Nongsajikseol - Cultivating barley and wheat

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種大小麥 【附春麰】 Cultivating barley and wheat

Original Script

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Text with Punctuation

種大小麥 【附春麰】: 大小麥, 新舊間接食, 農家㝡急。 薄田白露節, 中田秋分時, 美田後十日可種。 大早又不可。 【古語曰: 早種, 則虫而有節。】 先於五六月間, 耕之曝陽, 用木斫【鄕名所訖羅】摩平。 下種時又耕之。 下種訖以鐵齒擺【鄕名: 手愁音】或木斫背【鄕名: 所訖羅背】覆種宜厚。 【早種, 則根深耐寒; 晩種, 則穗小。】 明年三月間, 一鋤之。 麥根田, 則依上法。 黍、豆、粟、木麥根田, 則預於收穀前, 用長柄大鎌, 及草未黃時刈之, 積在田畔, 收穀訖以其草厚布田上, 火焚, 擲種, 及灰未散耕之。 薄田倍加布草, 如未及刈草, 用糞, 又如大小豆法。 或於其田, 先種菉豆或胡麻, 五六月間掩耕, 待草爛後下種時, 又耕種之, 如前法。 ○春夏間剉細柳枝, 布牛馬廐, 每五六日取出, 積之爲糞。 甚宜於麥。 ○大小麥隨熟隨刈, 卽輸於場。 用苫盖覆, 以防雨作。 若不及輸場, 亦須輸運於田畔高處盖覆, 乘夜輸入, 遇晴以麥薄布場上, 【厚則難乾。】 隨乾隨輾【輾, 鄕名: 打作。】 農家所忙, 無過於麥。 古語曰: 「取麥如救火」, 若小遲慢, 終爲災傷。 ○春麰: 二月間陽氣溫和日可耕, 盡二月止。 種法、耘法、收法與秋麥同。

1. 種大小麥 【附春麰】
2. ○大小麥, 新舊間接食, 農家㝡.
3. 薄田白露節, 中田秋分時, 美田後十日可種.
4. 大早又不可【古語曰, 早種, 則虫而有節】.
5. 先於五六月間, 耕之, 曝陽, 用木斫 【鄕名所訖羅】 摩平, 下種時, 又耕之.
6. 下種訖, 以鐵齒擺 【鄕名手愁音】, 或木斫背 【鄕名所訖羅背】,
7. 覆種, 宜厚【早種, 則根深耐寒, 晩種, 則穗小】.
8. 明年三月間, 一鋤之, 麥根田, 則依上法.
9. 黍豆粟木麥根田, 則預於收穀前, 用長柄大鎌, 及草未黃時, 刈之, 積在田畔.
10. 收穀訖, 以其草厚布田上, 火焚, 擲種, 及灰未散, 耕之.
11. 薄田倍加布草, 如未及刈草, 用糞, 又如大小豆法.
12. 或於其田, 先種菉豆或胡麻, 五六月間, 掩耕, 待草爛.
13. 後下種時, 又耕種之, 如前法.

    아래는 국립중앙도서관본에 실려 있는 내용임

    ○ 種 小麥 八月 上戊 爲上 中戊 爲中 下戊 下

    ○ 種 大麥 八月 中戊 爲上 下戊 爲中 九月 下種 麥 吉 日 庚午 辛未 辛巳 庚戌 庚子 辛卯 八月三卯 爲上.

14. ○ 春夏間, 剉細柳枝, 布牛馬廐.
15. 每五六日取出, 積之爲糞, 甚宜於麥.
16. ○ 大小麥, 隨熟隨刈, 卽輸於場, 用苫盖覆, 以防雨作.
17. 若不及輸場, 亦須輸運於田畔高處, 盖覆, 乘夜輸入.
18. 遇晴, 以麥薄布場上 【厚, 則難乾】, 隨乾隨輾 【輾, 鄕名打作】.
19. 農家所忙, 無過於麥.
20. 古語曰, 取麥如救火, 若小遲慢, 終爲災傷.
21. ○ 春麰, 二月間陽氣溫和日, 可耕, 盡二月, 止.
22. 種法․耘法․收法, 與秋麥同.

