"Draft The New Village Movement and Park Chung-Hee's Modernization of the Nation"의 두 판 사이의 차이
잔글 (강혜원님이 The New Village Movement and Park Chung-Hee's Modernization of the Nation 문서를 넘겨주기를 만들지 않고 Draft The New Village Movement and Park Chung-Hee's Modernization of the Nation 문서로 이동했습니다) |
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2017년 11월 6일 (월) 13:22 기준 최신판
Title | Saemaul Undong and Park Chung-hee’s Modernization of Korea |
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목차
1차 원고
The Beginning as a Self-reliance Measure for Rural Areas
The Saemaul Undong (also known as the New Community Movement or New Village Movement) is a comprehensive modernization movement for rural areas launched in 1970 by South Korea’s former President Park Chung-hee. Its slogans were diligence, self-help, and collaboration. The movement sought to build self-sustaining rural communities.
The movement focused on encouraging ‘I can do it’ spirit among farmers and motivating them to become more proactive members of their communities. In order to effectively implant the Saemaul Undong, promoting voluntary participation of the rural population and building a collaborative system for villages were crucial. Ultimately, the movement aimed at making prosperous and diligent farmers. Therefore, the government launched a project geared towards improving rural environment as a catalyst for the change.
From October 1970 to June 1971, the South Korean government distributed 335 sacks of cement to each of 33,267 selected municipalities nationwide free of charge for village renovation projects. It also entrusted the locals to discuss among themselves through a development committee and build whatever they wished. The project greatly improved infrastructure in South Korea’s rural areas. More importantly, the villagers learned to be more proactive through participation in the self-governing project.
Competition Plays a Role in Spreading the Saemaul Undong
From 1972, the government focused on recruiting and training community leaders for the Saemaul Undong. In addition to improving of living standards and agricultural infrastructure, the project expanded its scope to include improving locals’ mentality and increasing profit for the rural areas. The Saemaul organization actively promoted crop modification, land consolidation, and agricultural modernization.
The government encouraged competition among participating villages by redistributing resources based on performance. In other words, more material and financial supports were given to better performing villages. In 1973, the government assessed performances of the 35,000 participating villages and classified them into three categories—self-reliance village, self-help village, and basic village—based on leadership and collective projects. Accordingly, a basic village—a village without leadership or a collective project—were given tasks suitable to its level along with subsides provided accordingly.
Once villages nationwide were classified accordingly, the movement began to spread like wildfire through the country as the villages began to compete among each other. By 1979, 97 % of South Korean villages were upgraded to ‘self-reliance’ level. Leaders of successful villages were granted an opportunity to boast their achievement at a meeting attended by the President himself and also to pass on their experience to less-successful villages.
The Saemaul Undong, which had originally launched to close the widening gap between rural and urban income levels, was a great success. Later, it was also implemented in the country’s industrial and urban areas with various projects for practice of thriftiness, maintenance of a clean and safe living environment, and emphasis on orderliness.
The Saemaul Undong Central Headquarters (now renamed as the Saemaul Undong Central Association) was established as a non-government initiative in accordance with the Saemaul Undong Organization Development Act. Since then, the organization has been in charge of promoting research on the history of the movement as well as coordinating overseas collaborations. The Saemaul Undong, which is credited to have broken the ages-old pattern of poverty and passivity in Korea’s rural areas, is a unique national development model. Today, the Saemaul Undong is exported to developing countries around the world as an alternative developmental model. By 2010, more than 50,000 people from 103 developing countries in Asia and Africa received Saemaul training.
감수본
Saemaul Undong and President Park Chung-hee’s Modernization of Korea
The Saemaul Undong (known internationally as the New Community Movement or New Village Movement) is a comprehensive modernization movement for rural areas launched in 1970 by South Korea’s former President Park Chung-hee. Its slogans were diligence, self-help, and collaboration, as ways to build self-sustaining rural communities.
The movement focused on encouraging ‘I can do it’ spirit among farmers and motivating them to become more proactive members of their communities. Promoting voluntary participation of the rural population and building a collaborative system for villages were crucial to effectively implant the Saemaul Undong. Ultimately, the movement aimed at making prosperous and diligent farmers. Therefore, the government launched a project geared towards improving rural environments as a catalyst for change, greatly improving infrastructure in South Korea’s rural areas. More importantly, the villagers learned to be more proactive through participation in the self-governing project.
From 1972, the government focused on recruiting and training community leaders for the Saemaul Undong. In addition to improving of living standards and agricultural infrastructure, the project expanded its scope to include improving locals’ mentality and increasing profit for the rural areas. The Saemaul organization actively promoted crop modification, land consolidation, and agricultural modernization.
The government encouraged competition among participating villages by redistributing resources based on performance. In 1973, the government assessed performances of the 35,000 participating villages and classified them into three categories—self-reliance village, self-help village, and basic village—based on leadership and collective projects. Once villages nationwide were classified accordingly, the movement began to spread like wildfire through the country as the villages began to compete among each other. By 1979, 97 % of South Korean villages were upgraded to the ‘self-reliance’ level. Leaders of successful villages were granted opportunity to boast of their achievements at a meeting attended by the President himself and also to pass on their experience to less-successful villages.
The Saemaul Undong, which had originally launched to close the widening gap between rural and urban income levels, was a great success. Later, it was also implemented in the country’s industrial and urban areas with various projects for practice of thriftiness, maintenance of a clean and safe living environment, and emphasis on orderliness.
The Saemaul Undong Central Association has been in charge of promoting research on the history of the movement as well as coordinating overseas collaborations. Today, the unique national development model of Saemaul Undong is exported to developing countries around the world as an alternative developmental model. By 2017, more than 70,000 people from 108 developing countries in Asia and Africa have received Saemaul training.