(Translation) 李濟開國功臣敎書

Introduction

1392年(太祖 1) 10月에 朝鮮을 開國하는데 功勳을 세운 李濟를 開國功臣 1等으로 錄勳하면서 發給한 功臣敎書이다. 開國功臣은 高麗 末期에 太祖 李成桂를 도와 朝鮮을 開國하는데 功을 세운 臣下에게 내린 功臣號이다. 1388年(禑王, 1365-1389)에 威化島 回軍을 通해 政權을 掌握한 李成桂는 1392年 7月에 朝鮮을 開國하고 卽位하였다. 李成桂는 1392年 8月 2日 功臣都監을 設置하였으며, 이후 功臣都監에서 朝鮮 開國에 功을 세운 臣下를 開國功臣으로 錄勳하였다. 그러나 朝鮮 初期에 政治的인 狀況으로 因하여 一部 開國功臣은 削勳되거나 復勳되었고, 最終的으로 <<國朝功臣錄>>에 39人이 수록되었다.

<<國朝功臣錄>>에 收錄된 開國功臣은 1等 功臣에 益安大君 芳毅·裵克廉·趙浚 等 15人이고, 2等 功臣에 尹虎·李敏道·趙英珪 等 9人이며, 3等 功臣에 安景恭·金稇·柳爰廷 等 11人이었다. 이 가운데 이제 開國功臣敎書가 唯一하게 現傳하고 있다. 이제 開國功臣敎書는 高麗國王之印이 安寶되어 있다. 高麗國王之印은 1370年(恭愍王 19) 5月에 高麗가 明(1368-1644)으로부터 받은 寶印으로 󰡔高麗史󰡕의 記錄에 따르면 材質은 金이고, 形態는 龜紐이며, 크기는 方 3寸이었다.

實際로 이제 開國功臣敎書에 安寶된 高麗國王之印의 크기는 9.2×9.2㎝인 것을 확인할 수 있다. 李濟(?~1398)는 高麗 末·朝鮮 初의 文臣으로 本貫은 星州이다. 曾祖는 李兆年이고, 父親은 李仁立이며, 婦人은 李成桂의 셋째 딸 慶順公主이다. 李成桂를 도와 朝鮮을 開國하는데 공을 세워 開國功臣 1等에 錄勳되었다. 1392年 8月에 興安君에 封해졌고, 義興親軍衛節制使에 任命되었으며, 1393年(太祖 2) 10月에 右軍節制使에 任命되었다. 1398年(太祖 7) 第1次 王子의 亂 때에 죽임을 당했다. 이후 世宗 年間에 伸冤되었으며, 太祖의 廟庭에 配享되었다. 諡號는 景武이다.

Original Script

Classical Chinese

English

(01)　敎 (02)　　　　純忠佐命開國功臣·興安君·兼義興 (03)　　　　親軍衛節制使·知〔書〕筵事 李濟 (04)　王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎 (05)　人而已. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如 (06)　湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. 整頓乾坤, 扶 (07)　翊日月. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕. 〔有不〕可 (08)　掩者矣. 卿稟性淑均, 秉心謹恪. 寡欲以 (09)　養其心, 持正以守〔其節〕. 〔幼佩〕義方〔之訓〕, (10)　長無紈綺之習. 〔慶鍾〕積善之餘, 家傳〔萬〕 (11)　石之美. 妻之以女〔而〕琴瑟和, 孝於其親 (12)　而宗族順. 春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵 (13)　位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. 凜凜風采, 可〔以〕 (14)　破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之 (15)　計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕 (16)　而生, 伊呂之亞流也. 王氏之末, 天厭其 (17)　德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. 十有六年, 予及 (18)　二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. 以聽〔於〕 (19)　天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心. (20)　衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕. 天命歸於有德, 人 (21)　心懷于有仁. 卿以至誠之知, 察天人之 (22)　幾. 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中 (23)　趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義, 〔決疑於危〕貳之 (24)　間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕, 化家爲 (25)　國. 輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業. (26)　卽祚之初, 市不易肆. 談笑之間, 措國泰 (27)　山. 其功莫盛, 人無間言. 〔可謂鼎彛〕不泯, (28)　帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之〔數〕, 而不滿於 (29)　心. 下獎諭之綸, 而未足〔於〕懷. 乃命有司, (30)　籍人口以爲厮養, 錫土田以爲世祿, 繪 (31)　形像於丹靑, 視功載於奕葉. 封卿之母, (32)　爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶〔順宮〕主. 爵 (33)　贈三世, 宥及子孫. 今遣金帶壹腰, 段子 (34)　貳匹, 絹子柒匹, 至〔可領〕也. 於戱! 乾稱父 (35)　坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從 (36)　龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋 (37)　輕甥舅之恩. 故玆敎〔示〕, 〔想〕宜〔知悉〕. (38) 〔洪武〕貳拾伍年〔拾月〕　日.