    아래는 국립중앙도서관본에 실려 있는 내용임

23. 麥芒 X芒八目中 不出者 白蘘荷根莖 取汁注目中即出
24. ○ 七月 刈白蘘 軟枝 櫟木(갈) 枝葉袓枝(굴ᄡᆞᆯ이) 以(刀/貝)斫刀X見苗種 下俗方
25. 絶斷作坎 積置 厩X 永注儑 或 牛馬厩 踐踏 待 蒸糞田 則 至種 雜穀 無不茂X 而X 宜兩麥 櫟枝 X至秋 刈 取經 冬踏 於牛馬廏 嶺南 左道人 行之.
26. 兩麥收時 農務 正焉 刈麥仢耒田畔高處以長木X土宇状交構特麥束積之穗向內根向外鳞次密積作穴一面則風不朽而雨不漏農歇後打八但塲畔則雖惑知積之必生飛X忌之.

Previous Translations

Korean Translation

1. 대맥․소맥 재배법[種大小麥] 【춘모(春麰)를 덧붙임】
2. 대맥(大麥)․소맥(小麥)은 햇곡식과 작년 곡식 사이의 곡물이므로 농가(農家)에서는 가장 긴요한 것이다.
3. 척박한 밭에서는 백로절(白露節)에, 중간 정도의 밭에서는 추분(秋分) 때에, 좋은 밭에서는 <추분> 후 10일에 파종할 수 있다.
4. 또한 <파종을> 너무 빨리 하는 것은 안 된다【옛말에 이르기를, ‘빨리 파종하면 벌레가 먹으면서, <대맥․소맥에> 마디가 생긴다’라고 하였다.】
5. 먼저 5~6월 사이에 <밭을> 갈고 햇볕에 말린 다음, 목작(木斫) 【향명(鄕名)으로는 소흘라(所訖羅)이다】 으로 평평하게 다듬고, 씨를 뿌릴 때 다시 갈아준다.
6. 씨 뿌리기가 끝나면 철치파(鐵齒擺) 【향명(鄕名)으로는 수수음(手愁音)이다】. 또는 목작배(木斫背) 【향명(鄕名)으로는 소흘라배(所訖羅背)이다 로】
7. 씨를 덮는데 두텁게 덮어야 한다【빨리 심으면 뿌리가 깊어지고 추위에 강해지며, 늦게 심으면 이삭[穗]이 작아진다.】
8. 이듬해 3월 중에 한번 김을 매는데, 맥근전(麥根田)도 위의 방법대로 한다.
9. 메기장[黍]․콩[豆]․조[粟]․목맥근전(木麥根田)에서는 미리 곡식을 수확하기 전에, 긴 손잡이의 큰 낫으로 풀을 누레지기 전에 베어 밭두둑에 쌓아둔다.
10. 곡식을 다 수확하면 그 풀을 밭에 두텁게 깔고 불태운 후 종자를 뿌리고, 재가 흩어지기 전에 간다.
11. 척박한 밭에서는 풀을 두 배로 더 까는데, 만약 풀을 베지 못했다면 거름[糞]을 사용하며, 또한 대두(大豆)․소두(小豆)의 재배법과 동일하다.
12. 간혹 그 밭에서 먼저 녹두나 호마를 파종하고, 5~6월 중에는 엄경(掩耕) 하기 위해서 풀이 무성해지기를 기다린다.
13. 그리고 나중에 씨를 뿌릴 때 다시 갈고 파종하는 것은 앞의 방법과 동일하다.

    ○밀을 심는 시기는 8월 상무(上戊)일이 가장 좋고 중무(中戊)일이 그 다음 가고 하무(下戊)일이 하등이다.

