"(Translation) 1543年 李彦迪諭書"의 두 판 사이의 차이

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(사용자 12명의 중간 판 76개는 보이지 않습니다)
18번째 줄: 18번째 줄:
  
 
=='''Introduction'''==
 
=='''Introduction'''==
 +
Yi Ŏnchŏk (RR: Yi Eonjeok, 1491 - 1553) was a Confucian scholar during the Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty. He is considered a pioneer in the process of establishing the Neo-Confucianism of Chosŏn. Although he was never a student of Yi Ŏnchŏk, T'oegye Yi Hwang (Toegye Yi Hwang), one of the two most prominent Confucian scholars of Chosŏn, is known to have referred to  Yi Ŏnchŏk as one of the sages of the East.<ref>http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81&ridx=0&tot=46</ref><ref>https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81</ref>
  
 +
Yusŏ (Yuseo), the "document of [King's] instructions," was one of the two documents—kyosŏ (Gyoseo), the "document of  appointment," being the other—issued to the officials with military command at the time of their appointment. Originally—dating back to Koryŏ (Goryeo)—, it functioned as the means of authenticating the orders of military deployment. However, as time went on, it acquired other functions such as transmitting the names of officials to be rewarded based on previously filed reports or a royal directive intended for lower officials and commoners. <ref>Noh In Hwan 노인환. "Document Administration and Implementation of Gyoseo(敎書) and Yuseo(諭書) Issued to Provincial Governors in the Joseon Dynasty" 조선시대 관찰사(觀察使) 교서(敎書)와 유서(諭書)의 문서 행정과 운용. The Journal of Korean Historical Manuscripts 48:287-313, DOI:10.21027/manusc.2016.48..010.</ref><ref>http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kka_13807024_002</ref><ref>http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%9C&ridx=1&tot=86</ref><ref>http://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%9C(%E8%AB%AD%E6%9B%B8)</ref>
  
 
=='''Original Script'''==
 
=='''Original Script'''==
28번째 줄: 30번째 줄:
 
▣…▣  
 
▣…▣  
  
−
荐臻專城或存於▣▣赤子未蒙其實澤
 
−
 
−
眖有▣(緩)急將何措宜益軫予懷其惟重臣
 
−
 
−
惟卿德涵內外學造精微敦大而高明方嚴
 
−
 
−
而簡默處論思之地嘉猷累陳作親民之官善
 
−
 
−
政素著允釐庶績方參廟謨今授卿以本道
 
−
 
−
觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使卿其體予倚任
 
−
 
−
專推卿孝友之政課農桑以衣食吾民明敎
 
−
 
−
化以作新斯民秉大公而嚴黜陟揭至明而別
 
−
 
−
情僞剸裁盤錯伸理冤枉罪關大憂錄狀啓
 
−
 
−
稟官▣堂上斷以卿衷故玆敎示想宜知悉
 
−
 
−
嘉靖▣…▣八月初十日
 
−
 
−
---------
 
 
荐臻專城或存於▣▣  
 
荐臻專城或存於▣▣  
 
赤子未蒙其實澤
 
赤子未蒙其實澤
−
眖有▣(緩)急, 將何措,  
+
脫有▣(緩)急, 將何措,  
 
宜益軫, 予懷其惟重臣
 
宜益軫, 予懷其惟重臣
 
惟卿, 德涵內外, 學造精微, 敦大而高明,  
 
惟卿, 德涵內外, 學造精微, 敦大而高明,  
77번째 줄: 56번째 줄:
  
  
 +
||
 +
If those successive magistrates involve in..., common people would not receive the real benefits of governance.
  
 +
Confronted with sudden and urgent situations, how would we handle them?
 +
 +
In my growing concern over these matters, I can only think of one important minister, which is you.
 +
 +
You embody virtue within and without.
 +
 +
In learning, you have reached at high levels of profundity and delicacy.
 +
 +
You are great and brilliant.
 +
 +
You are upright and solemn, and, at the same time, simple and quiet.
 +
 +
When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you have repeatedly laid out excellent plans for governance.
 +
 +
Being an official of renewing the people, your good governance has always been outstanding.
 +
 +
You have governed many tasks so sincerely and participated in the discussion in the court.
 +
 +
As I now appoint you as Governor of Kyŏngsang (Gyeongsang) Province as well as its Navy Commissioner, you must attend to the mission that I assign to you; devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship; feed and clothe My people by encouraging farming and sericulture; enlighten, thereby renewing them.
 +
 +
Holding on to the great fairness, you must be strict in promotion and expulsion.
 +
 +
Lifting the supreme intelligence, you must differentiate what is right and wrong.
 +
 +
Cutting out the entangled issues, you must relieve the unresolved grievances.
 +
 +
If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report them to the office.
 +
 +
If the rank of the accused is not as high as the ministers of 3a, you may make a judgment based on your faithfulness.
 +
 +
I, the King, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all My instructions.
  
