NJ2018 Cultivating Hemp

Nongsa jikseol
Project Introduction Editor's Notes

Table of Contents

Preface Preparing the Seed Grain Plowing the Soil Cultivating Hemp Cultivating Rice Cultivating Proso and Foxtail Millet Cultivating Barnyard Grass Cultivating Soybeans, Red Beans, and Mung Beans Cultivating Barley and Wheat Cultivating Sesame Cultivating Buckwheat

Glossary Further Readings

Original Script

Text with Punctuation	Text Image	Text Image
種麻 ○正月氷解, 擇良田。田多, 則歲易。【歲易, 則皮薄節闊。】耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞。二月上旬, 更耕之。【中旬爲中時, 下旬爲下時。至於北土, 寒氣晩解, 要當隋時適宜。九穀倣此。】以木斫【鄕名斫訖羅】及鐵齒擺【鄕名手愁音】, 熟治使平, 後足踏均密。撒種, 又須均須密。【足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用。】曳撈覆種。【撈, 鄕名曳介. 編多枝木爲之, 松枝爲上。】其上, 又布牛馬糞。麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之。【不過一鋤。又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也。】	05	06

Korean Translation

삼 심고 키우기
○정월에 얼음이 녹자마자 좋은 밭을 선택한다. 만약에 밭이 많이 확보되면 1년 휴한한 땅에 심는 것이 좋다. 1년 휴한한 땅에서 자란 삼은 껍질이 얇고 마디 사이가 넓다. 삼베밭을 가는 방법은 먼저 세로로 세 번 가로로 세 번 하고 소나 말의 똥을 펼쳐 놓는다. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 갈아 준다. (2월 상순이 가장 최적의 시기이며) 중순은 그 다음이고 하순은 가장 나쁜 시기이다. 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로 (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다. 추운 지방의 아홉 가지 곡식도 밭갈이 시기의 선택은 이와 같다.

흙을 잘게 썰어주는 목작(써래) 향명 소흘라 과 땅을 고르고 풀을 쳐내는 철치파(쇠스랑) 향명 수수음 으로 잘 삶고 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주어야 한다. 씨를 파종할 때에도 고른 간격으로 조밀하게 파종하여야 한다. 발로 밟거나 종자를 뿌릴 때 고르고 조밀하게 하지 않으면 삼의 섬유질이 거칠게 되거나 혹은 가지가 나서 사용하는데 적합하지 않게 되므로 유의하여야 한다. [그 다음에] 끌개(끙게)를 이끌어서 종자가 흙에 덮이도록 하며 로(撈)는 향명(鄕名)으로는 예개(曳介)인데, 이것은 가지가 많은 나무로 만든다. 소나무 가지로 만든 것이 가장 좋다. 그 위에는 또 소똥, 말똥을 깐다. 삼이 3치(6 cm) 정도 자랐을 때 잡초가 있다면 김을 매주어야 한다. 김매는 것은 한번을 넘지 않는다. 또한 만종(晩種)이 있는데,하지(夏至) 전후 10일 이내 기간에는 언제나 심을 수 있다.

English Translation

Cultivating Hemp
○When the ice melts in the first month [of the lunar year], select good fields. If the fields are abundant, rotate them annually. If [the fields are] rotated annually, then the bark [of the hemp's stem] will be thin, and the space between the joints wide.Plow three times lengthwise and three times breadththwise. Spread cattle and horse manure [over the field]. In the first sun of the second lunar month, plow again. Plowing again in the middle sun is the second best time, and the last sun is the worst time. In the northern region, the [spring] thaw comes later, and this should be taken into consideration when selecting the best time [for plowing]. [The plowing for] all nine kinds of crops [should] follow this.

With a mokchak known as soheullaand a cheolchipa known as susueum, level out the soil well, and then evenly and densely tamp it down with feet. When sowing seeds, it is also necessary to sow them evenly and densely. If the tamping and the sowing are not done evenly 'and densely, then the hemp may be too rough or too branchy, therefore not suitable for use.Drag a ro to cover the seeds. Ro is known as kkeulgae. To make it, bind multiple branches of wood; pine branches work best.On top [of the soil], also spread cattle and horse manure. If there are weeds when the hemp has reached three chon [approx. 6 cm], then weed them [with a hoe]. Do not weed more than once. The late-planting varieties can be sowed anytime within ten days before or after the summer solstice.

Glossary

Plant Varieties

Hemp

Chinese: 麻
Korean: 마

Plant Structure

Bark (of the hemp stem)

Chinese: 皮
Korean: 피 (껍질)

Farming Tools

Mokchak (soheulla)

Chinese: 木斫
Korean: 목작
Common name (Chinese): 所訖羅
Common name (Korean): 소흘라
Korean(modern): 써래
English: wooden harrow
A farming tool used even out the fields.

Cheolchipa (susueum)

Chinese: 鐵齒擺
Korean: 철치파
Common name (Chinese): 手愁音
Common name (Korean): 수수음
Korean(modern): 쇠스랑
English: iron-toothed spreader/hoe
A leveling tool.