(translation)

Translation

(sample) : Jaeyoon Song

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春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵

(13)　位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. 凜凜風采, 可〔以〕

(14)　破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之

(15)　計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕

(16)　而生, 伊呂之亞流也. 王氏之末, 天厭其

(17)　德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. 十有六年, 予及

(18)　二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. 以聽〔於〕

(19)　天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心.

(20)　衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕. 天命歸於有德, 人

(21)　心懷于有仁. 卿以至誠之知, 察天人之

(22)　幾. 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中

(23)　趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義, 〔決疑於危〕貳之

(24)　間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕, 化家爲

(25)　國. 輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業.

• Discussion Questions:

1. How does Yi Seonggye justify his take over? 2. According to Yi, Why did the Goryeo dynasty have to collapse? 3. According to Yi, what are the purposes of establishing a new dynasty? 4. What can we learn from this document about the actual relationships between the king and his ministers in the Joseon founding?

Student 1 : ( Ren Ruixin )

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• Translations:

王若曰：自古王者之革命，应乎天顺乎人而已。 The King declared that from ancient time, he who would rule as King is willing to renew the mandate following the sign from heaven and heart of the people. There comes a time when a great person comes into being from among the people to be his assistant. Just as Tang and Wu rise from the above, Yi and Lv response from the below. They restore the order between heaven and earth, support the sun and moon. The influences of their activities are immortal and can not be hidden.

春秋尚富，而有老成之德。爵位虽高，而存谦恪之心。 He is young in age and still got plenty of time in his life, but he behaves like a mature person with righteous virtue. His title is very high but he maintains a modest mind. His imposing appearance is enough to discourage enemies. His powerful and confident argument is enough to facilitate the policy of the state. His loyalty and righteousness can compete with the height of the autumn sky. It can be said that he was born in response to the demand of time and can almost be compared to 伊 and 吕.

王氏之末，天厭其德，勦節其命，僞辛竊位，十有六年。予及二三大臣，尙求其裔，俾主其祀，以聽於天, 而天不悔過。以暴於民，而民不歸心，衆叛親離，宗祀以墜。 Towards the end of Wang Dynasty, the heaven hated its awful moral character and cut up their lineage. Then Xin usurped the throne for 16 years. I along with another 2 or 3 ministers have tried to find the descendants of the Wang family, made them to serve the heaven, and obey the order of the heaven.But judgment made by the heaven can never be reversed. They tortured people and people chose not to reverse their mind. The Wang family was deserted by his followers and its linage fell. The mandate of heaven goes with he who has righteous virtue, the mind of people go with he who has kindheartedness. You minister perceived the subtle movements of heaven and people with your great intelligence. Along with 門下左侍中裴克廉, 門下右侍中趙浚 and some other ministers, you initiated the great movement. Settled down problems in hardships and came up with ideas in crucial times. You supported my work with sincere loyalty, converted a family into a state. Supported the hidden virtue and revealed the obscure light. Caught the auspicious opportunity and established a great enterprise.

