UX 모임 2018-10-08

The Design of Everyday Things Ch. 3: Knowledge in the Head and in the World (린지)

• How we acquire knowledge and use it 지식을 어떻게 얻고 사용하는지에 대함
• 예: 화폐가 어떻게 생겼는지? 화폐는 정확히 어떻게 생겼는지 모르더라도 사용할 수 있다.

Precise Behavior from Imprecise Knowledge 정확하지 않은 지식을 통한 정확한 행동

1. Knowledge is both in the head and in the world. 지식은 머리(뇌)와 (그 외의) 세상(세계) 속에 있다.
2. Great precision is not required. 최고의 정밀성이 필수적이지 않다.
3. Natural constraints exist in the world. 세계에서는 자연적인 제한이 있다.
4. Knowledge of cultural constrains and conventions exists in the head. 문화적인 제한과 관습에 대한 지식은 머리 속에 있다.

Knowledge is in the World

• "We only need to remember sufficient knowledge to let us get our tasks done. Because so much knowledge is available in the environment, it is surprising how little we need to learn. This is one reason people can function well in their environment and still be unable to describe what they do."
• Knowledge of (declarative - fact and rules; easy to teach, can be false) vs knowledge how (procedural; difficult to teach, subconscious)

When Precision if Unexpectedly Required

• 예: 새로운 화폐는 기존 화폐와 비슷해서 국민들이 구별을 못 한다.
• Differentiation when there is one versus many

Constraints Simplify Memory

• Epic poems - meaning + rhymes help with memory
• Limits to how to put things together

The Structure of Memory

Short-term of Working Memory

Long-term Memory

Memory for Arbitrary and Meaningful Things

Approximate Models: Memory in the Real World

Example 1: Converting Temperatures between Fahrenheit and Celsius

Example 2: A Model of Short-term Memory

Example 3: Steering a Motorcycle

Example 4: "Good Enough" Arithmetic

Scientific Theory Versus Everyday Practice

Knowledge in the Head

How Pilots Remember what Air-traffic Control Tells Them

Reminding: Prospective Memory