    ○보리 심는 시기는 8월 중무 사전이 가장 좋고 하무가 그 다음 가고 9월에 심는 것이 하등이다 봄과 여름 사이에 연한버드나무 가지를 썰어서 마구깐에 넣었다가 5-6일마다 번번히 끌어 내어 그것을 적치하여 거름을 만들면 보리에 매우 좋은 거름이 된다.

14. ○ 봄․여름 사이에 수양버들[細柳] 가지를 잘라 소․말을 키우는 외양간에 펼쳐둔다.
15. 5~6일마다 꺼내어 쌓아서 거름[糞]을 만드는데, 특히 보리[麥]에 좋다.
16. ○ 대맥(大麥)․소맥(小麥)은 익는대로 베어내서 곧장 마당으로 옮기고, 거적[苫]으로 덮어서 비를 막는다.
17. 만약 마당으로 옮기지 못했을 때는 밭두둑의 높은 곳으로 옮겨 덮어두어야 하며, 밤에 <마당으로> 옮겨온다.
18. 맑은 날을 기다려 대맥․소맥[麥]을 마당에 얇게 펼친 후 【두텁게 펼치면 건조가 어렵다】, 건조 되는대로 전(輾)한다 【전(輾)은 향명(鄕名)으로는 타작(打作)이다.】
19. 농가의 바쁜 일 가운데 대맥․소맥 농사보다 급한 게 없다.
20. 옛말에 이르기를 ‘대맥․소맥을 다루는 것은 불을 끄는 것과 같다’라고 하였으니, 조금만 지체해도 끝내 재앙이 된다.
21. ○ 춘모(春麰) 는 2월 중에 햇볕[陽氣]이 따뜻한 날에 심을[耕] 수 있으니, 2월이 지나면 그만둔다.
22. 파종법․김매는 법․수확법은 가을보리[秋麥]와 동일하다.

English Translation

1. ○Cultivating Barley and Wheat (including ch’unmo)
2. As barley and wheat are the crop in between the previous year’s harvest and the next year’s harvest, they are the most critical for farms.
3. Sowing for barren fields is done during paengnojŏl, for acceptable fields during ch’upun, and ten days after ch’upun for fertile fields.
4. [Sowing] too early is also bad. (There is an old saying: If sown early, then insects eat the [barley and wheat] while it grows joints.)
5. First, within the fifth and sixth months, plow the fields and dry them in the sun. Using a mokchak (known locally as sohŭlla), smooth them flat, and at sowing time, plow the fields again.
6. After sowing is complete, use a ch'ŏlch'ip'a (known locally as susuŭm ) or a mokchakpae ( known locally as sohŭllabae)
7. When covering the seeds, they should be densely covered. (If sown early, then the roots grow deep and withstand cold, and if sown late, then the grains become small.)
8. Within the following third month, hoe the fields once, and for barley root fields refer to the above method.
9. Before harvesting glutinous millet, bean, non-glutinous millet, and buckwheat root fields, use a large scythe with a long handle to cut the grass before it turns yellow and stack them in the boundaries around the fields.
10. After harvesting the grain, spread the grass abundantly on top of the fields, burn them, scatter the seeds, and before the ashes scatter, plow the fields.
11. Spread double the amount of grass for barren fields, and if the grass is not cut, use manure and the method for beans and red beans.
12. Occasionally, first sow mung beans or sesame and wait until the grass is abundant for cutting and plowing within the fifth or sixth month.
13. After sowing the seeds, the second plowing and sowing methods are the same as the previous method.

    ○The best day to plant millet is on the fifth day during the first decade of days in the eighth month and the next is on the fifteenth day, and the worst is on the twenty-fifth day.

    ○The best day to plant barely is during the fifth day during the second decade of days in the eighth month and the next is the twenty-fifth day, while the worst is the in the fifth day of the ninth month.