• Discussion Questions:

(1) How does Yi Seonggye describe his relation with ministers who have helped him in the foundation of the new state. (2) What is the purpose of writing this passage. To justify his take over? To praise Yi Je’s personal contribution? Or as a way of showing his respect to minister who has rendered outstanding services?

Student 2 : Ze, Xiaoyi

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• Translations:

王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎人而已. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. 整頓乾坤, 扶翊日月. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕. 〔有不〕可掩者矣. The King says, since ancient times, a person would rule as sovereign renews the mandate by following the signs of heaven and hearts of people. When a great people coming to be, it would provide aids to him. It is like the Tang and Wu acted from the above, and Yi and Lü (footnotes) responded from the bottom. (The person) would reorganize the world and assist the sun and moon. The person’s heroic influence was fervent, radiating perpetually. Nothing can conceal the great person's great abilities.

• Discussion Questions:

There were a great numbers of 功臣 selected in the Chosǒn dynasty, what was the purpose for the Kings to do this?

Student 3 : Hu Jing

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Royal Instruction

To Lee Je, Meritorious Minister of Chwungcwamyeng • Lord Hungan concurrent Military Commissioner of Uyhung Royal Garrison • Administrator of Classics Colloquium:

His Majesty spoke: since ancient times, people who (is going to) rule the world renew the heavenly mandate did nothing but act in accordance with the heaven and in response to people. At the shift of the mandate, there must be great people to assist the transition, as Tang and Wu rose from the heaven and Yi and Lv responded to the people. They restored the order of the heaven and earth and assisted the sun and moon. His heroic posture and glories shine through the ages, which is not possible to be cover.

春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. Although he is still at a young age, he has a mature virtue; His official rank is high but he holds a modest and reverent mind.

凜凜風采, 可〔以〕破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. His awe-inspiring mien can repel arch-careerists; his imposing discussion can facilitate dynasty plans, and his spirit of loyalness and righteousness is magnificent that can compare to the (high) sky in autumn.

眞可〔謂命世〕 1) 而生, 伊呂之亞流也. He was indeed born to rescue the world, who is next (only) to Yin Yi and Lǚ Shang 2).

王氏之末, 天厭其德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. At the end of the Goryeo dynasty, the heaven detested the virtue of Wang's family and exterminated and restricted the mandate. The illegitimate successors from Sin Don 3) stole the throne.

十有六年, 予及二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. I and several ministers strove to supplicate (the legitimate) successors to ascend the throne and rule the state.

以聽〔於〕天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心.

衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕.

天命歸於有德, 人心懷于有仁.

卿以至誠之知, 察天人之幾.

與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義,

〔決疑於危〕貳之間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕, 化家爲國.

輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業.

1) 漢．趙岐．孟子題辭：「可謂直而不倨，曲而不屈，命世亞聖之大才者也。」

2) Yin Yi (伊尹) was the assistant of the king of the Shang dynasty and Lǚ Shang (吕尚) was the minister of King Wu of Zhou. Yin Lǚ (伊吕) generally refers to worthy officials who assisted the king.

3) 根据《高丽史》和《东国僧尼录》的记载，辛旽同各大臣的妻妾皆有染，并与恭愍王的王后生下后来的高丽王王禑，因此王禑和其儿子王昌被《高丽史》当作“伪王”，不被列入“世家”之中，并称之为“辛禑”和“辛昌”。

• Discussion Questions:

1. This royal instruction does not only praise Lee Je's personal merits but also elaborates much on the situation when Lee Seonggye and his ministers founded the dynasty. Do you think the purpose of this royal instruction was to prove the legitimacy of Lee Seonggye's foundation of Joseon in an indirect way?

