"NJ2018 Cultivating Rice"의 두 판 사이의 차이

2018년 6월 7일 (목) 22:44 판

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種稻 附 旱稻 稻種有早有晩。 耕種法有水耕【鄕名: 水沙彌】有乾耕【鄕名: 乾沙彌】, 又有揷種【鄕名: 苗種】。 除草之法, 則大抵皆同。 ○早稻: 秋收後, 擇連水源肥膏水田,【凡水田, 上可以引水, 下可以決去。 旱則灌之, 雨則洩之者, 爲上。 洿下渟水處, 次之, 然久雨泥渾, 則苗腐。 高處須雨而耕者, 斯爲下矣。】 耕之。 冬月入糞。【正月氷解, 耕之入糞。或入新土亦得。】 二月上旬又耕之。 以木斫【鄕名: 所訖羅】縱橫摩平, 復以鐵齒擺【鄕名: 手愁音】打破土塊令熟。 先以稻種漬水, 經三日漉出, 納蒿篅中【鄕名: 空石】, 置溫處。 頻頻開視, 勿致鬱浥。 芽長二分, 均撒水田中, 以板撈【鄕名: 翻地】或把撈【鄕名: 推介】覆種。 灌水驅鳥。【以苗生爲限】 苗生二葉, 則去水, 以手耘。【苗弱, 不可用鋤。 然水渴土强, 則當用鋤。】 去苗間細草, 訖又灌水。【每去水而耘, 耘訖灌之。 苗弱時宜淺, 苗强時宜深。】 如川水連通, 雖旱不渴處, 則每耘訖決去水, 曝根二日, 後還灌水。【耐風與旱】 苗長半尺許, 又耘以鋤。【苗强, 可以用鋤。】 耘時, 以手挼軟苗間土面。 耘至三四度,【禾穀成長, 唯賴鋤功。 且旱稻性速, 不可小緩。】 將熟去水。【有水, 則熟遲。】 早稻善零, 隨熟隨刈。

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Korean Translation

벼 심고 키우기 한도를 덧붙임

벼의 품종으로는 일찍 파종하는 올벼가 있고 늦게 파종하는 늦벼가 있다. 재배법으로는 수경법향명 수사미 이 있고, 건경법향명 건사미 이 있고, 또한 삽종법향명 묘종 이 있다.제초하는 방법은 대개 동일하다.

○ 올벼는 [재배하려면] 가을에 수확한 후에, 수원과 이어져 있는 비옥한 논무릇 논은 위쪽에서는 물을 끌어올 수 있어야 하고, 아래쪽에서는 물을 빼낼 수 있어야 한다. 가물면 물을 대고, 비가 오면 물을 빼내는 논이 가장 좋다. 웅덩이에 물이 고이는 논이 그 다음이다. 그런데 오랜 비에 [논이] 진흙뻘이 되면 모가 썩는다. 높은 곳에 위치하면서 비만 기다려 농사짓는 논, 이것은 가장 나쁘다. 을 골라서 간다. 겨울철에 거름을 투입하고정월에 얼음이 녹을 때 갈이를 하고 거름을 투입하거나 혹은 새로운 흙을 투입하는 것도 나쁘지는 않다. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 더 갈이를 한다. 목작향명 소흘라 로 [논을] 종횡으로 갈아 평평하게 만든 후, 다시 철치파향명 수수음 로 흙덩이를 깨뜨려 부드럽게 만든다. 파종에 앞서 볍씨를 물에 담가 3일이 지난 후에 건져 내어 짚으로 엮은 섬향명 빈섬 에 담아 따뜻한 곳에 보관하여 둔다. 자주 자주 열어 보아 [벼 종자가] 눅눅해지지 않도록 한다. 싹의 길이가 2푼(약 0.4cm) 쯤 자라면 논에다가 골고루 뿌리고 판로향명 번지 혹은 파로로향명 밀개 씨를 덮어주고 난 뒤에 물을 공급하고 [묘가 자랄 동안에 한해서] 새들이 접근하지 못하도록 한다. 모에서 잎이 두 개가 나오면 물을 뺀다. 손으로 김을 매면서모가 어리고 약하기 때문에 철로 된 호미를 사용할 수 없지만 물이 말라 흙이 굳어진 상태에서는 마땅히 호미를 써야 한다. 모와 모 사이의 가느다란 잡초를 뽑고 다시 물을 투입한다. 매번 물을 빼고 김을 매고 다시 물을 공급하는데 묘가 약할 때에는 물을 얕게, 강할 때에는 깊게 공급한다. 개천과 같이 물을 연속적으로 공급할 수 있어서 가뭄이 들어도 물이 마르지 않는 곳은 김을 맨 후에 물을 빼고 뿌리까지 햇볕을 쬘 수 있도록 하고 2일 후에 다시 물을 관개한다. 바람과 가뭄에 강하게 견디어 낼 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 모의 길이가 반 자쯤 될 정도로 자라면 또 김을 매는데 호미를 가지고 한다.모가 이미 강해져서 호미를 사용해도 되기 때문이다. 김을 맬 때는 모 사이의 흙을 손으로 만져서 부드럽게 만들고, 김매기는 3~4번 하며 [벼의 성장은] 오직 김매기에 달려 있다. 게다가 올벼의 성질은 빨리 자라므로 [김매기를] 조금이라도 늦춰서는 안 된다. [벼가] 익을 무렵이 되면 물을 뺀다.물이 있으면 [벼가] 익는 게 지체된다. 벼는 잘 떨어지므로 익는 즉시 벤다.

