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"성벽 용어(울산 경상좌도병영성)"의 두 판 사이의 차이

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===영문===
 
===영문===
'''Fortress Related Terminology (Fortress of East Gyeongsang-do Military Headquarters, Ulsan)'''
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'''Fortress Terminology (Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province, Ulsan)'''
  
A semi-circular wall is a structure built outside of a fortress gate to strengthen its defenses. As gates were usually the most vulnerable parts of a fortress, such semi-circular walls '''provided fortified positions for soldiers outside of the gate''' allowing them to attack the enemies trying to break through the gate from multiple angles. The entrance of the semi-circular wall was usually placed to the left or right of the gate, or more rarely in a straight line with the gate, taking into account the direction of natural drainage and the angle allowing to hide the gate from the outside. According to historical records, all four gates of East Gyeongsang-do Military Headquarters had semi-circular walls, which have been confirmed only on the sites of East Gate, West Gate, and North Gate so far.  
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'''Semi-circular Wall'''
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A semi-circular wall is built outside of a fortress gate to strengthen its defenses. As gates were usually the most vulnerable parts of a fortress, such semi-circular walls allowed soldiers to attack the enemies trying to break through the gate from multiple angles. The entrance of the semi-circular wall was usually placed to the left or right of the gate, or rarely in direct alignment with the gate, taking into account the direction of the natural drainage and best angle from which to naturally obscure the gate. According to historical records, all four gates of the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province had semi-circular walls, which have been confirmed at the sites of east, west, and north gates.
  
A bastion is a fortification structure that projects outward from a fortress wall allowing to surveil the movements of approaching enemies and attack them from the front and flanks during the defense of the fortress. In Korea, bastions are called ''chi'', which comes from the Chinese character for pheasant, because pheasants are good at hiding and peeping. Bastions are typically rectangular, although there are some examples of semi-circular and oval bastions. Bastions* were built with intervals allowing to reach the attackers along the whole span of the fortress wall to either side. Bastions commonly had artillery and archers positioned in them, while some were also used as lookout points and command posts.  
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'''Bastion'''
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A bastion is a fortified structure that projects outward from a fortress wall, allowing soldiers to surveil approaching enemy movements and attack the enemy from the front and flanks. In Korea, bastions are called ''chi'', which comes from the Chinese character for pheasant, as pheasants are good at hiding and peeping. Bastions are typically rectangular, although there are some examples of semi-circular and oval bastions. Bastions were constructed at regular intervals along the wall so that the entire span of the wall was covered. Bastions were commonly stationed with artillery and archers, while some were also used as lookout points and command posts.  
  
A moat is an artificially made ditch or pond filled with water that provides an additional line of defense around a fortification. Since most fortresses in Korea were built in the mountains, many of them had dry moats, one of which was East Gyeongsang-do Military Headquarters. Moats were dug at a certain distance from the fortress wall** and had substantial width and depth making it difficult to cross. Caltrops and wooden spikes were also commonly placed in moats to increase their defensive capability. Moreover, moats proved useful in preventing the fortress walls from subsiding and regulating the level of underground waters.  
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'''Moat''
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A moat is an artificially made ditch or pond filled with water that provides an additional line of defense around a fortification. Since most fortresses in Korea were built in the mountains, many of them had dry moats, as was the case at the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province. Moats were dug at a certain distance from the fortress wall and had substantial width and depth making it difficult to cross. Caltrops and wooden spikes were also commonly placed in moats to increase their defensive capability. Moreover, moats proved useful in preventing the fortress walls from subsiding and regulating the level of underground waters.  
  
It is said that the headquarters had 3-5 ponds*** serving as moats, although their exact number and location vary depending on the historical source. An archeological excavation confirmed a part of a pond to the northeast of Byeongyeong Church.  
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'''Pond"
 
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Ponds served not only as a landscape feature, but also as a source of water in case of a fire. It is said that the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province had 3-5 ponds, including one discovered to the northeast of Byeongyeong Church during an archeological excavation.
 
 
*I am not exactly sure what this sentence means.
 