Student 4 : Martin

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• Translation:

敎 Royal Instruction, 純忠佐命開國功臣·興安君·兼義興親軍衛節制使·知〔書〕筵事 李濟 To Yi Je (Yi Che), meritorious minister of the state founding and coronation, Lord of Heungan (Hŭngan) and concurrently Deputy commander of the Imperial Guard in Uiheung (Ŭihŭng) and responsible in the matter of explaining the classics. 王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎人而已. The king thus said: From old, rulers were deprived of their mandates; this was according to the will of heaven and the people nothing more. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. At these times great people come forward among the people and are assisted in this, like when Tang#1 and Wu#2 took action from above, then Yi#3 and Lü#4 responded below. 整頓乾坤, 扶翊日月. Restoring order between heaven and earth, assisting sun and moon. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕,〔有不〕可掩者矣. Their heroic conduct and great acts, shine brightly in history and cannot be obscured.

1#: Tang 湯 the first ruler of the Shang dynasty overthrew Jie 桀 of the Xia

2#: Wu 武 first ruler of the Zhou dynasty overthrew Zhou 紂 of the Shang

3#: Yi Yin 伊尹 was a minister of Tang 湯, who helped in the overthrow of the Xia dynasty

4#: Lü Shang 呂尚 stands for Jiang Ziya 姜子牙, who helped Wen and Wu to overthrow the Shang dynasty

• Discussion Questions:

1. How is the notion of "heaven" used in the Instruction given by King Taejo?

2. What was Yi Je's involvement in the overthrow of the Koryo dynasty? Can we tell from the text?

Student 5 : (Inho Choi)

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• Translation

Instruction for Ije, The Faithful Left Honor, State Founding Meritorious Minister, Prince Heungan(Hŭngan), Uiheung(Ŭihŭng) Royal Guard Commander and Record Keeper and Colloquium Official(?). From the ancient times, the renewal of the mandate by the he who would rule simply responds to the heaven and follows people. There comes a time when a great person is born among lives, and for him the aides (appears). When Tang and Wu initiates from above, Yi and Lu responded from below. (They) restored order in Heaven and Earth and supported the sun and the moon. Their beautiful names(1) and great achievement(2) brightens the eternal history and cannot be hidden.

(1) 文選．孔稚珪．北山移文：「張英風於海甸，馳妙譽於浙右。」http://www.zdic.net/c/1/73/116533.htm (2) 《金史·乐志下》：“懿德茂烈，金书发扬” https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8C%82%E7%83%88/2404245?fr=aladdin

You Minister, your natural tendency is pure and balanced. Your nurturing of mind was respectful and prudent. By moderating desire, you nourished the mind. By holding onto the rightness, you preserved the principle. As a child, you carried the lessons of righteous way. You have never developed the habits of luxury and corruption.

君子秉心。——《诗·小雅·小弁》

〔慶鍾〕積善之餘, 家傳〔萬〕

(11)　石之美. 妻之以女而琴瑟和, 孝於其親而宗族順

(12)-(25) Although he is young in age, he has a virtue of a mature person. Though his title is high, he preserves the mind of respectfulness. His imposing appearance was sufficient to destroy the guts of enemy. His confident speech was enough to facilitate the plans of the state. His spirit of loyalty and righteousness competed with the height of the Autumn atmosphere. Truly it can be said he was born as the fate demands of the time and was of the type of Yi and Lu. As to the last descendants of the Wang family, the heaven hated their character and cut their mandate(life?), yet the false Xin usurped the throne for 16 years. I and several others (?) searched for the descendants have them administer their ancestral rites. Just by listening to Heaven, it will not regret what's passed. Just by listening to people, people will not return their mind. People turned their back, and the relatives of the Wang family scattered. The state at this moment fell, and the mandate of Heaven returned to those who have virtue, and people's mind faced toward those with the perfect virtue. Your honor by the exhaustive understanding carefully watched the subtle movement(beginning) of the Heavenly principle and people's desire. With 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中趙浚等大臣, you proclaimed the great righteousness 決疑於危貳之間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心推戴, edified the family and establish the state. You supported the hidden virtue and revealed the occluded light grasped auspicious fortune and established the great enterprise.