English Translation

Cultivating Rice Including Upland Rice

There are early-sowing varieties and late-sowing varieties. As for cultivation and sowing methods, there are wet farming Its common name is musalmi, dry farming Its common name is mareunsami, and transplanting seedlings Its common name is myojong. The weeding method is generally the same for all varieties.

For the early-sowing variety, after the autumn harvest, choose the most fertile wet fields with an accessible source of water In general, terraced paddy fields should be irrigated from above and drained below. The best (fields) are those that can be irrigated during droughts and drained during the rain. The second (best) are those where still water collects on the low ground. However, long rains may make the water sludgy and turbid, causing the seedlings to rot. The worst are those on high ground where farming is only possible when it rains. and plow them.

In the winter months, apply manure (onto the fields). When the (spring) thaw occurs in the first (lunar) month, plow the fields and apply manure, or alternatively, bring in new soil. Then, plow again in the first week^{[EN 1]} of the second month. With a mokchak Its common name is soheulla, harrow the soil lengthwise and breadthwise. Then again, with a cheolchipa commonly called susueum, break up the clods of soil to make it ready (for planting).

Before sowing the seeds, soak them in water. After three days, take them out to drain, put them inside a hocheon Its common name is binseom or gongseom, and store in a warm place. Frequently open (the hocheon)] and check (the seeds), making sure they do not become damp and smelly.

When the sprouts become two bun ^{[EN 2]} long, place them evenly in the paddies and cover the them (with soil) using a pallo Its common name is beonji or a paro Its common name is chugae or milgae. Then, irrigate the fields and keep the birds out (until the seedlings grow).

When the seedlings sprout two leaves, drain the water (from the paddy). After completely removing by hand (the tiny weeds) The seedlings are fragile so a homi cannot be used. However, if the water evaporates and the soil firms up, a homi should be used. between the seedlings, irrigate again. Drain the water each time before weeding. Once weeding is complete, irrigate it. While the seedlings are still young and fragile, irrigate lightly, and when the seedlings are mature and strong, irrigate heavily. If the field has a constant source of water such as a stream, so that it does not dry out even in drought, then every time weeding is completed, drain the water, and expose the base (of the plant) to the sunlight. After two days, restart irrigation so (the plants) withstand wind and drought.

When the seedlings grow to about half a cheok^{[EN 3]}, weed again with a homi The seedlings are firmly rooted, so using a homi is allowed. When weeding, use your hands to gently rub the soil surface between the seedlings. Weed up to three or four times. The growth of the plants depends solely on weeding. Moreover, the early-sowing variety grows quickly by nature, so the slightest delay in weeding is not allowed. When the plant is about to ripen, drain the water. If the water remains, it delays the ripening.

The grain of early-sowing varieties is prone to drop (from the ear), so harvest it as soon as it is ripe.

○ For wet farming of late-sowing varieties:

Plow the fields when the (spring) thaw occurs in the first (lunar) month.

As for applying manure and bringing in new soil, follow the same method prescribed for the early-sowing varieties. If new soil is brought in this year, then apply manure or spread weeds the following year, and alternate them. If the soil is muddy or crumbly, or the subsoil water is cold, then bring in new soil or sod. If the soil is infertile and barren, then spread cattle and horse manure and oak stems with leaves Its common name is gaeulcho.. Night soil and silkworm droppings are also good. But they are difficult to procure in large amounts.

During the period between the first week^{[EN 4]} of the third month and Mangjong^{[EN 5]}, plow the fields again (and sow the seeds). In general, plowing and sowing after Mangjong brings poor harvest.

