농사직설 Glossary

Nongsa jikseol
Project Introduction Editor's Notes
Table of Contents
Preface Preparing the Seed Grain Plowing the Soil Cultivating Hemp Cultivating Rice Cultivating Proso and Foxtail Millet Cultivating Barnyard Grass Cultivating Soybeans, Red Beans, and Mung Beans Cultivating Barley and Wheat Cultivating Sesame Cultivating Buckwheat
Glossary Further Readings

Grains

Hangeul	Hanja	English	Article
마	麻	hemp
쌀	米	rice
조	粟	foxtail millet
기장	黍	proso millet
수수	薥黍	sorghum
피	稷	barnyard grass
보리	大麥	barley
밀	小麥	wheat
메밀	木麥	buckwheat
콩	大豆	soybean
팥	小豆	red bean
녹두	菉豆	mungbean
참깨	眞荏子	sesame
들깨	水荏子	perilla

Night soil

Contributor: Ciceo Anca Valentina

• Chinese: 人糞
• Korean: 인분

Night soil is a euphemism for human feces collected from cesspools, privies, pail closets, pit latrines, privy middens, septic tanks, etc. Human excreta may be attractive as fertilizer because of the high demand for fertilizer and the relative availability of the material to create night soil. In areas where native soil is of poor quality, the local population may weigh the risk of using night soil.

Some people refer to human excreta as human manure, and the word "humanure" has also been used. Just like animal manure, it can be applied as a soil conditioner (reuse of excreta in agriculture). Sewage sludge is a material that contains human excreta, as it is generated after mixing excreta with water and treatment of the wastewater in a sewage treatment plant.

Since ancient times, the people of East Asia have traditionally supported a large population by utilizing this natural means of fertilization.

• Additional readings:
  
  • Human faeces as a resource in agriculture
    
  • Human waste use in agriculture and aquaculture
    
  • Chinese tradition of utilizing human excreta

Seasonal Terms

Traditionally, the Chinese lunar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms.

Autumn Equinox

Basic Info
• Hanja: 秋分	• Hangeul: 추분	• RR: Chubun	• MR: Ch'ubun	• Pinyin: Qiūfēn

Mangjong

Basic Info
• Hanja: 芒種	• Hangeul: 망종	• RR: Mangjong	• MR: Mangjong	• Pinyin: Mángzhòng
Alternate English Terms
• Grain in Beard

White Dew

Basic Info
• Hanja: 白露節	• Hangeul: 백로절	• RR: Baengnojeol	• MR: Paengnojŏl	• Pinyin: Báilù

Other time-related terms

Autumn

Basic Info
• Hanja: 秋	• Hangeul: 가을	• RR: Gaeul	• MR: Kaŭl

First lunar month

Basic Info
• Hanja: 正月	• Hangeul: 정월	• RR: Jeongwol	• MR: Chŏngwŏl	• Pinyin: Zhēngyuè

Last month of the lunar year

Basic Info
• Hanja: 臘月	• Hangeul: 동지 섣달, 납월	• RR: Dongji seotdal, Nabwol	• MR: Tongji sŏttal, Nabwŏl	• Pinyin: Làyuè

First week

Basic Info
• Hanja: 上旬	• Hangeul: 상순	• RR: Sangsun	• MR: Sangsun	• Pinyin: Shàngxún

Second week

Basic Info
• Hanja: 中旬	• Hangeul: 중순	• RR: Jungsun	• MR: Chungsun	• Pinyin: Zhōngxún

Third week

Basic Info
• Hanja: 下旬	• Hangeul: 하순	• RR: Hasun	• MR: Hasun	• Pinyin: Xiàxún

Mangjong

Contributor: Kang Haewon

• English: Grain in Ear
• Chinese: 芒種
• Korean: 망종

Mangjong (Kor. 망종, Chin. 芒種, lit. bearded grain) is the ninth of the twenty-four solar terms. Occurring between Soman (Kor. 소만, Chin. 小滿, Beginning of Grain Ripening) and Haji (Kor. 하지, Chin. 夏至, Summer Solstice), Mangjong usually falls during the fifth month on the lunar calendar and happens around June sixth on the Gregorian calendar. The sun reaches the celestial longitude of 75 degrees on this day. As suggested by its name, Mangjong indicates the appropriate time to harvest the first crop and sow the second of bearded grains such as rice and barley.

White Dew

• English: White Dew
• Chinese:白露
• Korean:백로

White Dewis one of the twenty-four solar terms. According to the Gregorian calendar, it falls around September 9th, and according to the lunar calendar, White Dew usually falls in the eighth month.

Autumn Equinox

• English: Autumn Equinox
• Chinese:秋分
• Korean:추분

Autumn Equinox is one of the twenty-four solar terms. It occurs after White Dew 白露, and it falls, according to the Gregorian calendar, around September twenty-third, and according to the lunar calendar, it usually falls in the eight-month.