ancestor worship was therefore no longer conducted. The mandate of Heaven is given to the one who has virtue, and people's heart was won by the one who is benevolent. You minister invested the subtle sign of heaven and people by using the sincerest wisdom. With Baegeungnyeon/ Paegŭngnyŏn, who was 門下左侍中, and Jo Jun/ Jo Joon, who was 門下右侍中, you minister were the first one who supported the righteousness, making the decision when the situation was worsening and there was the sign for changes. You aid [me] with the sincere heart, turned a clique into a state. You assisted the hidden virtue and made it visible as dim light, seized the opportune moment and made the great enterprise.   
 
Although he is young in age, he is mature in virtue. Although he was in a high level, he maintains a humble and righteous heart. His admiring behaviors can scare the evil guys; his confident argument can maintain the persistence of the state. The vividness of his upright behaviors can be compared to the color of autumn. It is able to say that he was ordered by the heaven to come to the world and that his contribution was close to Jiang Ziya and Yi Yin. During the last decades of Wang's reign, the heaven disliked the royal Wang family's virtue, cutting the Wang's mandate. Even though the hypocritical U of Goryeo occupied the throne for 16 years, a few officials and I still tried to find his descendants, made them perform ancestor worship. The rulers of Wang family waited for the judgment from the heaven, but the heaven did not regret its mistake; they exposed themselves to people, but could not win people's heart. The mass rebelled, the people who were closed to the Wangs left, and the ancestor worship was therefore no longer conducted. The mandate of Heaven is given to the one who has virtue, and people's heart was won by the one who is benevolent. You minister invested the subtle sign of heaven and people by using the sincerest wisdom. With Baegeungnyeon/ Paegŭngnyŏn, who was 門下左侍中, and Jo Jun/ Jo Joon, who was 門下右侍中, you minister were the first one who supported the righteousness, making the decision when the situation was worsening and there was the sign for changes. You aid [me] with the sincere heart, turned a clique into a state. You assisted the hidden virtue and made it visible as dim light, seized the opportune moment and made the great enterprise.   
  
 +
 +
(34[from 33])  今遣金帶壹腰, 段子貳匹, 絹子柒匹, 至〔可領〕也. 於戱! 乾稱父坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生.
 +
 +
Now I bestowed on you one golden belt, two pil of satin, and seven pil of thick stiff of silk, and you will be receiving it. Alas! As Heaven is our father and Earth is our mother, markis and kings have no special kinds.
  
 
                                                                            
 
                                                                            
586번째 줄: 716번째 줄:
 
Together with 좌시중 Bae Geungnyeom (Pae Kŭngnyŏm), 우시중 Jo Jun (Cho Chun), and other great ministers, thou became the first ones to advocate the cause of righteousness and resolved doubts amid the crisis and division. Thou set up policies based on observation of subtle signs, endorsed me with sincere heart to transform a family into a dynasty.
 
Together with 좌시중 Bae Geungnyeom (Pae Kŭngnyŏm), 우시중 Jo Jun (Cho Chun), and other great ministers, thou became the first ones to advocate the cause of righteousness and resolved doubts amid the crisis and division. Thou set up policies based on observation of subtle signs, endorsed me with sincere heart to transform a family into a dynasty.
 
Supplement the hidden virtue, disclose the dimmed light, hold onto good fortune, and establish the great enterprise.
 
Supplement the hidden virtue, disclose the dimmed light, hold onto good fortune, and establish the great enterprise.
 +
 +
 +
 +
(35-36)
 +
乾稱父
 +
 +
(35)　坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從
 +
 +
(36)　龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋
 +
 +
(37)　輕甥舅之恩.
 +
Qian named as our Father, Kun named as Mother, how could ministers and kings be born of [different] kinds? Wind follows the tiger, clouds follow the dragon, and the minsters must respond in unanimous voices. Continuously strengthen the ideas of the ruler and parents and never belittle the charity of your maternal relatives.   
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
639번째 줄: 781번째 줄:
 
3)Shin Don 辛旽 (unknown~1371) was a monk in late Goryeo period who was favored by King Gongmin. His domination of power and attempt to usurp the throne resulted in resistance among aristocrats and eventually he was executed.
 
3)Shin Don 辛旽 (unknown~1371) was a monk in late Goryeo period who was favored by King Gongmin. His domination of power and attempt to usurp the throne resulted in resistance among aristocrats and eventually he was executed.
  