−
||
 
−
(translation)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
=='''Discussion Questions'''==
 
=='''Discussion Questions'''==
−
#
+
# Why do you think the king praises the minister so effusively before assigning him as governor?
−
#
+
# What are the roles and responsibilities of governors as defined by the king? How do those roles fit with your general understanding of Confucian values?
−
 
+
# Among the roles and responsibilities assigned to governor,what are the most important task?
 +
# According to this document, how did the governor relate to the central government? What does this document show as to relations between the central and regional governments?
 +
# What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?
 +
# Yi Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?
 +
# Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)?
 +
# How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)?
 +
# What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?
 +
# What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)?
 +
# What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts?
 +
# How important were these posts to local governance?
 +
# Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...
 +
# Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
 +
# What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?
 +
# How significant was this post assigned to I Ŏnchŏk?
 +
# Define 'good governance'. What benefits to the common people was it supposed to bring? Was this realized?
 +
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=='''References'''==
 
=='''References'''==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
《書·堯典》：“允釐百工，庶績咸熙。”
 
《書·堯典》：“允釐百工，庶績咸熙。”
−
 
+
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=='''Translation'''==
 
=='''Translation'''==
  
111번째 줄: 135번째 줄:
 
11. 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官 堂上斷以卿衷, 故玆敎示 想宜知悉  
 
11. 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官 堂上斷以卿衷, 故玆敎示 想宜知悉  
 
If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report to the office, and the high ministers (ranking 3a and above) will make a judgment based on your faithful report. I, the king, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all my instructions.
 
If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report to the office, and the high ministers (ranking 3a and above) will make a judgment based on your faithful report. I, the king, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all my instructions.
 +
 +
Question: Why do you think the king praises the minister so effusively before assigning him as governor?
 +
 +
Question: What are the roles and responsibilities of governors as defined by the king? How do those roles fit with your general understanding of Confucian values?
 +
 +
Question: Among the roles and responsibilities assigned to governor,what are the most important task?
 +
 +
Question: According to this document, how did the governor relate to the central government? What does this document show as to relations between the central and regional governments?
  
 
==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
 
==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
116번째 줄: 148번째 줄:
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
 +
What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?
 +
 
荐臻專城或存於▣▣赤子未蒙其實澤
 
荐臻專城或存於▣▣赤子未蒙其實澤
  
 
Translation:  
 
Translation:  
−
Successive magistrates might be ...
+
Successive local officials might be ...
−
Common people have not received their practical benefits.
+
Common people have not yet received the real benefits [of governance].
  
−
==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
+
==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
 
----
 
----
 +
脫有▣(緩)急將何措宜益軫予懷其惟重臣
 +
 +
As to a sudden and urgent situation, what to do with it? One ought to handle it with measured deliberations. I can only think of one right minister [who is qualified to take up such task].
 +
 +
Translator's note:
 +
 +
1. The meaning of 脫有緩急 is evading for a modern reader. But it is apparently a very common idiom during the Choson dynasty. A search in the Veritable Records of the Choson Dynasty (조선왕조실록) yields 283 results. From my brief survey, the idiom seemingly refers to a sudden and urgent situation.
 +
 +
Example:
 +
태종실록 14권, 태종 7년 7월 27일 戊寅 2번째기사  開雲浦至甘北浦水路五息, 陸路四息, 脫有緩急, 難以相救。 
 +
 +
세종실록 88권, 세종 22년 3월 1일 癸卯 3번째기사 今聞高興新鎭, 置於隔海之地三十餘里, 脫有緩急, 人民被虜可慮。
 +
 +
광해군일기[중초본] 7권, 광해 1년 6월 8일 丁巳 3번째기사 近因南邊稍靜, 人之視舟師若筌然, 減損兩湖入防之船, 只存本道船二十餘隻。 其勢將至於停罷, 脫有緩急, 將何以應敵乎?
 +
 +
2. The document used a historical variation of the word "脫." For more, see 中華民國教育部 異體字字典 http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/yitia/fra/fra03334.htm
 +
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
−
 
+
I Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?
  