**돌을 쌓아 해자를 설치한다는 게 embankment를 말하는 건가요? 한국에서는 땅만 파서 만든 게 대부분이 아닐까 해서요…
 
***물이 없어도 연못이라고 할 수 있을까요?
 
  
 
===영문 해설 내용===
 
===영문 해설 내용===

2024년 8월 26일 (월) 15:37 판


성벽 용어 城壁 用語
Goto.png 종합안내판: 울산 경상좌도병영성



해설문

국문

‘옹성’은 성문 밖으로 성벽을 연장하여 만들어 놓은 구조물로 그 모양이 항아리(甕)를 닮아 옹성이라 부른다. 성곽 시설 중 가장 취약한 성문을 공격하거나 부수려는 적을 측면과 후방에서 입체적으로 공격하며 방어하는 역할을 한다. 옹성의 출입구는 보통 지형에 따른 자연배수와 외부에서 성문이 바로 보이지 않는 방향 등을 고려하여 성문의 좌측이나 우측에 설치하지만 때로 성문과 일직선 방향에 설치하기도 한다. 병영성의 성문에는 기록상 옹성이 모두 있었다고 하지만 현재 확인된 곳은 동문, 서문, 북문뿐이다.

‘치(雉)’는 성벽 일부를 돌출시켜 적의 접근을 사전에 관찰하고, 성벽에 접근한 적을 정면이나 측면에서 공격할 수 있는 시설물이다. 그 형태는 일반적으로 사각형(방형)이지만 반원형, 타원형도 있다. ‘雉치’는 보통 ‘꿩’을 말하지만 ‘담장(성가퀴)’을 뜻하기도 한다.

치를 설치하는 장소는 화살의 유효 사거리와 밀접한 관계가 있다. 치의 양쪽에서 적을 공격할 때 모든 성벽이 사정거리에 들어올 수 있는 간격을 고려하여 설치한다.

치는 사용 무기에 따라 다양한 이름으로 부른다. 포를 설치하는 경우 포루(砲樓), 화살을 쏘는 노수(弩手)가 배치될 경우 노대(弩臺), 관측과 지휘용으로 사용할 경우 포루(鋪樓)와 장대(將臺) 등이 그것들이다.

‘해자’는 적의 접근을 막기 위해 성벽 주변에 인공으로 땅을 파서 만든 도랑이나 못을 말한다. 호(壕) 또는 호참(濠塹)이라고도 부른다. 산성이 많은 우리나라는 물을 채우지 않은 해자가 많은데, 이를 건호(乾壕) 또는 황(隍)이라고 한다. 병영성 또한 이에 해당한다.

해자는 성벽과 일정한 거리를 두고 돌을 쌓아 설치한다. 사람이 쉽게 건너거나 빠져나오기 힘든 넓이와 높이를 보이며, 방어력을 높이기 위해 해자 안에 마름쇠(菱鐵)*나 나무꼬챙이 등의 장애물을 설치하였다. 해자는 방어 목적 외에도 성벽의 기초 침하 방지, 지하수위 조절 등의 역할을 한다.

병영성의 연못에 대해서는 기록마다 차이가 있는데, 『여지도서』에는 3곳(동문 안, 남문 안과 밖), 『영남영지』에는 5곳(동문 안, 서문 안, 남문 안, 북문 안, 외성 안), 『영좌병영지도』에는 5곳(동문 안, 서문 안, 남문 안 2, 외성 안)이 있었다고 전한다. 현재 발굴조사를 통해 병영교회 동북쪽에서 연못 일부를 확인하였다.


  • 마름쇠(菱鐵): 끝이 송곳처럼 뾰족한 네 개의 발을 가진 쇠못. 도둑이나 적을 막기 위하여 흩어둠.

영문

Fortress Terminology (Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province, Ulsan)

Semi-circular Wall A semi-circular wall is built outside of a fortress gate to strengthen its defenses. As gates were usually the most vulnerable parts of a fortress, such semi-circular walls allowed soldiers to attack the enemies trying to break through the gate from multiple angles. The entrance of the semi-circular wall was usually placed to the left or right of the gate, or rarely in direct alignment with the gate, taking into account the direction of the natural drainage and best angle from which to naturally obscure the gate. According to historical records, all four gates of the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province had semi-circular walls, which have been confirmed at the sites of east, west, and north gates.