−
*Discussion Questions: 1. How many people were bestowed such an announcement by Taejo? What was the status of 李濟 among them?
+
*Discussion Questions: 1. How many people were bestowed such an announcement by Taejo? What was the status of 李濟 among them? There were 正功臣 and 原從功臣, and this document is the only surviving one bestowed to 正功臣.
 
2. What does the king intend by issuing this announcement?
 
2. What does the king intend by issuing this announcement?
 
3. How is the King justifying his intention in his writing?
 
3. How is the King justifying his intention in his writing?
669번째 줄: 811번째 줄:
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
 +
 +
 +
[[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]]
 +
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]
 +
-->

2022년 6월 14일 (화) 19:10 기준 최신판

Primary Source
이제개국공신교서1392.jpg Title
English Royal Instruction to Yi Je the Meritorous Minister of Founding State
Chinese 李濟 開國功臣 敎書
Korean(RR)
Text Details
Genre Royal Documents
Type
Author(s) 朝鮮太祖 李成桂
Year 1392
Source
Key Concepts Royal Instruction, Meritorous Minister, State Founding, Goryeo-Joseon Transition, Dynastic Change, Loyalty, Justification
Translation Info
Translator(s) Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)
Editor(s) Martin Gehlmann, Inho Choi, King Kwong Wong
Year 2018
Backward.png


Introduction

In the tenth month of 1392, this document appointed Yi Je(李濟, Yi Je) as the First Rank Meritorious Minister of the Chosŏn Founding. Those who participated in Yi Sŏnggye's (Yi Seonggye, 李成桂, posthumously known as King T'aejo 太祖) overthrow of the Koryŏ (高麗,Goryeo) were recognized for their contributions with the honorable title, the Meritorious Minister of the Chosŏn founding. In the eighth month of the same year, Yi Sŏnggye installed the Directorate of Meritorious Ministers (功臣都監) for the registration of meritorious ministers. Due to political struggle, the list of meritorious ministers changed a few times; the final list included thirty-nine ministers. This is the only surviving document among King T'aejo's royal instructions issued to thirty-nine ministers. Interestingly, the royal seal of Koryŏ King was used in this document. At this point, the name of the newly founded state was still undetermined. King T'aejo's court was yet to be endorsed by the Ming court. For this reason, the newly founded state still used the royal seal of the Koryŏ dynasty it had just overthrown.


In this document we find the idea of the heaven's mandate (tianming 天命), the long-standing Confucian theory of political legitimacy. In this regard, this document may be read in connection with Taejo's royal edict of accession. [1] Both Taejo's royal edict of accession and this document legitimate the overthrow of the Koryŏ dynasty. The phrases such as "people rebelled and the relatives dissipated(衆叛親離)" and "the mandate of heaven return to the virtuous (天命歸於有德)" are cited from Zhuxi's commentary on Mencius 1B8 and 4A7 where Mencius explains the legitimacy of overthrowing a tyranny through political revolution.


Yi Je hailed from Sŏngju (星州, Seongju). His great grandfather was Yi Chonyŏn(李兆年, Yi Jonyeon), and his father was Yi Inrip(李仁立, Yi Inrip). Her wife was the Princess Kyŏngsun (慶順公主) who was the third daughter of Yi Sŏnggye. He was recognized as the first rank Meritorious Minister of the dynastic founding for his aid for Yi Sŏnggye's takeover. He was enfeoffed as the Prince Hŭngan (興安君, Heungan) in the eighth month of 1392, was appointed as the Ŭihŭng Commander of Royal Guard (義興親軍衛節制使), and was again appointed as the Right Army Commander in 1393. He was killed during the first rebellion of the princes in 1398. Afterward, he was rehabilitated and enshrined in T'aejo's tempple. Yi Ji is posthumously known as Kyŏngmu (景武, Gyeongmu).

Original Script

Classical Chinese English

(01)　敎

(02)　　　　純忠佐命開國功臣·興安君·兼義興

(03)　　　　親軍衛節制使·知〔書〕筵事 李濟

(04)　王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎

(05)　人而已. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如

(06)　湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. 整頓乾坤, 扶

(07)　翊日月. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕. 〔有不〕可

(08)　掩者矣. 卿稟性淑均, 秉心謹恪. 寡欲以

(09)　養其心, 持正以守〔其節〕. 〔幼佩〕義方〔之訓〕,

(10)　長無紈綺之習. 〔慶鍾〕積善之餘, 家傳〔萬〕

(11)　石之美. 妻之以女〔而〕琴瑟和, 孝於其親

(12)　而宗族順. 春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵

(13)　位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. 凜凜風采, 可〔以〕

(14)　破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之

(15)　計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕

(16)　而生, 伊呂之亞流也. 王氏之末, 天厭其

(17)　德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. 十有六年, 予及

(18)　二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. 以聽〔於〕

(19)　天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心.