 
==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
 
==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
132번째 줄: 183번째 줄:
 
  惟卿 德涵內外 學造精微 敦大而高明 方嚴而簡默  
 
  惟卿 德涵內外 學造精微 敦大而高明 方嚴而簡默  
  
−
Only you, minister, are embodied with virtue inside and outside [the court]. Your knowledge is profound and subtle. You are great and brilliant. You are upright and solemn, and [in the same time] simple and quiet.
+
Only you, minister, are embodied with virtue inside and outside. Your knowledge is profound and subtle. You are great and brilliant. You are upright and solemn, and [in the same time] simple and quiet.
  
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
  
−
==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
+
Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)? How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)? What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?
 +
 
 +
==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
 
----
 
----
−
處論思之地 嘉猷累陳 作親民之官
+
處論思之地 嘉猷累陳 作親民之官, 善政素著
−
When posited in the situation of discussing his ideas, he repeatedly stated good plans for governance. Being an official of renewing his people,  
+
When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you repeatedly lay out excellent plans for governance. Being an official of renewing people, your good governance is always outstanding.
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
 +
What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)? What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts? How important were these posts to local governance?
  
 
==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
 
==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
 
----
 
----
−
善政素著 允釐庶績 方參廟謨  
+
允釐庶績 方參廟謨  
  
−
[You] must govern well all the time; Govern numerous artisans sincerely and (?); Always participate in the discussion of the court
+
You have governed many tasks so sincerely that you can now participate in the discussion of the court.
 +
 
 +
Discussion Questions: Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...
  
 
==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
 
==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
154번째 줄: 210번째 줄:
 
卿其體予倚任 專推卿孝友之政
 
卿其體予倚任 專推卿孝友之政
  
−
I rely on you, my minister. You who devote yourself to the promotion of what is filial and companionable.
+
I deeply trust your character. Now you should devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship.
 +
 
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
 +
 +
Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
 +
 +
What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?
 +
 +
How significant was this post assigned to I Ŏnchŏk?
 +
 +
Define 'good governance'. What benefits to the common people was it supposed to bring? Was this realised?
  
 
==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
 
==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
 
----
 
----
 +
 +
    課農桑以衣食吾民
 +
 +
Study farming and sericulture to feed and clothe our people.
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
  
 +
==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
 +
----
 +
明敎化以作新斯民
 +
 +
Let moral suasion shine so as to renew this people of ours.
  
−
==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
+
作新斯民 as verb 作 + object 新斯民, which can also be thought of as verb 新 + object 斯民, can be seen [http://sillok.history.go.kr/main/main.do here].
−
----
 
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
  
 +
How did the people of Choson court reconcile the abstract language, of which this is an example, and the possible implications regarding various issues mentioned in the process of applying them?
  
 
==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
 
==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
174번째 줄: 248번째 줄:
  
 
秉大公而嚴黜陟
 
秉大公而嚴黜陟
−
Hold onto the great fairness, and be strict to appointments and expels.  
+
Hold onto the great fairness, and be strict to promotion and expel.  
  
 
*Discussion Questions:
 
*Discussion Questions:
  
−
==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
+
==='''Student 10 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
 
----
 
----
  
−
*Discussion Questions:
+
揭至明而別情僞剸裁盤錯伸理冤枉
  
 +
Lifting up the supreme luminosity (intelligence), in order to differentiate what is right and wrong, cutting out the entangled issues, and relieving the unresolved grievances
  
 
==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
 
==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
210번째 줄: 285번째 줄:
 
[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
 
[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
 
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]
 
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]
 +
-->

2022년 2월 14일 (월) 20:28 기준 최신판

Primary Source
1543년이언적유서.jpg Title
English
Chinese 1543年 李彦迪 諭書
Korean(RR) 1543년 이언적 유서(Yi Eonjeok Yuseo)
Text Details
Genre Royal Court Documents
Type Instructions
Author(s) 國王:中宗
Year 1543
Source Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)
Key Concepts
Translation Info
Translator(s) Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)
Editor(s)
Year 2019
Backward.png