(26) 談笑之間, 措國泰山. 其功莫盛, 人無間言. 可謂鼎彛(1)不泯, 帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之數, 而不滿於心. 下獎諭之綸, 而未足〔於〕懷. 乃命有司, 籍人口以爲厮養, 錫土田以爲世祿, 繪形像於丹靑, 視功載於奕葉 While having casual conversations, you put the state on Mountain Tai. No one surpasses your achievement, and people had no denigrating words. We can indeed say that the merits carved on bronze vessels do not disappear and that the pledge of the belt and whetstone(2) is difficult to forget. Due to this, although I increase the number of titles and offices, yet it was not satisfying to the mind, and although I sent down the encouraging and instructing edict, yet it was not enough to the heart. Then, I ordered the officials to register a few people as his dependents(slaves), to bestow fields as his inheritable benefice, to paint his house with the Dancheng(Tanch'ŏng) patterns, and to keep in mind the accumulated merit for the continuing generations.

封卿之母,

(32)　爲惠寧翁主. 命卿之婦, 爲慶〔順宮〕主. 爵

(33)　贈三世, 宥及子孫. 今遣金帶壹腰, 段子

(34)　貳匹, 絹子柒匹, 至〔可領〕也. 於戱! 乾稱父

(35)　坤稱母, 侯王豈有種而生. 風從虎雲從

(36)　龍, 臣子必同聲而應. 益篤君親之念, 毋

(37)　輕甥舅之恩. 故玆敎〔示〕, 〔想〕宜〔知悉〕.

(38) 〔洪武〕貳拾伍年〔拾月〕　日.

(1) 《文选·任昉》：“前郡尹温太真、 刘真长 ，或功铭鼎彝，或德标素尚。”李善注：“《礼记》曰：鼎有铭，铭者，论撰其先祖之德美、功烈、勋劳，而酌之祭器。《左氏传》：臧武仲曰：大伐小，取其所得，以作彝器，铭其功，以示子孙。

(2)語本史記．卷十八．高袓功臣侯者年表．序：「封爵之誓曰：『使河如帶，泰山若厲。國以永寧，爰及苗裔。』」比喻國基堅固，國祚永存。唐．陸贄．賜李納王武俊等鐵券文：「子孫代代，為國勛臣，河山帶礪，傳祚無絕。

When I arose to the throne, in the market, they did not shift the store. Having a 卽祚之初, 市不易肆. 談笑之間, 措國泰山. 其功莫盛, 人無間言.

可謂鼎彛不泯,　帶礪難忘. 是以加爵命之數, 而不滿於心.]]

• Discussion Questions:

1) What are the explicit evidences used in this document that the last Goryeo(Koryŏ) dynasty lost the mandate of heaven and that the new dynasty received it? 2) What are the possible manifestations of one's virtues?

Student 6 :

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• Translations:

• Discussion Questions:

Student 7 : (King Kwong Wong)

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• Translations:

Royal Instruction to:

The meritorious subject of pure loyalty in aiding the founding of the state, Yi Che [RR: Yi Je], the Lord of Hŭngan [RR: Heungan], concurrently the commander (節制使) of Righteousness Flourishing Royal Guard (義興親軍衛), and the Administrator of lectures for the Crown Prince.

The king says, "Since antiquity, the dynastic changes of those who rule were only the result of answering the Heaven and following the people. There must come a time when an extraordinary man comes into being among people, as well as [those who] aid him, just like Tang and Wu rose from atop and Yi and Lü answered from below, restoring the order in Heaven and Earth, assisting the moon and sun. Their heroic spirits are loftily noble that shine upon the ages, and could not be concealed.

春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. His time is still abundant, but already has the virtue of the senior and matured.
爵位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. His aristocratic rank albeit high, he keeps a humble and respectful heart.
凜凜風采, 可以破奸雄之膽. His awe-inspiring demeanor is able to break the audacity of scheming villains.
堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之計. His dignifying remark is able to aid the plan for the state.
忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. His spirit of loyalty and righteousness competes height with the Autumn colors.
眞可謂命世而生, 伊呂之亞流也. It can truely be said he was born to be known by the world, second to Yi and Lü.
王氏之末, 天厭其德. As for the last descenants of the Wang clan, the Heaven detested their virtues.
勦節其命, 僞辛竊位.
十有六年, 予及二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀.
以聽於天, 而天不悔過.
以暴於民, 而民不歸心.
衆叛親離, 宗祀以墜.
天命歸於有德, 人心懷于有仁.
卿以至誠之知, 察天人之幾.
與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中趙浚等大臣,
首倡大義, 決疑於危貳之間.
定策於幾微之際, 赤心推戴, 化家爲國.
輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業.

