"Nongsajikseol - Planting hemp"의 두 판 사이의 차이

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2018년 4월 25일 (수) 13:19 기준 최신판

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種麻 Planting hemp

Original Script


05
06


  1. ○ 種麻
  2. 正月氷解, 擇良田,
  3. 田多, 則歲易[1].
  4. 歲易, 則皮薄節闊.
  5. 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞.
  6. 二月上旬, 更耕之
  7. 中旬爲中時[2]
  8. 下旬爲下時
  9. 至於北土, 寒氣晩解,
  10. 要當隋時適宜.
  11. 九穀倣[3]此.
  12. 以木斫 鄕名所訖羅
  13. 及鐵齒擺[4]鄕名手愁[5]音,
  14. 熟治使平後, 足踏均密.
  15. 撒[6]種, 又須均須密
  16. 足踏與撒種, 不均不密,
  17. 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用,
  18. 曳撈[7]覆種
  19. 撈, 鄕名曳介,
  20. 編多枝木爲之, 松枝爲上.
  21. 其上, 又布牛馬糞.
  22. 麻長三寸許, 有雜草,
  23. 則鋤之
  24. 不過一鋤.
  25. 又有晩種者,
  26. 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也.

Previous Translations

Korean Translation, Version 1

  1. ○ 삼 심고 키우기
  2. 정월에 얼음이 녹자마자 좋은 밭을 선택한다.
  3. 만약에 밭이 많이 확보되면 1년 휴한한 땅에 심는 것이 좋다.
  4. <1년 휴한한 땅에서 재배한 삼베는 그 껍질이 얇고 마디가 매끄럽다.>
  5. 삼베밭을 가는 방법은 먼저 세로로 세 번 가로로 세 번 초벌로 갈고 외양간의 소나 말의 똥을 펼쳐 놓는다.
  6. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 갈아 준다.
  7. <(2월 상순이 가장 최적의 시기이며) 중순은 그 다음이고
  8. 하순은 가장 나쁜 시기이다.
  9. 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로
  10. (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다.
  11. 추운 지방의 아홉 가지 곡식도 밭갈이 시기의 선택은 이와 같다.>
  12. 흙을 잘게 썰어주는 목작(써래) <향명 소흘라> 과
  13. 철치파 <향명 수수음> 을
  14. 잘 다스려 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주고
  15. 종자를 뿌린 후 다시 고르고 촘촘하게 만든 다음에
  16. <발로 밟거나 종자를 뿌릴 때 <밭을> 고르고 촘촘하게 하지 않으면
  17. 삼의 품질이 조악해지거나[麤] 가지가 무성해져서[枝] 쓸모가 없게 된다>,
  18. 로(撈)를 끌어 종자를 덮는다
  19. <로(撈)는 향명(鄕名)으로는 예개(曳介)인데,
  20. 가지가 많은 나무를 묶어서 만들며 소나무 가지가 가장 좋다.>
  21. 그 위에는 다시 소똥.말똥을 깔아둔다.
  22. 삼이 3치 가량 자랐을 때 잡초가 있다면
  23. 김을 맨다
  24. <김매는 것은 한번을 넘지 않는다.
  25. 또한 만종(晩種)이 있는데,
  26. 하지(夏至) 전후 10일 이내 기간에는 언제나 심을 수 있다.>[8]

Korean Translation, Version 2

  1. ○ 삼 심고 키우기
  2. 정월에 얼음이 녹자마자 좋은 밭을 선택한다.
  3. 만약에 밭이 많이 확보되면 1년 휴한한 땅에 심는 것이 좋다.
  4. 1년 휴한한 땅에서 자란 삼은 껍질이 얇고 마디 사이가 넓다.
  5. 삼베밭을 가는 방법은 먼저 세로로 세 번 가로로 세 번 초벌로 갈고 외양간의 소나 말의 똥을 펼쳐 놓는다.
  6. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 갈아 준다.
  7. <(2월 상순이 가장 최적의 시기이며) 중순은 그 다음이고
  8. 하순은 가장 나쁜 시기이다.
  9. 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로
  10. (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다.
  11. 추운 지방의 아홉 가지 곡식도 밭갈이 시기의 선택은 이와 같다.>
  12. 흙을 잘게 썰어주는 목작(써래) <향명 소흘라> 과
  13. 땅을 고르고 풀을 쳐내는 철치파(쇠스랑) <향명 수수음>을
  14. 잘 삶고 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주고
  15. 씨를 파종할 때에도 고른 간격으로 조밀하게 파종하여야 한다.
  16. <발로 밟거나 종자를 뿌릴 때 고르고 조밀하게 하지 않으면
  17. 삼의 섬유질이 거칠게 되거나 혹은 가지가 나서 사용하는데 적합하지 않게 되므로 유의하여야 한다.>
  18. [그 다음에] 끌개(끙게)를 이끌어서 종자가 흙에 덮이도록 하며
  19. <로(撈)는 향명(鄕名)으로는 예개(曳介)인데,
  20. 이것은 가지가 많은 나무로 만든다. 소나무 가지로 만든 것이 가장 좋다.>
  21. 그 위에는 또 소똥, 말똥을 깐다.
  22. 삼이 3치(6 cm) 가량 자랐을 때 잡초가 있다면
  23. 김을 매주어야 한다.
  24. <김은 한번이면 충분하다.
  25. 또한 늦게 파종하는 것이 있는데,
  26. 전후 10일 이내 기간에는 언제나 심을 수 있다.>


