Grains
Night soil
Contributor: Ciceo Anca Valentina
Night soil is a euphemism for human feces collected from cesspools, privies, pail closets, pit latrines, privy middens, septic tanks, etc. Human excreta may be attractive as fertilizer because of the high demand for fertilizer and the relative availability of the material to create night soil. In areas where native soil is of poor quality, the local population may weigh the risk of using night soil.
Some people refer to human excreta as human manure, and the word "humanure" has also been used. Just like animal manure, it can be applied as a soil conditioner (reuse of excreta in agriculture). Sewage sludge is a material that contains human excreta, as it is generated after mixing excreta with water and treatment of the wastewater in a sewage treatment plant.[1]
Since ancient times, the people of East Asia have traditionally supported a large population by utilizing this natural means of fertilization.[2]
Types of Land and related terms
(soil) Too soft
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 過熟 |
• Hangeul: 지나치게 <땅을> 부드럽게 해서 |
(spring) Thaw
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 寒氣, 氷解 |
• Hangeul: 토양의 찬 기운(한기), 얼음이 녹자마자 |
• RR: Hangi |
• MR: Han'gi |
• Pinyin: hánqì |
(the soil becomes) Infertile
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 無澤 |
• Hangeul: <땅이> 윤택해지지 않는다 |
Acceptable fields
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 中田 |
• Hangeul: 중간 정도의 밭 |
Barren fields
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 薄田 |
• Hangeul: 척박한 밭, 박전 |
• RR: Bakjeon |
• MR: Pakchŏn |
• Pinyin: Bótián |
Dirt clods
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 塊 |
• Hangeul: 흙덩이 |
• RR: Heukdeongi |
• MR: Hŭktŏngi |
• Pinyin: Kuài |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • clods of soil |
Dry fields
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 旱田 |
• Hangeul: 한전 |
• RR: Hanjeon |
• MR: Hanjŏn |
• Pinyin: Bótián |
Fertile fields
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 美田, 熟田 |
• Hangeul: 좋은 밭 |
• RR: Joeun Bat |
• MR: Choŭn Pat |
Field Banks
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 畔, 田畔 |
• Hangeul: 밭두둑 |
• RR: Batduduk |
• MR: Pattuduk |
• Pinyin: Pàn |
Fields mixed with half fine sand and half black dirt
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 細沙黑土相半者 |
• Hangeul: 고운 모래와 검은 흙이 절반씩 섞인 곳 |
Fields where barley had been grown
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 麥根田 |
• Hangeul: 맥근 |
• RR: Maekgeun |
• MR: Maekkŭn |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • fields where barley has been grown (and the roots remain) |
Good field
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 良田 |
• Hangeul: 좋은 밭 |
• RR: Yangjeon |
• MR: Yangjŏn |
• Pinyin: Liángtián |
High and dry (areas)
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 高燥 |
• Hangeul: 고지대에 건조한 곳, 고조 |
• RR: Gojo |
• MR: Kojo |
High ground
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 高處 |
• Hangeul: 높은 곳의 논, 고처 |
• RR: Gocheo |
• MR: Koch'ŏ |
• Pinyin: Gāochù |
Highlands
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 高地 |
• Hangeul: 높은 지대의 토지, 고지 |
• RR: Goji |
• MR: Koji |
• Pinyin: Gāodì |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • upland |
If the fields are abundant
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 田多 |
• Hangeul: 밭이 많이 확보되면 |
If the fields are abundant
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 田多 |
• Hangeul: 밭이 많이 확보되면 |
If the soil is barren
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 地若瘠薄 |
• Hangeul: 메마른 땅이면 |
If the soil is muddy or crumbly
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 地或泥濘或虛浮 |
• Hangeul: 흙이 진흙투성이거나 푸석푸석하거나 |
Locations with sources of cold water
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 水冷處 |
• Hangeul: 찬물 기운이 있는 토지 |
Low and wet lands
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 下濕之地 |
• Hangeul: 저지대에 습기가 많은 곳 |
Make the soil loose and level, making it extremely soft
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 土極軟 |
• Hangeul: 흙이 극히 부드럽도록 한다 |
Make the soil soft and fertile
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 土軟熟 |
• Hangeul: 흙이 부드러우면서도 비옥해진다 |
New soil or sod
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 新土或莎土 |
• Hangeul: 새 흙이나 사토 |
Northern regions
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 北土 |
• Hangeul: 북쪽지방 |
Seasonal Terms[3]
Traditionally, the Chinese lunar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms.