• Discussion Questions:

How does the author justify the dynastic change from the Koryo [RR: Goryeo] to the Chosonn [RR: Joseon]?
How does the author use rhetoric from Confucian and Neo-Confucian classics?
How does the author praise the personality of the receiver of this royal instruction? And what does that imply?

Student 8 : Younès M'Ghari

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• Translations:

Instructions:

To the meritorious subject who aided with great loyalty at founding the State, Duke of Yeoan¹, holding a concurrent function as Vice-Field Marshal of the Loyal Army and Record Keeper, Yi Je². The King says: From antiquity, those who were ruling were only responding to the Mandate of the Heaven, to the people. At times a great person would necessarily be born, people would support him, like Tang and Wu^¤ taking actions from above and Yi and Lü^¤ responding from below, restore order in Heaven and Earth^¤, aiding the Sun and the Moon. This heroic character would be splendid and intense, shining through a thousand antiquities ^¤. It would be impossible to hide him.

...

You are young in age, but you have the virtue of old accomplishment. Your titles are high, but you maintained a modest mind. Your imposing appearance would be capable to break treacherous pretenders. Your impressive ability to discuss would be capable to break support the plans of the altar. Your vive of loyalty and righteousness compete with the autumn scenery. You can really be called ，命世. And 生, you would be almost like Yi and Lü. As for the last descendance of the Wang familly, the heaven hated its morals, cut off their mandate, left them as corrupted miserables on the throne. For 60 years, me and two or three ministrers were looking for its posterity, managing its rites.

...

...

¹ Yeoan (與安；toponym)

² Yi Je (李濟；one of the scholars who helped Yi Seong-gye too become the first king of the new Joseon dynasty in the same year)

Tang (湯； r. 1675-1646 BCE; the first king of the Shang dynasty who overthrew Jie (桀; r. 1728-1675 BCE) of the Xia dynasty) and Wu (武; r. 1046–1043 BC; the first king of the Zhou dynasty considered one of the great heroes of China)

Yi () and Lü ()

(乾坤; pinyin: gankun; )

千古 (through the ages, for all time)

社稷 (like the word 'throne' in English, the word meaning 'altar' in Classical Chinese can mean the 'kingdom')

• Discussion Questions:

1. Who helped him writing this document and how would he choose that(those) scholar(s)?

2. Why chosing 李濟?

3. Is he giving 李濟 a great position because he fears not to be able to convince him and his peers to support him?

4. Are the references he chooses enough to "impress" this person (e.g. the king Wu of Zhou, who could only rule 3 years)?

5. Who many royal instruction of that sort did the new king send, and for what kind of positions?

6. Would his writtings be different when adressing "less" educated persons?

Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)

• translation:

敎 純忠佐命開國功臣·興安君·兼義興親軍衛節制使·知〔書〕筵事 李濟

I je

王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎人而已. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. 整頓乾坤, 扶翊日月. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕. 〔有不〕可掩者矣 As the king said: from the ancient time, the dynastic transition launched by the men who would rule as sovereign simply follow the sign of heaven and the heart of people. At that time, it should be great persons who emerge among people, aiding in the transition, such as Tang_of_Shang's rising above and Jiang Ziya and Yi Yin's responding below. They restored the order of the heaven and earth, and supported Sun and Moon. Their heroic acts were great and were reflected in the history, which could not be obscured.