Ro (kkeulgae)

Chinese: 撈
Korean: 로
Common name (Chinese): 曳介
Common name (Korean): 끌개
Korean(modern): 끌개/끙게
English: harrow rake
A type of rake that was widely used by farmers. Long pine branches would be tied together at one end and loaded with a rock. This would then be dragged over sown fields to cover up the seeds with dirt.

Umabun

Chinese: 牛馬糞
Korean: 우마분 (소나 말의 똥)
Cattle and horse manure

Plowing and Plowing Methods

To plow or to till (see footnotes)

Chinese: 耕
Korean: 경 (갈다)

To plow lengthwise (vertically?)

Chinese: 耕...縱...
Korean: 세로로 갈다

To plow breadthwise (horizontally?)

Chinese: 耕...橫...
Korean: 가로로 갈다

Time and Natural Phenomena

上旬中旬下旬

Korean:상순, 중순, 하순
It was translated into English as <first sun>, <middle sun> and <last sun>. Other suggested translations: <first sun>, <second sun> and <third sun>.(See footnote)

上時, 中時, 下時

Korean: 상시, 중시, 하시
Translated as <best time, second best time, worst time>. Other translations suggested: <ideal time, acceptable time, worst time>.

寒氣

Korean: 찬 기운(한기)
English: [spring] thaw

夏至

Korean: 하지
English: summer solstice

Other Terms

九穀 구곡 - nine kinds of crops, 아홉 가지 곡식

鋤 서 - to weed, 김을 매주다

晩種 만종 - late-planting variety

Land Types

Chinese: 擇良田
Korean: 좋은 밭을 선택한다
English: select good fields

Cultivation Timeline

Plowing

1st plow: <When the ice melts in the first month [of the lunar year]>,<正月氷解>
2nd plow: <In the first sun of the second lunar month, plow again>, <二月上旬, 更耕之。>
(Advice given about ploing in the middle or last sun, too, and it mentions about the spring thaw coming later in the northern region)

Sowing

Only the sowing time of late-planting varieties is mentioned: <The late-planting varieties can be sowed anytime within ten days before or after the summer solstice.>, <又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也。>

Cultivation Methods

Plowing method:<Plow three times lengthwise and three times breadththwise.>, <耕之縱三橫三>
Fertilization method:(2 times, 1st after plowing the soil, 2nd after leveling the soil)<Spread cattle and horse manure [over the field].>,<布牛馬糞。>; <On top [of the soil], also spread cattle and horse manure. >, <其上, 又布牛馬糞。>
Leveling the soil method: <With a mokchak known as soheulla and a cheolchipa known as susueum , level out the soil well, and then evenly and densely tamp it down with feet.>, <以木斫【鄕名斫訖羅】及鐵齒擺【鄕名手愁音】, 熟治使平, 後足踏均密。>
Sowing method: <When sowing seeds, it is also necessary to sow them evenly and densely.>, <撒種, 又須均須密。>
Weeding method: <If there are weeds when the hemp has reached three chon [approx. 6 cm], then weed them [with a hoe]. Do not weed more than once.>,<麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之。【不過一鋤。>

Footnote

For '田多, 則歲易' translation may depend on the meaning of 歲易. 'Crop alternately with other crops(rotate)' or 'cultivate hemp one year and leave the farmland with nothing cultivated for a year'. Does crop rotation referring to changing to a different crop each year, or letting the land go fallow for a year before planting the same crop again? (지은 comment)

Tool names are kept in their original form in the English translation (romanized). Refer to the glossary for the English tool names.

上旬, 中旬 and 下旬 were translated into English as <first sun>, <middle sun> and <last sun>. Other translations: <first sun>, <second sun> and <third sun>. Suggestions were made for the use of <decade>. The etymology and usage of <decade> can be found here. 旬 is translated as <decade> in a dictionary of classical and medieval Chinese [Kroll, Paul W.(2017). A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese(Revised edition). Leiden:Brill.]: <Meaning 1: A decade of days, three of which make up a month; the standard “week” in premodern times. a. (med.) a decade of years, sgl. or in cmpd.; e.g. 旬年, ten years. b. (med.) a unit of ten, e.g.旬月, ten months. Meaning 2. Complete, full, a whole cycle: e.g. 旬歲, a whole year, 旬月, a whole month. Meaning 3. (med.) time in general, as a whole unit.> (Evelyn comment)

To plow or to till. "Conceptually, tilling is more like running a comb or a rake over the soil, while plowing is more like using a spatula to flip a pancake. These are much too simple analogies, but the basic idea should be clear. A tilling machine runs blades through the soil, while a plow's main work is to flip soil over on top of itself. This is a basically different approach to mixing and aerating the soil. A till will knife air into the soil and drag some soil particles into contact with different soil particles, while the plowshare's goal is to flip topsoil over and leave a layer upside-down." - Stephen Wright [1] (Lindsey comment)