Soaking seeds, sowing seeds, covering seeds, irrigating water, and weeding methods are all the same as for early-sowing varieties. Weeding three times by the middle of the sixth month is best. Weeding three times by the (end of) the sixth month is the second best. Not doing even this amount of weeding is the worst.

○ If a drought occurs in spring, (thus making) it impossible to practice wet farming, one should practice dry farming. (In this case), sow only the late-sowing varieties.

The method is as follows:

After plowing, break the clods with noemok Its common name is goeumpa, and harrow the fields with a mokjak. Its common name is soheulla.

After preparing the soil in this way, mix one mal ^{[EN 6]} of rice with one seom ^{[EN 7]} of aged manure or a mixture of urine and ash.

Urine and ash fertilizer making method: Dig a small pool outside the cow stable to store urine. Burn stalks, bran, chaff and the like into ashes, and mix it with the urine from the pool)

Plant (the seeds) using the foot sowing method.^{[EN 8]} (After sowing,) (continue to) keep the birds away until the seedlings start to grow. Do not irrigate the field until the seedlings grow enough.

If weeds grow, do not cease weeding (with a homi), even if there is a drought and the seedlings wither. There is an old saying that "A hundred rice plants depend on the head of a homi." Old farmers also said, "Seedlings appreciate a man's efforts (at weeding)."

○ Transplanting Method

Select wet fields where the seedlings will not become dry, even in the case of a drought.

Plowing should be done between the last week^{[EN 9]} of the second (lunar) month and the first week of the third month.

Each paddy field is divided into ten parts: One part is for raising the seedlings and the other nine parts are for (transplanting) the seedlings. When the seedlings have completely been picked (and transplanted into the other nine parts), also transplant them into the part where the seedlings were raised.

First, plow the section where the seedlings will be grown according to the plowing method (mentioned previously), make the soil soft and levelled, and drain the water. Chop the soft ends of willow branches. Spread them thickly all over the fields and then stamp them underfoot. Let the soil dry completely under the sun and (then) irrigate the field.

First, soak the seeds for three days. Then, put them in a hocheon Its common name is binseom to drain. After one day, plant the seeds in the soil and cover them (with soil) using a panno. {{Original Commentary|Its common name is beonji.)

When the seedlings have grown taller than the height of one's fist, they are able to be transplanted, First, plow the place where the seedlings will be transplanted. Then, spread the oak branches with leaves Its common name is gaeulcho or cow or horse manure. When it is time to transplant the seedlings, plow again according to the method (mentioned previously) to make the soil loose and level, making it extremely soft. Plant four or five seedlings for each transplantation. Since they have not yet taken root, do not irrigate them deeply. This method is convenient for weeding, in case of severe drought the crops will be lost, which is a matter of risk for the farm.

○ Upland Rice Method

Though there are many varieties of rice, in general they are all alike. (However,) there is a special variety called hando. Its common name is mebyeo.

Highlands and locations with sources of cold water are all appropriate (for this variety). However, if the soil is too dry, then this variety cannot grow.

Plow the soil in the first week^{[EN 10]} of the second (lunar) month, then plow again between the first and second week of the third month. Then, make ridges.

After finishing sowing by using the foot sowing method, stamp down the ridges, making them hard.

When weeding, remove the soil around the sprouts to prevent them from being covered by soil.

If the soil is barren, mix (the seeds) with aged manure or ash and urine fertilizer and sow them. Alternatively, mix two parts hando seeds with two parts barnyard grass seeds and one part red beans and sow them. In general, this technique of mixing seeds and sowing them is (to prevent the loss of crops even in) years of flood or drought. As which of the nine grains will be appropriate for the following year's (weather conditions) differs, mixing seeds and sowing them helps prevent a total loss.

1. ↑ A lunar month has three weeks of 10 days each.
2. ↑ Two bun is approx. 0.4 cm
3. ↑ Half a cheok is approx. 10 cm
4. ↑ A lunar month has three weeks of 10 days each.
5. ↑ Mangjong, or "Grain in Ear", refers to a solar term which usually falls at the beginning of the fifth lunar month.
6. ↑ One mal is approx. 18 liters
7. ↑ One seom is approx. 180 liters
8. ↑ In the "foot sowing" method, a farmer leaves a depressed hole in the soil, using his/her left heel, to throw a seed into the hole. Then, with right foot, dirt is thrown back into the hole to cover the seed.
9. ↑ A lunar month has three weeks of 10 days each.
10. ↑ A lunar month has three weeks of 10 days each.

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