春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. 凜凜風采 可以破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕而生, 伊呂之亞流也. 王氏之末, 天厭其德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. 十有六年, 予及二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. 以聽〔於〕天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心.衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕. 天命歸於有德, 人心懷于有仁. 卿以至誠之知, 察天人之幾. 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義, 〔決疑於危〕貳之間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕,化家爲國. 輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業

Although he is young in age, he is mature in virtue. Although he was in a high level, he maintains a humble and righteous heart. His admiring behaviors can scare the evil guys; his confident argument can maintain the persistence of the state. The vividness of his upright behaviors can be compared to the color of autumn. It is able to be said to be ordered by the heaven and to come to the world, and he is the person who is close to .

• Discussion Questions:

What's the main purpose of this royal instruction?

Who were the guys supporting the dynastic transition?

Student 10 : (Ji-Hyun)

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His Majesty said, "Since antiquity, changing the [Heavenly] Mandate by the one who would be the king has just been the response from Heaven and conformity from people. In any era, there should be a great man to be born occasionally, and for him the supporters/assistants, just as the works of Kings Tang and Wu from above and Yi Yin and Lu Shang's support from below, In restoring the order of Heaven and Earth

• Discussion Questions:

Student 11 : Goeun Lee

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• Translation:
• Discussion Questions: 1. How many people were bestowed such an announcement by Taejo? What was the status of 李濟 among them?

                      2. What does the king intend by issuing this announcement?

Student 12 : (Sanghoon Na)

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Royal Instruction to Yi Je, Merit Subject of Founding the Dynasty with Pure Loyalty and Assisting Mandate, Prince of Heung'an, Concurrently .....Royal Lecturer.

(01)　敎

純忠佐命開國功臣·興安君·兼義興親軍衛節制使·知〔書〕筵事 李濟

(04)　王若曰: 自古王者之革命, 應乎天順乎

(05)　人而已. 時必有偉人間生, 爲之輔翼. 如

(06)　湯武作於上, 伊呂應於下. 整頓乾坤, 扶

(07)　翊日月. 其〔英〕風茂烈, 輝〔暎千古〕. 〔有不〕可

(08)　掩者矣. 卿稟性淑均, 秉心謹恪. 寡欲以

(09)　養其心, 持正以守〔其節〕. 〔幼佩〕義方〔之訓〕,

(10)　長無紈綺之習. 〔慶鍾〕積善之餘, 家傳〔萬〕

(11)　石之美. 妻之以女〔而〕琴瑟和, 孝於其親

(12)　而宗族順. 春秋尙富, 而有老成之德. 爵

(13)　位雖高, 而存謙恪之心. 凜凜風采, 可〔以〕

(14)　破奸雄之膽. 堂堂議論, 可以扶社稷之

(15)　計. 忠義之氣, 與秋色爭高. 眞可〔謂命世〕

(16)　而生, 伊呂之亞流也. 王氏之末, 天厭其

(17)　德. 勦節其命, 僞辛竊位. 十有六年, 予及

(18)　二三大臣. 尙求其裔, 俾主其祀. 以聽〔於〕

(19)　天, 而天不悔過. 以暴於民, 而民不歸心.

(20)　衆叛親離, 宗祀以〔墜〕. 天命歸於有德, 人

(21)　心懷于有仁. 卿以至誠之知, 察天人之

(22)　幾. 與門下左侍中裵克廉, 門下右侍中

(23)　趙浚等大臣, 首倡大義, 〔決疑於危〕貳之

(24)　間. 定策於幾微之際, 赤心〔推戴〕, 化家爲

(25)　國. 輔潛德而發幽光, 杖景運而創大業.

The king spoke to this effect:

From the ancient times, those who renewed the mandate as king only responded to heaven and followed people's [will].

There must be a time a great man among people and for him [people] are supportive just like when Tang and Wu emerged from above and Yi Yin and Lu Xing responded from below.

[This King] kept the heaven and earth in order and supported the sun and the moon.

His glorious influence is extremely powerful and His brilliance illuminates from age to age, which cannot be hidden [from the view].

• Discussion Questions:

Student 13 : (Write your name)

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• Discussion Questions:

Student 14 : (Write your name)

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• Discussion Questions: