토론:서울 숭례문

영문

• Sungnyemun Gate, Seoul

기존 영문

Sungnyemun, the South gate of Seoul, was elected in 1398. 7th year of King Taejo. founder of the Joseon Dynasty, as one of the four gates of the capital city. Major repairs were done on the gate in 1448, the 30th year of King Sejong the Great, in 1479, the 10th year of King Seongjong, and during the reign of King Gojong(reg. 1863~1907), the second to the last king of Joseon. During the Joseon period, the gate was closed around 10 p.m. and opened around 4 a.m., at which times the bell installed in the gate house tolled to proclaim the closing and the opening of the gate. At times of flood and drought the king came to the gate to preside over prayer rituals invoking fair weather and rainfall, respectively.

The two-story gate house erected atop the gate wall has sturdy internal structure and beautifully decorated early Joseon-style bracket system. Between 1907 and 1908, the city walls to the left and right of the gate were torn down by the Japanese, who had made Korea their protectorate in 1905 and exercised practically sovereign power.

The gate was damaged during the Korean War(1950~53), so from 1961 to 1963, it was taken completely apart, thoroughly repaired, and fully reassembled. In February 2008, an arsonist set fire to the gate, almost entirely destroying the roof of the gate house, to the nation's great horror. Repair was planned and carried out for five years, from 2008 to 2013, during which the city walls to the right and left of the gate were also restored.

2021 1차 수정

This gate was the main gate of the Seoul City Wall, which was the stone fortress that encircled Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). Its name Sungnyemun means "Gate of Exalted Ritual," though it is more commonly known by its nickname Namdaemun, meaning "Great South Gate."

The Seoul City Wall, measuring 18.6 km in circumference, was built along the ridges of four mountains in the north, south, east, and west of the capital, namely Baegaksan, Namsan, Naksan, and Inwangsan. It protected the kingdom's most important institutions, including the royal palaces, royal shrine, and central government offices. The fortress had four major gates, one each in the four cardinal directions, as well as four minor gates located between them, which facilitated access into and out of the walled city. As the main gate of the fortress, Sungnyemun held a bell which was rung to announce the closing and opening of the walled city at 4 a.m. and 10 p.m. each day. The gate was also visited occasionally by the king, who presided over rituals held here during times of flood and drought.

The gate was first built in 1398 and was renovated in 1448 and 1479. From 1907 to 1908, just prior to Japan's colonization of Korea (1910-1945), the walls to either side of the gate were demolished by Japanese authorites to make way for roads. The gate was damaged during the Korean War (1950-1953), and from 1961 to 1963, it was disassembled, thoroughly repaired, and reassembled. In 2008, most of the gate's wooden pavilion was destroyed in an arson attack. It was rebuilt from 2008 to 2013. At this time, the stone walls to either side of the gate were also extended to better show how they would have originally looked.

The structure consists of a stone base with an arched passageway and a two-story wooden pavilion that served as a lookout tower. Stone gates such as this one are known in Korean as hongnyemun, meaning "rainbow gates," as the arched passageway is shaped like a rainbow. The pavilion has a two-tiered tile roof with a hip-and-gable shape that was reserved only for buildings of great significance. The colorful decorative painting and the bracket structures below the roof are also markers of the building's high status. A unique feature of the gate is its hanging name plaque, which is oriented vertically rather than horizontally as is custom. This is said to have been done to mitigate the firey feng shui energy of Gwanaksan Mountain, located on the other side of the Hangang River.

2021 2차 수정

This gate was a main gate of the Seoul City Wall, which was the stone fortress that encircled Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). Its name Sungnyemun means "Gate of Exalted Ritual," though it is more commonly known by its nickname Namdaemun, meaning "Great South Gate."

The Seoul City Wall, measuring 18.6 km in circumference, was built along the ridges of the mountains around of the capital and protected the kingdom's most important institutions. The fortress had four major gates, one each in the four cardinal directions, as well as four minor gates located between them, which facilitated access into and out of the walled city. As the main gate of the fortress, Sungnyemun held a bell which was rung to announce the closing and opening of the walled city at 4 a.m. and 10 p.m. each day. The gate was also visited occasionally by the king, who presided over rituals held here during times of flood and drought.

The gate was first built in 1398 and was renovated in 1448 and 1479. From 1907 to 1908, the walls to either side of the gate were demolished as part of urban development. The gate was damaged during the Korean War (1950-1953), and from 1961 to 1963, it was taken apart, repaired, and reassembled. In 2008, most of the gate's wooden pavilion was destroyed in an arson attack. It was rebuilt from 2008 to 2013. At this time, the stone walls to either side of the gate were also extended to better show how they would have originally looked.

The structure consists of a stone base with an arched passageway and a two-story wooden pavilion that served as a lookout tower. Stone gates such as this one are known in Korean as hongnyemun, meaning "rainbow gates," as the arched passageway is shaped like a rainbow. The pavilion has a two-tier tile roof with a hip-and-gable shape that was reserved only for buildings of great significance. The colorful decorative painting and the bracket structures below the roof are also markers of the building's high status. A unique feature of the gate is its name plaque, which is oriented vertically rather than horizontally as is custom. This is said to have been done to mitigate the firey feng shui energy of Gwanaksan Mountain, located on the other side of the Hangang River.

Although Sungnyemun Gate has been damaged numerous times due to war and fire, its original appearance has been well-preserved, making it an important resource in understanding the design and construction techniques of fortresses of the early Joseon period.

수정 제안 (김현)

Sungnyemun Gate was one of the main gates of the Seoul City Wall, which was the stone fortress that encircled Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). Its name Sungnyemun means "Gate of Honoring Propriety." This gate was called Namdaemun, meaning "South Gate" among the general public because it was the southern entrance of the capital.

The gate was first built in 1398 and was renovated in 1448 and 1479. The gate was damaged during the Korean War (1950-1953), and from 1961 to 1963, it was taken apart, repaired, and reassembled. In 2008, most of the gate's wooden pavilion was destroyed in an arson attack. It was rebuilt from 2008 to 2013.

As a gate of the city wall, Sungnyemun closed at 10 p.m. and opened at 4 a.m. each day, and announced the time by ringing the bell which was held in the gate pavilion. The gate was also visited occasionally by the king, who presided over rituals held here during times of flood and drought.

Sungnyemun Gate is the oldest wooden structure among the fortresses in Seoul. Although it has been damaged by war and fire, its original appearance has been restored, making it an important resource in understanding the architectural design and techniques of the early Joseon Period.