Summer Solstice
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 夏至 |
• Hangeul: 하지 |
• RR: Haji |
• MR: Haji |
• Pinyin: Xiàzhì |
Autumn Equinox
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 秋分 |
• Hangeul: 추분 |
• RR: Chubun |
• MR: Ch'ubun |
• Pinyin: Qiūfēn |
Mangjong
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 芒種 |
• Hangeul: 망종 |
• RR: Mangjong |
• MR: Mangjong |
• Pinyin: Mángzhòng |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • Grain in Beard |
White Dew
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 白露節 |
• Hangeul: 백로절 |
• RR: Baengnojeol |
• MR: Paengnojŏl |
• Pinyin: Báilù |
Other time-related terms
Autumn harvest
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 秋收 |
• Hangeul: 가을에 수확한정월 |
First lunar month
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 正月 |
• Hangeul: 정월 |
• RR: Jeongwol |
• MR: Chŏngwŏl |
• Pinyin: Zhēngyuè |
Following year
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 明年 |
• Hangeul: 이듬해 |
• RR: Ideumhae |
• MR: Idŭmhae |
• Pinyin: Míngnián |
Last month of the lunar year
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 臘月 |
• Hangeul: 동지 섣달, 납월 |
• RR: Dongji seotdal, Nabwol |
• MR: Tongji sŏttal, Nabwŏl |
• Pinyin: Làyuè |
Middle of the month
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 望 |
• Hangeul: 보름 |
• RR: Boreum |
• MR: Porŭm |
• Pinyin: Wàng |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • 15th day of the lunar month, day of the full moon |
Winter months
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 冬月 |
• Hangeul: 한 겨울 동안 |
• RR: Han Gyeoul Dongan |
• MR: Han Kyŏul Tongan |
• Pinyin: Dōngyuè |
| Alternate English Terms |
| • eleventh lunar month |
First week
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 上旬 |
• Hangeul: 상순 |
• RR: Sangsun |
• MR: Sangsun |
• Pinyin: Shàngxún |
Second week
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 中旬 |
• Hangeul: 중순 |
• RR: Jungsun |
• MR: Chungsun |
• Pinyin: Zhōngxún |
Third week
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 下旬 |
• Hangeul: 하순 |
• RR: Hasun |
• MR: Hasun |
• Pinyin: Xiàxún |
Ten days after Autumn Equinox
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: (秋分)後十日 |
• Hangeul: 추분 후 10일 |
Four seasons
Spring
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 春 |
• Hangeul: 봄 |
• RR: Bom |
• MR: Pom |
• Pinyin: Chūn |
Summer
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 夏 |
• Hangeul: 여름 |
• RR: Yeoreum |
• MR: Yŏrŭm |
• Pinyin: Xià |
Autumn
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 秋 |
• Hangeul: 가을 |
• RR: Gaeul |
• MR: Kaŭl |
Winter
| Basic Info |
| • Hanja: 冬 |
• Hangeul: 겨울 |
• RR: Gyeoul |
• MR: Kyŏul |
• Pinyin: Dōng |
Mangjong
Contributor: Kang Haewon
- English: Grain in Ear
- Chinese: 芒種
- Korean: 망종
Mangjong (Kor. 망종, Chin. 芒種, lit. bearded grain) is the ninth of the twenty-four solar terms. Occurring between Soman (Kor. 소만, Chin. 小滿, Beginning of Grain Ripening) and Haji (Kor. 하지, Chin. 夏至, Summer Solstice), Mangjong usually falls during the fifth month on the lunar calendar and happens around June sixth on the Gregorian calendar. The sun reaches the celestial longitude of 75 degrees on this day. As suggested by its name, Mangjong indicates the appropriate time to harvest the first crop and sow the second of bearded grains such as rice and barley.[5]
White Dew
- English: White Dew
- Chinese:白露
- Korean:백로
White Dewis one of the twenty-four solar terms. According to the Gregorian calendar, it falls around September 9th, and according to the lunar calendar, White Dew usually falls in the eighth month.[6]
Autumn Equinox
- English: Autumn Equinox
- Chinese:秋分
- Korean:추분
Autumn Equinox is one of the twenty-four solar terms. It occurs after White Dew 白露, and it falls, according to the Gregorian calendar, around September twenty-third, and according to the lunar calendar, it usually falls in the eight-month.[7]
References
- ↑ "Manure", Wikipedia.
- ↑ The Changing History of East Asian Human Manure Fertilization, Sustainability & Environmental Justice.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ China Highlights. The 24 solar terms [2]
- ↑ "Bearded Grain", Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture, National Folk Museum of Korea.
- ↑ "White Dew", Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture, National Folk Museum of Korea.
- ↑ "Autumn Equinox", Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture, National Folk Museum of Korea.
Contributor: Ciceo Anca Valentina
![24 Solar Terms [4]](/~classics/wiki/index.php/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:24solarterms.jpg)
