Draft Cannons and Gunpowder

Title	Guns and Gunpowder

1차 원고

Korean military forces began to use gunpowder, known as “fire medicine,” from early 14th century, but could not manufacture it. China, which had invented gunpowder, kept the manufacturing process secret to outsiders. Museon Choi, a military commander and inventor during the last decades of Koryeo dynasty, learned the secret of manufacturing potassium nitrate, a critical ingredient in gunpowder, from a Chinese trader. Two other ingredients necessary for making gunpowder, Sulphur and wood charcoal, were easily obtainable locally.

Choi perfected Korean gunpowder manufacturing. He also invented guns and other firearms using gunpowder. Choi moved the Koryeo government to establish the Office of Firearms. Under Choi’s leadership, the office developed 18 different firearms. His motivation in developing gunpowder and firearms was to defeat the Japanese pirates marauding the shores of the Korean peninsula. In 1378, Koryeo established a special firearms brigade. Using ships armed with firearms, Choi’s special forces won a great victory over Japanese pirates coming from the southwestern shore of the country in 1380.

However, General Seonggye Yi who toppled Koryeo and founded the Chosun Dynasty failed to promote further development of gunpowder manufacturing. His successors revived the military use of gunpowder and firearms. King Sejong used locally manufactured gunpowder and firearms to fight the Jurchen in northeastern border of the country. By the fifteenth century, the Yi government reduced the use of gunpowder for fireworks drastically to reserve gunpowder for military use.

Potassium nitrate, the most critical ingredient for gunpowder, was manufactured under strict supervision of the government officials. The manufacturing sites were deep inland to protect secrecy from the Japanese pirates. Korea’s gunpowder manufacturing technology improved over time. In the 17th century, two books on the technology were published in Korea.

During the Hideyoshi invasion in the late 16th and early 17th century, gunpowder played important roles in defeating the Japanese. General Sunshin Yi’s famed turtle ships were fitted with canons. Those cannons shot cannon balls through the mouse of the turtle-shaped ships, up to a mile to destroy Japanese war ships. Japan was far behind Korea in gunpowder and firearms at the time. Japanese navy, therefore, could not withstand the Korean navy with better firearms.

China regarded highly of the Korean gunpowder manufacturing and military use of firearms during the Chosun Dynasty. Japan tried hard to catch up with the Korean firearms through the Chosun Dynasty.

감수본

Korean military forces began to use gunpowder, which they called “fire medicine,” from the early 14th century, but could not manufacture it. China, which had invented gunpowder, kept the manufacturing process secret to outsiders. Choi Mu-seon, a military commander and inventor during the last decades of the Goryeo Dynasty, learned the secret of manufacturing potassium nitrate, a critical ingredient in gunpowder, from a Chinese trader. Two other ingredients necessary for making gunpowder, sulphur and wood charcoal, were easily obtainable locally.

Choi perfected Korean gunpowder manufacturing, and also invented guns and other firearms using gunpowder. He inspired the royal government to establish the Office of Firearms, and under his leadership it developed 18 different types of weapons. His motivation in developing gunpowder and firearms was to defeat the Japanese pirates marauding on the shores of the Korean Peninsula. In 1378, Goryeo established a special firearms brigade. Using ships armed with firearms, Choi’s special forces won a great victory over Japanese pirates attacking the southwestern shore of the country in 1380.

However, General Yi Seong-gye, who toppled Goryeo and founded the Joseon Dynasty, failed to promote further development of gunpowder manufacturing. However, his successors revived the military use of gunpowder and firearms. King Sejong used locally manufactured gunpowder and firearms to fight the Jurchen on the northeastern border of the country. By the fifteenth century, the Yi government drastically reduced the use of gunpowder for fireworks to reserve it for military use.

Potassium nitrate, the most critical ingredient for gunpowder, was manufactured under strict supervision of the government officials, with the sites deep inland to protect secrecy from the Japanese pirates. Korea’s gunpowder manufacturing technology improved over time, and in the 17th century, two Korean books on the technology were published.

During the Japanese Invasion or Imjin War in 1592-98, gunpowder played important roles in defeating the Japanese. Admiral Yi Sunshin’s famed turtle ships were fitted with canons, which shot cannonballs through the mouths of the turtle-shaped ships for up to a mile, to destroy Japanese warships. Japan was far behind Korea in gunpowder and firearms at the time, and therefore the Japanese navy could not withstand the Korean navy with better firearms.

China highly regarded the Korean gunpowder manufacturing and military use of firearms during the Joseon Dynasty, and Japan tried hard to catch up with it throughout that era.