14. ○ In between spring and summer, trim willow branches and spread them in horse shed.
15. Take them out every five or six days, stacking them to make manure which is especially good for barley.
16. ○ Barley and wheat are cut when they ripen accordingly, immediately moved to a yard, and covered with straw matting to prevent drenching from rain.
17. If they are cannot be moved to the yard, then move them to a high place in the boundaries around the fields, then move them [to the yard] at night.
18. On a clear day, spread the barley and wheat thinly on the yard (if spread thickly, they will not dry well) and thresh them as they dry (threshing is known locally as tajak).
19. There is nothing that busies a farmer more than barley and wheat.
20. An old saying says: Gathering barley and wheat is like putting out a fire, if you slow down even a little, it results in disaster.
21. Barley sown in early spring can be planted during the second month on warm day with sunshine, and ends when the second month passes.
22. Sowing, hoeing, and harvesting methods are the same as that of autumn barley.

    The edition in the NLK has the following:

23. When the awns of wheat and barley do not appear in the eighth month, drain the sap of the roots and stalks of the paekyangha (白蘘荷) and put it in the plumules of the barley. Then the awns will appear immediately.
24. ○ Cut the paekyang in the seventh month and chop the soft leaves with a straw-cutter. Dig a pit and fill it with the urine from the pool near the stables and the leaves, or have the leaves stepped on by the livestock and use it as fertilizer on the fields. This fertilizer is good for any crop, and even better for barley and wheat.(This method is practiced by the people in western Yŏngnam Province.)
25. ○ When harvesting barley and wheat, the farmwork is indeed laborious. When cutting the barley, wrap it in bundles, and put long logs on a high ride in the fields in the shape of a mud hut to store the barley in. Put the barley in with the ears facing the inside of the structure and the roots facing the outside.
26. Then layer fish scales over them and poke a hole in one side so they are not damaged by the wind and protected by the rain. After the farmwork slows, then the threshing begins. But if the barley is stacked above as said above in a yard or on high ridges in the fields, then it will prevent damage from moths.

Students' Contribution

Student 2: 에벨린

• Cultivating? Growing?
• Line 1: 춘모
  • Why not using 봄보리 (spring barley) instead of 춘모?
• Line 3: Why not referring to them by their English denominations?

