E0-502

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Chejungwon Hospital and Horace Allen

Korea's first Western medical institution, Chejungwon Hospital, was founded in 1885 in Jae-dong by Dr. Horace Newton Allen (1858-1932), an American missionary, physician, and diplomat. Allen was the first Protestant missionary in Korea, arriving in September 1884.

Allen was born in Delaware, Ohio and graduated from the Miami Medical School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1883. He was appointed a medical missionary by the Northern Presbyterian Church and spent one year in Shanghai, China before relocating to Korea, which had established diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1882. At the time, foreign religion was still prohibited in Korea, so he entered the country as a medical officer of the U.S. Legation. In December 1884, just a few months after his arrival, Allen gained the attention of the royal family when he was recommended by the German diplomat Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1847-1901) to treat Min Yeong-ik (1860-1914), the nephew of Queen Min (1851-1895, posthumously Empress Myeongseong), who had suffered a near-fatal assassination attempt. Through Allen's use of Western medical methods, the man recovered in three months. Capitalizing on the opportunity, Allen submitted a proposal to found Korea's first Western medical hospital, which King Gojong (r. 1864-1907) readily approved. The hospital was opened on February 29, 1885 under the name Gwanghyewon (廣惠院, "House of Extended Grace") but was renamed on March 12 to Chejungwon (濟衆院, RR. Jejungwon, "House of Universal Helpfulness"). It was located within a traditional Korean house in Jae-dong (at the site of today's Constitutional Court). In 1886, Allen, together with his fellow American medical missionaries John William Heron (1859-1890) and Horace Underwood (1859-1916), began teaching students at Chejungwon. In 1887, Chejungwon Hospital was relocated to the Gurigae neighborhood (on the hill to the north of today's Myeongdong Cathedral) and expanded, but still took the form of a traditional Korean estate.

Although initially funded by the Korean government, the hospital became fully operated and managed by the Presbyterian Church of the USA in 1894. In 1904, a new Western-style hospital building was constructed outside Sungnyemun Gate (at the site of today's Yonsei Severance Building across from Seoul Station) thanks to the donations of the American businessman Louis Severance (1838-1913), after whom it was renamed Severance Hospital. After the construction of the new building, the former buildings were returned to the Korean government to which they belonged. In 1908, the first medical licenses in Korean history were granted to the graduates of Severance Hospital's School of Medicine. The hospital was briefly renamed Asahi Hospital from 1942 until the end of the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). In 1957, Severence Hospital merged with Yonhi College in Sinchon-dong under the name Yonsei University, which has since become one of Korea's most prestigious universities.

Allen only worked as a medical missionary for his first three years in Korea. He treated a wide variety of patients from the king to commoners. In August 1887, as the Korean government initiated plans to establish a legation in the U.S., Allen took on the role of a diplomat. He served as a diplomat of the Korean government until 1889, worked briefly again as a missionary, and then was appointed as a secretary of the U.S. Legation in Korea in 1890. He became U.S. minister and consul general to Korea in 1897. Allen left Korea on June 9, 1905 after being dismissed from his post due to his strong opposition to ongoing foreign policy discussions regarding the U.S.'s recognition of Japan's control over Korea. After he left, the U.S. Legation in Korea was closed. On November 17 that year, Korea was forcefully made a protectorate of Japan through the illegitimate conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, but the U.S. refused to recognize Korea's sovereignty. Allen settled in Toledo, Ohio where he died at the age of 74.

The original Chejungwon building in Jae-dong no longer stands, but a reconstruction was built in 1987 on Yonsei University's main campus. The hospital buildings in Gurigae were used as the residence of the pro-Japanese American diplomat Durham Stevens (1851-1908), and then as a social club for the Japanese, before being demolished at some point. The 1904 hospital building is also no longer extant.


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