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The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean: 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.<ref>Smith (2011).</ref>  
 
The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean: 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.<ref>Smith (2011).</ref>  
  
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stems", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
  
  
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stems", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
  
 
==지지(地支) Earthly Brahches==
 
==지지(地支) Earthly Brahches==
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This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star).  
 
This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star).  
 
In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, and Chinese hour in the form of double hours.
 
In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, and Chinese hour in the form of double hours.
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Earthly_Branches", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
  
 
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2018년 5월 9일 (수) 10:15 판

천간(天干) Heavenly Stems

The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean: 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.[1]

(from "Celestial_Stems", Wikipedia)


No Heavenly
Stem
Meaning
Original Modern
1 甲 갑 shell first (book I, person A etc.), methyl group, helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
2 乙 을 fishguts second (book II, person B etc.), ethyl group, twist
3 丙 병 fishtail third, bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
4 丁 정 nail(fastener) fourth, male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
5 戊 무 lance (not used)
6 己 기 threads on a loom self
7 庚 경 evening star age (of person)
8 辛 신 to offend superiors bitter, piquant, toilsome
9 壬 임 burden to shoulder, to trust with office
10 癸 계 disposed grass (not used)

(from "Celestial_Stems", Wikipedia)

지지(地支) Earthly Brahches

The Earthly Branches are an ordering system used throughout East Asia in various contexts, including its ancient dating system, astrological traditions, and zodiac. This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star). In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, and Chinese hour in the form of double hours.

(from "Earthly_Branches", Wikipedia)

No Earthly
Branch
Chinese
zodiac
Direction Season Lunar Month Double Hour Western Zodiac
1
Rat
0° (north) winter Month 11 11pm to 1am (midnight) Aries
「백양」
2
Cow
30° Month 12 1am to 3am Taurus
「황소」
3
Tiger
60° spring Month 1 3am to 5am Gemini
「쌍둥이」
4
Rabbit
90° (east) Month 2 5am to 7am Cancer
「큰 게」
5
Dragon
120° Month 3 7am to 9 am Leo
「사자」
6
Snake
150° summer Month 4 9am to 11am Virgo
「처녀」
7
Horse
180° (south) Month 5 11am to 1pm (noon) Libra
「천칭(天秤)」
8
Goat
210° Month 6 1pm to 3pm Scorpio
「전갈」
9
Monkey
240° autumn Month 7 3pm to 5pm Sagittarius
「궁수」
10
Chicken
270° (west) Month 8 5pm to 7pm Capricorn
「염소」
11
Dog
300° Month 9 7pm to 9pm Aquarius
「물병」
12
Pig
330° winter Month 10 9pm to 11pm Pisces
「물고기」

Zodiac gods - images from the stone inscription of the tomb of Kim Yusin (김유신, 金庾信, 595-673)

12ChineseZodiac.jpg

The tomb of Kim Yusin is a large tomb measuring roughly 30m in diameter. The relief carvings of 12 Oriental zodiac gods (half man, half animal) stand guard around the tomb, brandishing weapons.


  1. Smith (2011).

Reference

Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In John Steele (ed.). Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world (PDF). Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1. [1]