• 白露 : White Dew
• 秋分 : Autumn Equinox
• Line 4:
  • Original text: 大早 又 不可【古語曰, 早種, 則虫 而有節 】.
  • Korean translation: 또한 <파종을> 너무 빨리 하는 것은 안 된다【옛말에 이르기를, ‘빨리 파종하면 벌레가 먹으면서, <대맥․소맥에> 마디가 생긴다’라고 하였다.】
  • English: [Sowing] too early is also bad. <There is an old saying: If sown early, then insects eat the [barley and wheat] while it grows joints.>
  • Where does the "eating" part come from?
• Line 5:
  • English translation: First, within the fifth and sixth months, plow the fields and dry them in the sun.
  • dry them? or let them dry?
• Line 8:
  • Original:明年三月間
  • Korean:이듬해 3월 중에
  • English: Within the following third month
• Line 9:
  • Difference between glutinous and non-glutinous millet: The difference between the two types of millet lies in the starch content: non-glutinous millet contains 20% amylose and 80% amylopectin, while glutinous millet contains 100% amylopectin and, once cooked, it becomes sticky and viscous. Glutinous varieties were selected at a later time, when farming was more advanced, and are still mainly used for the production of alcoholic drinks.
• Line 10:
  • English: After harvesting the grain, spread the grass abundantly on top of the fields, burn them, scatter the seeds, and before the ashes scatter, plow the fields.
  • Modified: After harvesting the grain, spread grass abundantly on top of the fields, burn it, then scatter the seeds, and before the ashes disperse, plow the fields.
• Line 12:
  • Original: 或於其田, 先種菉豆或胡麻, 五六月間, 掩耕, 待草爛.
  • Korean: 간혹 그 밭에서 먼저 녹두나 호마를 파종하고, 5~6월 중에는 엄경(掩耕)[13] 하기 위해서 풀이 무성해지기를 기다린다.
  • English: Occasionally, first sow mung beans or sesame and wait until the grass is abundant for cutting and plowing within the fifth or sixth month.
  • Modified: Occasionally, mung beans or sesame can be sown in that field. Then, wait until the grass is abundant for cutting and plowing within the fifth or sixth month.
  • Character 爛 means (1)(Of food) overdone, cooked soft or mushy. (2) Rotten, decayed: 腐爛 putrefied; (3)(AC) suffering from bruises or burns. (4)Bright, brilliant (5)Broken, torn to pieces, decayed: 爛紙 pieces of broken paper;
• Line 13:
  • Korean: 그리고 나중에 씨를 뿌릴 때 다시 갈고 파종하는 것은 앞의 방법과 동일하다.
  • English: After sowing the seeds, the second plowing and sowing methods are the same as the previous method.
  • Modified: Later, when sowing the seeds, plow and sow once more following the same methods as the ones previously mentioned.
• Extra lines:
  • ○The best day to plant millet is on the fifth day during the first decade of days in the eighth-monthand the next is on the fifteenth day, and the worst is on the twenty-fifth day.
  • ○The best day to plant barely is during the fifth day during the second decade of days in the eighth month and the next is the twenty-fifth day, while the worst is the in the fifth day of the ninth month.
• Line 14:
  • Original:○ 春夏間, 剉細柳枝, 布牛馬廐.
  • Korean:○ 봄․여름 사이에 수양버들[細柳] 가지를 잘라 소․말을 키우는 외양간에 펼쳐둔다.
  • English:○ In between spring and summer, trim willow branches and spread them in horse shed.
  • Modified: In between spring and summer, trim willow branches and spread them in the barn/stable.
• Line 17:
  • Original:若不及輸場, 亦須輸運於田畔高處, 盖覆, 乘夜輸入.
  • Korean: 만약 마당으로 옮기지 못했을 때는 밭두둑의 높은 곳으로 옮겨 덮어두어야 하며, 밤에 <마당으로> 옮겨온다.
  • English: If they are cannot be moved to the yard, then move them to a high place in the boundaries around the fields, then move them [to the yard] at night.
  • Modified: If they cannot be moved to the yard, then move them to a high place in the boundaries around the fields and cover them, then move them [to the yeard] at night.
• Line 18:
  • Original:遇晴, 以麥薄布場上 【厚, 則難乾】, 隨乾隨輾 【輾, 鄕名打作】.
  • Korean:맑은 날을 기다려 대맥․소맥[麥]을 마당에 얇게 펼친 후 【두텁게 펼치면 건조가 어렵다】, 건조 되는대로 전(輾)한다 【전(輾)은 향명(鄕名)으로는 타작(打作)이다.】
  • English:On a clear day, spread the barley and wheat thinly on the yard (if spread thickly, they will not dry well) and thresh them as they dry (threshing is known locally as tajak).
  • Question 1: 隨乾 - to allow to dry? to let dry?
  • Question 2: 輾 traslated as thresh, but thresh means "separate grain from (a plant), typically with a flail or by the action of a revolving mechanism." Shouldn't it be "돌아눕다, to roll over on side / to turn half over?
• Line 21:
  • Original:○ 春麰, 二月間陽氣溫和日, 可耕, 盡二月, 止.
  • Korean: ○ 춘모(春麰)[14] 는 2월 중에 햇볕[陽氣]이 따뜻한 날에 심을[耕] 수 있으니, 2월이 지나면 그만둔다.
  • English: Barley sown in early spring can be planted during the second month on (a) warm day with sunshine, and ends when the second month passes.
  • Question: 耕 to plow or till. Why is is plant here?
  • Question: ends when the second month passes? finish by the second month? the plowing should be done before the end of the second month?
• Lines 23 to 26 have characters that are not visible/recognizable.