(20)　衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕. 天命歸於有德, 人

(21)　心懷于有仁. 卿以至誠之知, 察天人之

(22)　幾. 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中

(23)　趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義, 〔決疑於危〕貳之

(24)　間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕, 化家爲

(25)　國. 輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業.

(26)　卽祚之初, 市不易肆. 談笑之間, 措國泰

(27)　山. 其功莫盛, 人無間言. 〔可謂鼎彛〕不泯,

(28)　帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之〔數〕, 而不滿於

(29)　心. 下獎諭之綸, 而未足〔於〕懷. 乃命有司,

(30)　籍人口以爲厮養, 錫土田以爲世祿, 繪

(31)　形像於丹靑, 視功載於奕葉. 封卿之母,

(32)　爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶〔順宮〕主. 爵

(33)　贈三世, 宥及子孫. 今遣金帶壹腰, 段子

(34)　貳匹, 絹子柒匹, 至〔可領〕也. 於戱! 乾稱父

(35)　坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從

(36)　龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋

(37)　輕甥舅之恩. 故玆敎〔示〕, 〔想〕宜〔知悉〕.

(38) 〔洪武〕貳拾伍年〔拾月〕　日.

Instruction for Yi Je, the Faithful Left Honor Meritorious Minister of the Dynastic Founding , the Prince Hŭngan (興安 Heungan), the Ŭihŭng (義興 Uiheung) Commander of Royal Guard and the Preceptor of the Crown Prince.


From the ancient times, a new ruler launched a political revolution [lit. shifted the heaven's mandate] just by responding to the heaven's [call] and following the people.[2] At the time, among the people, there always were great persons who aided such a ruler. For example, when Kings Tang and Wu acted from above, Yi Yin (1649-1550 BC) and Lü Shang (Ca. 1156—1017 BC) responded from below.[3] (They) restored order in the world [lit. set aright heaven and earth][4] and supported the sun and the moon. Their heroic spirits and their great enterprises have shined forth ever so brightly throughout ages that they could not be hidden from view.


Minister, your heaven-endowed character is pure and balanced, and you have nurtured your mind with respect and prudence.[5] . You have nourished [the good human] heart with removing [the selfish] desires, and held on to the right so as to keep your integrity. In your childhood, you follow [the instructions on] the right ways of conduct. As an adult, you have never developed the habits of luxury and corruption.


Minister, you have embodied the accumulated residues of good deeds, and your family has transmitted the magnificence of ten thousand seok of grain. As you marry your daughter to a house, the couple lived in conjugal harmony. As you are being filial to your parents, the greater family was without trouble.


Although you are still young in age, you have already had the virtue of a consummated man. Although your title and position are high, you still have the mind of modesty and respectfulness.


Your imposing appearance was sufficient to destroy the guts of enemy. Your confident speech was enough to facilitate the plans of the state. Your spirit of loyalty and righteousness competed with the height of the Autumn atmosphere. Truly it can be said you were born as the fate demands of the time and was of the type of Yi and Lu. As to the last descendants of the Wang family, the heaven hated their character and cut their mandate(life?), yet the false Xin usurped the throne for 16 years. I and several others (?) searched for the descendants to have them administer their ancestral rites.

[However]Just by listening to Heaven, it will not regret what's passed. Just by listening to people, people will not return their mind. People turned their back, and the relatives of the Wang family scattered. The state at this moment fell, and the mandate of Heaven returned to those who have virtue, and people's mind faced toward those with the perfect virtue. Your honor by the exhaustive understanding carefully watched the subtle movement(beginning) of the Heavenly principle and people's desire. With the Left Grand Councilor of the Council of Palace(與門下左侍中) Paegŭngnyŏm(裵克廉, Baegeungnyeom), the Right Grand Councilor of the Council of Palace(門下右侍中) Chojun(趙浚, Jojun) and other ministers, you proclaimed the great righteousness and resolved the doubt in the moment of the royal heir's crisis. You fixed the plans right at the subtle beginning and promoted [the future crown] with loyalty. You edified the family and establish the state. You supported the hidden virtue and revealed the occluded light grasped auspicious fortune and established the great enterprise.

