NJ2018 Glossary - Farming Tools

Nongsa jikseol
Project Introduction Editor's Notes
Table of Contents
Preface Preparing the Seed Grain Plowing the Soil Cultivating Hemp Cultivating Rice Cultivating Proso and Foxtail Millet Cultivating Barnyard Grass Cultivating Soybeans, Red Beans, and Mung Beans Cultivating Barley and Wheat Cultivating Sesame Cultivating Buckwheat
Glossary Further Readings

Farming tools

농사직설에 나타난 농기구는 모두 10종으로, 이에는 따비·쟁기·쇠스랑·써레·끌개［撈］·번지·고무래·곰방메·끌개［縳柴木兩參個］·끌개［木斫背］·끌개［輪木］·오줌구유·호미·낫·도리깨·키·날개·거적·섬·되·말·석·부리망 등 23가지가 포함된다. 이 가운데 땅을 삶는 연장의 종류와 수량은 압도적으로 많아서 39％에 이른다. 더구나 쇠스랑과 써레가 네 번, 번지와 곰방메가 두 번씩 등장하고 끌개도 4종이나 쓰여진 것으로 미루어, 당시에는 흙덩이를 고루 부수는 일에 큰 관심을 기울였음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 사정은 당시의 농업기술과 관련이 깊은 것이다.

Aged manure

Basic Info
• Hanja: 熟糞	• Hangeul: 숙분	• RR: Sukbun	• MR: Sukbun

Bunhoe

Basic Info
• Hanja: 糞灰	• Hangeul: 분회	• RR: Bunhoe	• MR: Punhoe

Definition
Bunhoe is an abbreviation for mix of aged manure and urinated ash.
See the glossary entries for aged manure and mixture of urine and ash.
Multimedia
Further Reading

• Stored Human Urine Supplemented with Wood Ash as Fertilizer in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cultivation and Its Impacts on Fruit Yield and Quality
• Human Pee With Ash Is a Natural Fertilizer, Study Says

Cheolchipa

Basic Info
• Hanja: 鐵齒擺	• Hangeul: 철치파	• RR: Cheolchipa	• MR: ?
Common Name
• Hanja: 手愁音	• Hangeul: 수수음	• RR: susueum	• MR: ?
Alternate English Terms
• iron-toothed spreader/hoe

Definition
Explanation
Korean(modern): 쇠스랑
A leveling tool. Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chopped Weeds

Basic Info
• Hanja: 雜草	• Hangeul: 잡초	• RR: Japcho	• MR: Chapch'o

Explanation
Context-the English translation says: Alternatively, first spread chopped weeds between the ridges prior to plowing and sowing.
Further Reading

• Cultivating Barnyard Grass

Earthenware jar

Basic Info
• Hanja: 瓮	• Hangeul: 옹	• RR: Ong	• MR: Ong

Definition
한국에서는 대부분 저장 용기로 쓰인 기구이다. 일반 저장 용기와는 다르게 배가 불뚝 튀어나와 있으며 주로 곡물 간장이나 된장을 비롯한 조미료, 술 따위를 저장하는 용도이다. 곡물이 담긴 독은 헛간이나 곳간에 두고 조미료가 담긴 독은 집안에서도 햇볕이 잘 쪼이는 양지바른 곳에 돌로 낮은 단을 쌓아 장독대를 만들어 그곳에 모아둔다.
Multimedia
Further Reading

• Preparing the Seed Grain

Grass (Straw)

Basic Info
• Hanja: 草	• Hangeul: 초	• RR: Cho	• MR: Ch'o
Alternate English Terms
• straw, weed

Explanation
In the chapter about Plowing the Soil it is translated both as straw and grass.
Passages from the text:
For dry fields, straw should be spread and burned after the first plowing.
For uncultivated land, plow between seventh and eighth (lunar) months and cover the land with grass.