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Tutor 2: 김현

• 24 節氣 24 Solar Terms

節氣	Solar Terms	Date in 2018	Meaning
小寒 소한 (Xiao Han)	Lesser Cold	Jan. 5th	It is rather cold
大寒 대한 (Da Han)	Greater Cold	Jan. 20th	The coldest moment of a year
立春 입춘 (Li Chun)	The Beginning of Spring	Feb. 4th	Spring begins
雨水 우수 (Yu Shui)	Rain Water	Feb. 19th	It begins to rain
驚蟄 경칩 (Jing Zhe)	The Waking of Insects	Mar. 5th	Hibernating animals come to sense
春分 춘분 (Chun Fen)	The Spring Equinox	Mar. 21st	Day and night are equally long
淸明 청명 (Qing Ming)	Pure Brightness	Apr. 5th	It is clear and bright
穀雨 곡우 (Gu Yu)	Grain Rain	Apr. 20th	Rainfall is helpful to grain
立夏 입하 (Li Xia)	The Beginning of Summer	May 5th	Summer begins
小滿 소만 (Xiao Man)	Lesser Fullness of Grain	May 21st	Kernels plump
芒種 망종 (Mang Zhong)	Grain in Beard	Jun. 6th	Wheat grows ripe
夏至 하지 (Xia Zhi)	The Summer Solstice	Jun. 21st	It has the longest daytime and the shortest night of the year
小暑 소서 (Xiao Shu)	Lesser Heat	Jul. 7th	Torridity comes
大暑 대서 (Da Shu)	Greater Heat	Jul. 23rd	The hottest moment of a year
立秋 입추 (Li Qiu)	The Beginning of Autumn	Aug. 7th	Autumn begins
處暑 처서 (Chu Shu)	The End of Heat	Aug. 23rd	Heat hides
白露 백로 (Bai Lu)	White Dew	Sep. 8th	Dew curdles
秋分 추분 (Qiu Fen)	The Autumn Equinox	Sep. 23rd	The mid of autumn
寒露 한로 (Han Lu)	Cold Dew	Oct. 8th	Dew is very cold
霜降 상강 (Shuang Jiang)	Frost's Descent	Oct. 23rd	Frost descends
立冬 입동 (Li Dong)	The Beginning of Winter	Nov. 7th	Winter begins
小雪 소설 (Xiao Xue)	Lesser Snow	Nov. 22nd	it begins to snow
大雪 대설 (Da Xue)/td>	Greater Snow	Dec. 7th	It snows heavily
冬至 동지 (Dong Zhi)	The Winter Solstice	Dec. 22nd	The shortest daytime and the longest night of a year

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Class Comments

• Change titles to "Cultivating"
• Discrepancies in versions included
• Do we need to translate 춘모 into 순한국어 봄보리?
• English names for solar terms, include hanja next to it?
  • Be careful to choose most appropriate name because there is no standard
  • If we add hanja next to it, it is clear
• When to add hanja, hangeul after a word
• There is no mention of eating, but if there are insects, then they will destroy it by eating it
  • What does 有節 mean?
• dry them --> and expose it to the sun.
• Within the third month of the next year
• Line 9 should be clarified based on how we have named the grains
  • 기장, 콩, 조, 목맥을 심었던 밭에다가... 보리를 심은 경우...
• Line 10 --> good change
• Line 12
  • 혹, in such cases, Alternatively, in the case that....
  • grass --> weed
  • Springtime after harvest of mung bean and sesame, waiting for the weeds to grow, then plow with the abundant weeds.
• Line 13 --> good correction
• Line 14
  • horse shed --> stable
  • In between --> during
• Line 17 --> good corrections
• Line 18
  • 전 versus 도리깨...
  • milling or threshing --> threshing is correct
• Line 21
  • change planting to plowing
  • In the case spring barley, the plowing can be done in second month, and it should be completed by the end of the second month.

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Glossary

Type	Hanja	Hangeul	MR	RR	English