When I arose to the throne, in the market, they did not shift the store.[6] While having casual conversations, you put the state on Mountain Tai.[7]. The greatness of Your achievement is incomparable, and people had no slandering words. We can indeed say that the merits carved on bronze vessels[8] do not disappear and that the pledge of the belt and whetstone[9] is difficult to forget. Due to this, although I increase the number of titles and offices, yet it was not satisfying to the mind, and although I sent down the encouraging and instructing royal teaching, yet it was not enough to the heart. Then, I ordered the officials to register a few people as his dependents(slaves), to bestow fields as his inheritable benefice, to paint his portrait with the Dancheng(Tanch'ŏng) colors, and to show the merits to posterity.

I entitle your honor's mother as Princess-Ordinary Hyeryeong(Hyeryŏng) and appoint honor's wife as Lady of the Palace Gyeongsun(Kyŏngsun). Titles will be given for three upper generations, and indulgences will be applied to the descendants. Now I send one strip of gold belt, two bolts of thick silk, and seven bolts of white silk, and you shall receive it. Ah! Heaven is called father, and Earth is called mother; Would lords and kings are born through a lineage? Wind follows tiger. Cloud follows dragon; the followers must have responded with the same voice. You further deepened the care for the lord and the parent, and did not take lightly the grace from maternal family. For these reasons, I thus proclaim and think all should be known. 10th Month ...., the 25th year of Emperor Hongwu(明太祖, Ming Taizu).

Discussion Questions

  1. How does Yi Seonggye justify his takeover? Why, according to Yi Seonggye, did the Goryeo dynasty have to collapse?
  2. According to this document, what are the purposes of establishing a new dynasty?
  3. What can we learn from this document about the actual relationships between the king and his ministers in the Joseon founding?
  4. For what specific reasons did Yi Seonggyue award his meritorious ministers?
  5. How is the notion of "heaven" used in the Instruction given by King Taejo?
  6. What was Yi Je's involvement in the overthrow of the Koryo dynasty? Can we tell from the text?
  7. How does this document explain Goryeo(Koryŏ)'s loss of the heaven's mandate?
  8. How does the author use Confucian or Neo-Confucian rhetoric?
  9. How does the author praise the personality of the receiver of this royal instruction? And what does that imply?
  10. Who do you think actually wrote this document? and how would he choose that(those) scholar(s)?
  11. Is he giving Yi Je a great position because he fears not to be able to convince him and his peers to support him?
  12. Are the references he chooses enough to "impress" this person (e.g. quoting the king Wu of Zhou who only lasted 3 years before dying)?
  13. How many royal instructions of that sort did the new king send, and for what kind of positions?

Further Readings

  1. ↑ http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kaa_10107028_003
  2. ↑ This statement is from Tuan 彖 Commentary on the Ge 革 Hexagram in the Book of Change《易·革·彖辭》“湯武革命，順乎天而應乎人”
  3. ↑ Yi Yin was one of the meritorious ministers who helped King Tang to found the Shang dynasty. Lü Shang (better known as Jiang Taigong 姜太公) was a military strategist and meritorious minister in the Zhou founding.
  4. ↑ From the Song (960-1279) poet Wang Zao's stanza (宋·汪藻《退老堂》詩之一)：“心如金石氣如虹，整頓乾坤指顧中。”
  5. ↑ "bingxin" is cited from the Book of Poetry(君子秉心《诗·小雅·小弁》)
  6. ↑ Mencius 1B11. ...孟子對曰：「臣聞七十里為政於天下者，湯是也。未聞以千里畏人者也。《書》曰：『湯一征，自葛始。』天下信之。『東面而征，西夷怨；南面而征，北狄怨。曰，奚為後我？』民望之，若大旱之望雲霓也。歸市者不止，耕者不變。誅其君而弔其民，若時雨降，民大悅。《書》曰：『徯我后，后來其蘇。』
  7. ↑ stabilizing the state.
  8. ↑ 《文选·任昉》：“前郡尹温太真、 刘真长 ，或功铭鼎彝，或德标素尚。”李善注：“《礼记》曰：鼎有铭，铭者，论撰其先祖之德美、功烈、勋劳，而酌之祭器。《左氏传》：臧武仲曰：大伐小，取其所得，以作彝器，铭其功，以示子孙。
  9. ↑ 史記, 高祖功臣侯者年表. 太史公曰：古者人臣功有五品，以德立宗廟定社稷曰勳，以言曰勞，用力曰功，明其等曰伐，積日曰閱。封爵之誓曰：「使河如帶，泰山若厲。國以永寧，爰及苗裔。」始未嘗不欲固其根本，而枝葉稍陵夷衰微也。
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