Hemp sacks

Basic Info
• Hanja: 布	• Hangeul: 포	• RR: Po	• MR: P'o

Definition
베 주머니
Explanation
The context, from the chapter about Preparing the Seed Grain:
以九穀種各一升各盛布襄, 埋於土宇中。
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Hocheon

Basic Info
• Hanja: 蒿篅	• Hangeul: 호천	• RR: Hocheon	• MR: Hoch'ŏn
Common Name
• Hanja: 空石	• Hangeul: 빈섬/공섬	• RR: Binseom/Gongseom	• MR: Pinsŏm/Kongsŏm
Alternate English Terms
• Bowl made by Straw (look for correct term in English)

Definition
곡물이나 사료 등을 갈무리하는 데에 쓰는 짚으로 된 그릇. 볏짚으로 만든 그릇을 지칭한다.
Explanation
In the chapter about Cultivating Rice is also translated as gongseom.
In 農事直說 it appears as 蒿篅, 호천, but it has various names in different texts: ‘擔, 섬 (農政撮要,농정촬요), ‘空石, 공석’ (山林經濟,산림경제), ‘俵, 셤’(月餘農歌,월여농가). Nowadays it is called 섬 in Korean.
Multimedia

• 

  蒿篅 (호천) (공석)

Further Reading
Related Article

Homi

Basic Info
• Hanja: 鋤	• Hangeul: 호미	• RR: Homi	• MR: Homi
Alternate English Terms
• hoe

Definition
논밭의 김을 매거나 주로 사용하는 한국고유의 연장이다. 우리 호미는 서유구(徐有榘, 1764∼1827)의 『임원경제지』에서도 동서(東鋤, 동쪽나라의 호미)라고 했을 만큼 우리나라에서나 볼 수 있는 연장이었다. 부등변 삼각형인 날의 한쪽 모서리에 목을 이어대고 거기에 자루를 박은 독특한 형태의 연장인 호미는 이미 통일신라시대의 안압지 출토유물에서 확인할 수 있으며(제1편, 호미〈사진 24-3〉), 고려시대의 호미〈사진 5-1〉도 오늘날의 호미와 꼭 같다.
Explanation
Multimedia

• 
• 

Further Reading

• 한국의 농기구, 2001. 6. 25., 어문각
  

Jeomcheon

Basic Info
• Hanja: 苫薦	• Hangeul: 점천	• RR: Jeomcheon	• MR: Chŏmch'ŏn
Common Name
• Hanja: 飛介	• Hangeul: 날개개	• RR: Nalgae	• MR: Nalgae

Definition
이 단어는 이엉을 말한다. 이엉은 짚·풀잎·새 등으로 엮어 만든 지붕재료 또는 그 지붕을 지칭하기도 한다. 여기서는 동일한 재료로 씨앗이 겨울에 얼지 않도록 덮는 용도로 쓰였다.
Multimedia

• 
• 

Further Reading

• 한국민족문화대백과사전:이엉

Large scythe with a long handle

Basic Info
• Hanja: 長柄大鎌	• Hangeul: 긴 손잡이의 큰 낫

Manure (cow and horse manure)

Basic Info
• Hanja: 糞 (牛馬糞)	• Hangeul: 분 (우마분)	• RR: Bun (Umabun)	• MR: Pun
Alternate English Terms
• cattle and horse manure

Definition
소나 말의 똥

Mixture of urine and ash

Basic Info
• Hanja: 尿灰	• Hangeul: 요회	• RR: Yohoe	• MR: Yohoe
Alternate English Terms
• urinated ash, urine and ash fertilizer

Further Reading

• Stored Human Urine Supplemented with Wood Ash as Fertilizer in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cultivation and Its Impacts on Fruit Yield and Quality
• Human Pee With Ash Is a Natural Fertilizer, Study Says

Mokjak

Basic Info
• Hanja: 木斫	• Hangeul: 목작	• RR: mokjak	• MR: mokchak
Common Name
• Hanja: 所訖羅	• Hangeul: 소흘라	• RR: soheulla	• MR: sohŭlla
Alternate English Terms
• wooden harrow

Definition
Korean(modern): 써래
A farming tool used even out the fields.
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Mokjakbae

Basic Info
• Hanja: 木斫背	• Hangeul: 목작배	• RR: Mokjakbae	• MR: Mokchakpae

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Mussle

Basic Info
• Hanja: 網	• Hangeul: 망	• RR: Mang	• MR: Mang

Definition
그물망
Multimedia
Further Reading

Night soil

Basic Info
• Hanja: 人糞	• Hangeul: 인분	• RR: Inbun	• MR: Inpun

Definition
Night soil is a euphemism for human feces collected from cesspools, privies, pail closets, pit latrines, privy middens, septic tanks, etc. Human excreta may be attractive as fertilizer because of the high demand for fertilizer and the relative availability of the material to create night soil. In areas where native soil is of poor quality, the local population may weigh the risk of using night soil.

