Draft The Opening of Joseon

Title	Japan Wins the First Port-Opening Pact of Joseon in 1876
Author	김광수

1차 원고

Ideology of ‘protecting justice and ostracizing injustice’ outdid aspiration for opening door

Up until 1876, the Joseon Dynasty closed its door and ostracized Western people, looking down on them. This assertion was led by Daewongun and the power of ‘protecting justice and ostracizing injustice’(위정척사[衛正斥邪]). They regarded a Confucian philosophy-based order as a righteous one while considering the Western idea as an unjust one.

But the Joseon Dynasty had to open its port by signing the Ganghwa Treaty, or Joseon-Japan Peace and Amity Treaty, as pressed by Japan’s military force. However, some Joseon intellectuals began to aspire to open its door even before opening the port.

A part of Joseon intellectuals, including Pak Je-ga and Jeong Yak-yong, argued to open Joseon’s door. Their argument was eventually accepted by the government during the reign of King Gojong.

Having successfully carried out the Meiji Reform in 1868, Japan continuously negotiated with Joseon to establish diplomatic relation. But Daewongun rejected Japan’s proposal. After Daewongun resigned from the office, the power of seeking modernization began to actively argue to adopt the open-door policy.

Leveraging this atmosphere in Joseon, Japan sent 3 warships to Busan port to threaten Joseon, and the warship ‘Unyo’ to Ganghwa-do island to induce Joseon’s garrison soldiers to cannonade. Japanese soldiers landed on Yeongjongjin, Ganghwa-do, beating Joseon’s troops. While first provoking, Japan rather asked Joseon to apologize, and it strongly proposed conditions of free passage of its ships in Joseon’s territorial sea and opening ports. After negotiations, two countries signed the Joseon-Japan Peace and Amity Treaty in early 1876. The Treaty is a typical unequal pact as it was intended to invade Joseon in political and military way.

Since opening port, the regime of Queen Min’s family actively accepted new culture from Japan and China. But tariff-free trade with Japan based on the unequal pact allowed Western products to flood into Joseon. These foreign products collapsed domestic handicraftsmen, tenant farmers and small merchants, aggravating conflicts between low-income people and feudalistic landlords. While Joseon opened ports as the government accepted continued request of intellectuals, Japan’s invasion-intended military diplomacy played decisive role in opening ports. Thus, the unequal pact shook roots of Joseon’s socio-economic structure, resulting in Japan’s colonial invasion.

감수본

Japan Wins the First Port-Opening Pact of Joseon in 1876

Up until 1876, the Joseon Dynasty closed its doors and ostracized Western people, looking down on them. This assertion was led by Daewon-gun, regent-father of King Gojong and his ideology of ‘protecting justice and ostracizing injustice’ (Uijeong Cheoksa). They regarded a Neo-Confucian philosophy-based order as a righteous one while considering Western ideas and socio-political systems as unjust ones.

But Joseon had to open its ports after signing the Joseon-Japan Peace and Amity Treaty (Ganghwa Treaty), as pressed by Japan’s military force. However, some Joseon intellectuals began to aspire to open its doors even before opening the ports.

Some of the Joseon intellectuals, including Pak Je-ga and the famous “Dasan” Jeong Yak-yong, argued to open Joseon’s doors. Their argument was eventually accepted by the government during the reign of King Gojong.

Having successfully carried out the Meiji Reforms in 1868, Japan continuously negotiated with Joseon to establish diplomatic relations. But Daewon-gun rejected Japan’s proposal. After he resigned from office, those scholar-officials who sought modernization began to actively argue to adopt an open-door policy.

Leveraging this atmosphere in Joseon, Japan sent 3 warships to Busan Port to threaten Joseon, and the warship ‘Unyo’ to Ganghwa-do Island to induce Joseon’s garrison soldiers to cannonade them. In response, Japanese soldiers landed on Yeongjongjin port of Ganghwa, beating Joseon’s troops. While first provoking, Japan rather asked Joseon to apologize, and it strongly proposed conditions of free passage of its ships in Joseon’s territorial sea and opening some ports. After negotiations, the two countries signed the “Joseon-Japan Peace and Amity Treaty” in 1876. The Treaty is a typical unequal pact as it was intended to ‘invade’ Joseon in political and military way.

Since opening the ports, the regime of King Gojong and Queen Min’s family actively accepted new cultural factors from Japan and China. But tariff-free trade with Japan based on the unequal pact allowed Western products to flood into Joseon. These foreign products caused the financial collapse of domestic handicraftsmen, tenant farmers and small merchants, aggravating conflicts between low-income people and feudalistic landlords. While Joseon opened some of its ports as the government accepted the continued request of intellectuals, Japan’s invasion-intended military diplomacy also played decisive role in the process. Thus, the unequal pact shook roots of Joseon’s socio-economic structure, ultimately resulting in Japan’s colonial invasion.