Introduction

Yi Ŏnchŏk (RR: Yi Eonjeok, 1491 - 1553) was a Confucian scholar during the Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty. He is considered a pioneer in the process of establishing the Neo-Confucianism of Chosŏn. Although he was never a student of Yi Ŏnchŏk, T'oegye Yi Hwang (Toegye Yi Hwang), one of the two most prominent Confucian scholars of Chosŏn, is known to have referred to Yi Ŏnchŏk as one of the sages of the East.[1][2]

Yusŏ (Yuseo), the "document of [King's] instructions," was one of the two documents—kyosŏ (Gyoseo), the "document of appointment," being the other—issued to the officials with military command at the time of their appointment. Originally—dating back to Koryŏ (Goryeo)—, it functioned as the means of authenticating the orders of military deployment. However, as time went on, it acquired other functions such as transmitting the names of officials to be rewarded based on previously filed reports or a royal directive intended for lower officials and commoners. [3][4][5][6]

Original Script

Classical Chinese English

▣…▣

荐臻專城或存於▣▣ 赤子未蒙其實澤 脫有▣(緩)急, 將何措, 宜益軫, 予懷其惟重臣 惟卿, 德涵內外, 學造精微, 敦大而高明, 方嚴而簡默, 處論思之地, 嘉猷累陳, 作親民之官, 善政素著, 允釐庶績, 方參廟謨,

今授卿以本道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使 卿其體予倚任 專推卿孝友之政 課農桑以衣食吾民 明敎化以作新斯民 秉大公而嚴黜陟 揭至明而別情僞 剸裁盤錯 伸理冤枉, 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官 堂上斷以卿衷 故玆敎示 想宜知悉

嘉靖▣…▣八月初十日


If those successive magistrates involve in..., common people would not receive the real benefits of governance.

Confronted with sudden and urgent situations, how would we handle them?

In my growing concern over these matters, I can only think of one important minister, which is you.

You embody virtue within and without.

In learning, you have reached at high levels of profundity and delicacy.

You are great and brilliant.

You are upright and solemn, and, at the same time, simple and quiet.

When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you have repeatedly laid out excellent plans for governance.

Being an official of renewing the people, your good governance has always been outstanding.

You have governed many tasks so sincerely and participated in the discussion in the court.

As I now appoint you as Governor of Kyŏngsang (Gyeongsang) Province as well as its Navy Commissioner, you must attend to the mission that I assign to you; devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship; feed and clothe My people by encouraging farming and sericulture; enlighten, thereby renewing them.

Holding on to the great fairness, you must be strict in promotion and expulsion.

Lifting the supreme intelligence, you must differentiate what is right and wrong.

Cutting out the entangled issues, you must relieve the unresolved grievances.

If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report them to the office.

If the rank of the accused is not as high as the ministers of 3a, you may make a judgment based on your faithfulness.

I, the King, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all My instructions.

Discussion Questions

  1. Why do you think the king praises the minister so effusively before assigning him as governor?
  2. What are the roles and responsibilities of governors as defined by the king? How do those roles fit with your general understanding of Confucian values?
  3. Among the roles and responsibilities assigned to governor,what are the most important task?
  4. According to this document, how did the governor relate to the central government? What does this document show as to relations between the central and regional governments?
  5. What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?
  6. Yi Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?
  7. Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)?
  8. How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)?
  9. What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?
  10. What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)?
  11. What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts?
  12. How important were these posts to local governance?
  13. Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...
  14. Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
  15. What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?
  16. How significant was this post assigned to I Ŏnchŏk?
  17. Define 'good governance'. What benefits to the common people was it supposed to bring? Was this realized?

References

  1. ↑ http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81&ridx=0&tot=46
  2. ↑ https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81
  3. ↑ Noh In Hwan 노인환. "Document Administration and Implementation of Gyoseo(敎書) and Yuseo(諭書) Issued to Provincial Governors in the Joseon Dynasty" 조선시대 관찰사(觀察使) 교서(敎書)와 유서(諭書)의 문서 행정과 운용. The Journal of Korean Historical Manuscripts 48:287-313, DOI:10.21027/manusc.2016.48..010.
  4. ↑ http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kka_13807024_002
  5. ↑ http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%9C&ridx=1&tot=86
  6. ↑ http://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%9C(%E8%AB%AD%E6%9B%B8)

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