Some people refer to human excreta as human manure, and the word "humanure" has also been used. Just like animal manure, it can be applied as a soil conditioner (reuse of excreta in agriculture). Sewage sludge is a material that contains human excreta, as it is generated after mixing excreta with water and treatment of the wastewater in a sewage treatment plant.

Since ancient times, the people of East Asia have traditionally supported a large population by utilizing this natural means of fertilization.
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading

• Human faeces as a resource in agriculture
  
• Human waste use in agriculture and aquaculture
  
• Chinese tradition of utilizing human excreta

Related Article

Noemok

Basic Info
• Hanja: 檑木	• Hangeul: 뇌목	• RR: Noemok	• MR: Noemok
Common Name
• Hanja: 古音波	• Hangeul: 고음파	• RR: Go Eumpa	• MR: Ko Ŭmp'a

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Oak stems with leaves

Basic Info
• Hanja: 連枝杼葉	• Hangeul: 가지에 달린 갈잎	• RR: ?	• MR: ?
Common Name
• Hanja: 加乙草	• Hangeul: 가을초	• RR: Gaeulcho	• MR: Kaŭlch'o

Ox

Basic Info
• Hanja: 牛	• Hangeul: 소

Pallo

Basic Info
• Hanja: 板撈	• Hangeul: 판로	• RR: pallo	• MR: ?
Common Name
• Hanja: 翻地	• Hangeul: 번지	• RR: beonji	• MR: ?
Alternate English Terms
• (check)

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 5
<以板撈【鄕名: 翻地】或把撈【鄕名: 推介】覆種。>

Paro

Basic Info
• Hanja: 把撈	• Hangeul: 파로	• RR: paro	• MR: p'aro
Common Name
• Hanja: 推介	• Hangeul: 밀개/추개	• RR: milgae/chugae	• MR: ?
Alternate English Terms
• (check)

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 5
<以板撈【鄕名: 翻地】或把撈【鄕名: 推介】覆種。>

Pool

Basic Info

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 5.2 - to store urine outside the cow stable.

Ro

Basic Info
• Hanja: 撈	• Hangeul: 로	• RR: ro	• MR: ?
Common Name
• Hanja: 曳介	• Hangeul: 끌개	• RR: kkeulgae	• MR: ?
Alternate English Terms
• harrow rake

Definition
A type of rake that was widely used by farmers. Long pine branches would be tied together at one end and loaded with a rock. This would then be dragged over sown fields to cover up the seeds with dirt. Explanation
Korean(modern): 끌개/끙게 Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Silkworm droppings

Basic Info

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

누에똥잠사 (Chapter 5.1)

Stable (cow and horse stable)

Basic Info
• Hanja: 牛馬廐	• Hangeul: 우마구 (?)	• RR: Umagu	• MR: ?

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

<或用木槽, 盛牛馬廐池尿, 漬種其中, 漉出曬乾, 亦須三度。> (chapter 2)

Stalks

Basic Info

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 5.2 (Here check characters for bran and chaff)

Storage pit

Basic Info
• Hanja: 土宇 (?)	• Hangeul: 토우 (?)	• RR: to-u	• MR: t'o-u

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

움집 (as translated in Korean)
<欲知來歲所宜, 以九穀種各一升各盛布襄, 埋於土宇中> (chapter 2)

Straw mat

Basic Info

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 9.

Sump

Basic Info
• Hanja: 池	• Hangeul: 지	• RR: ji	• MR: chi

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

<或用木槽, 盛牛馬廐池尿, 漬種其中, 漉出曬乾, 亦須三度。> (chapter 2)

Trough

Basic Info

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Chapter 11.

Urine

Basic Info
• Hanja: 尿	• Hangeul: 뇨/요	• RR: nyo/yo (?)	• MR: ?

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

<或用木槽, 盛牛馬廐池尿, 漬種其中, 漉出曬乾, 亦須三度。> (chapter 2)

Wooden tub

Basic Info
• Hanja: 槽	• Hangeul: 조	• RR: jo	• MR: cho

Definition
Explanation
Multimedia
Further Reading
Related Article

Definition:나무의 재질로 만든 구유/나무구유(as translated in Korean)
Expl:
<冬月, 以瓮或槽埋地中, 要令不凍。>
For this term translation has to be checked again.
What Changseop added: 槽 조 manger

이 글에서는 가축에게 먹이를 주는 그릇을 지칭한다. 특히 소나 말에게 먹이를 주는 그릇이다.