Bastion A bastion is a fortified structure that projects outward from a fortress wall, allowing soldiers to surveil approaching enemy movements and attack the enemy from the front and flanks. In Korea, bastions are called chi, which comes from the Chinese character for pheasant, as pheasants are good at hiding and peeping. Bastions are typically rectangular, although there are some examples of semi-circular and oval bastions. Bastions were constructed at regular intervals along the wall so that the entire span of the wall was covered. Bastions were commonly stationed with artillery and archers, while some were also used as lookout points and command posts.

'Moat A moat is an artificially made ditch or pond filled with water that provides an additional line of defense around a fortification. Since most fortresses in Korea were built in the mountains, many of them had dry moats, as was the case at the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province. Moats were dug at a certain distance from the fortress wall and had substantial width and depth making it difficult to cross. Caltrops and wooden spikes were also commonly placed in moats to increase their defensive capability. Moreover, moats proved useful in preventing the fortress walls from subsiding and regulating the level of underground waters.

Pond" Ponds served not only as a landscape feature, but also as a source of water in case of a fire. It is said that the Military Headquarters of East Gyeongsang-do Province had 3-5 ponds, including one discovered to the northeast of Byeongyeong Church during an archeological excavation.

영문 해설 내용

옹성은 성문의 방어 기능을 강화하기 위해 성문 밖에 쌓은 성벽이다. 보통 성곽 시설 중 가장 취약한 곳은 성문인데, 이러한 성문을 공격하거나 부수려는 적을 측면과 후방에서 입체적으로 공격하며 방어하는 역할을 한다. 옹성의 출입구는 보통 지형에 따른 자연배수와 외부에서 성문이 바로 보이지 않는 방향 등을 고려하여 성문의 좌측이나 우측에 설치하지만 때로 성문과 일직선 방향에 설치하기도 한다. 기록에 따르면 경상좌도병영성의 성문 4곳에는 모두 옹성이 있었다고 하지만, 현재 확인된 곳은 동문, 서문, 북문 뿐이다.

치(雉)는 성벽 일부를 돌출시켜 적의 접근을 사전에 관찰하고, 성벽에 접근한 적을 정면이나 측면에서 공격할 수 있게 하는 시설물이다. 치는 원래 꿩을 뜻하는데, 꿩이 몸을 잘 숨기고 엿보기를 잘하기 때문에 이런 이름을 붙였다. 치는 일반적으로 사각형이지만 반원형, 타원형도 있으며, 치를 설치할 장소를 결정할 때에는 치의 양쪽에서 적을 공격할 때 모든 성벽이 사정거리에 들어올 수 있는 간격을 고려하였다. 치에서는 포와 화살 등의 무기가 사용되었고, 관측용과 장수의 지휘용으로 사용되는 치도 있었다.

해자는 적의 접근을 막기 위해 성벽 주변에 인공으로 땅을 파서 만든 도랑이나 못을 말한다. 한국의 전통 성곽은 산에 축조되는 경우가 많으며 주변 환경의 특징에 따라 물을 채우지 않은 해자가 많다. 경상좌도병영성 또한 이에 해당한다. 해자는 성벽과 일정한 거리를 두고 돌을 쌓아 설치한다. 사람이 쉽게 건너거나 빠져나오기 힘든 넓이와 높이로 만들어지며, 방어력을 높이기 위해 해자 안에 마름쇠나 나무꼬챙이 등의 장애물을 설치하였다. 해자는 방어 목적 외에도 성벽의 기초 침하 방지, 지하수위 조절 등의 역할을 한다.

병영성에는 3~5개의 연못이 있었다고 하는데, 기록마다 그 개수와 위치가 다르다. 발굴조사를 통해 병영교회 동북쪽에서 연못 일부를 확인하였다.