Korean Translation, RDA

  1. ○ 삼의 재배
  2. 정월에 얼음이 풀리면 좋은 밭을 가려서 삼는데
  3. 밭이 많으면 해바꿈한 밭(휴한한 농지)이 좋다.
  4. 휴한한 땅에서 자란 삼은 껍질이 얇고 마디 사이가 넓다.
  5. 갈이는 세로 세 번 가로 세 번 갈고, 외양간 거름을 펴고서
  6. 2월 상순에 다시 간다
  7. <중순은 중간 시기
  8. 하순은 늦은 시기가 되며
  9. 북쪽의 흙은 찬 기운이 늦게 풀리므로
  10. 긴요하고 마땅한 때에 따라 적절히 할 것이며
  11. 다른 모든 곡식에 있어서도 이와 같이 하여야 한다.>
  12. 써레나
  13. 쇠스랑으로
  14. 잘 다스려 평평하게 고른 후 발로 고루 잘 밟고
  15. 씨뿌림도 또한 고르고 조밀하게 하여
  16. <밟기와 씨뿌림이 고르지 않거나 조밀하지 않으면
  17. 삼의 섬유질이 조강하거나 가지가 나서 사용하기 적당하지 않다.
  18. 끌개(끙게)로 씨를 덮은 다음
  19. 없음
  20. 가지가 많은 나무를 엮어서 쓰는데 소나무 가지가 가장 좋다.>
  21. 그 위에 또 외양간 거름을 살포한다.
  22. 삼이 3치 쯤 자라서 잡초가 나게 되면
  23. 김을 매주어야 한다
  24. <김은 한번 밖에 매지 않는다.
  25. 또 늦게 심는 것이 있는데
  26. 하지 전후 10일 안에 심을 수 있다

Korean Translation, NKV

  1. ○ 삼 심는 법
  2. 정월이 되여 얼음이 풀리면 삼 심을 예정지로 좋은 밭을 선택하여 둔다.
  3. 밭이 많으면 해마다 밭을 바꾸는 것이 좋다.
  4. 해마다 밭을 바꾸면 삼 껍질이 얇고 마디가 미끈하여진다.
  5. 밭을 종횡으로 세 번씩 갈고 소 말똥을 펴 놓았다가
  6. 2월 상순에 다시 간다
  7. <밭가는 시기는 2월 중순보다 2월 상순이 좋고
  8. 하순이 제일 좋지 못하다.
  9. 우리나라 북쪽 지방에서는 추위가 늦게 풀리므로
  10. 시기를 보아 적절히 파종할 것이다.
  11. 그 지방에서는 아홉 가지 농작물 재배에 있어서 모두 다 이와 같이 하여야 한다.>
  12. 써레(木斫) 및
  13. 쇠스랑(鐵齒擺)으로써
  14. 땅을 잘 다루어 평평하게 만든 다음 발자국을 고르고 배게 치고
  15. 종자도 역시 고르고 배게 뿌려야 한다.
  16. <발자국 치기와 종자 뿌리기를 고르게 하지 않거나 그물게 하면
  17. 삼이 거칠기도 하고 가지도 나서 사용할 수 없게 된다.>
  18. 그 다음에 끌개를 이끌어서 종자가 흙에 덮이도록 하며
  19. <끌개(撈) -
  20. 이것은 가지가 많은 나무로 만든다. 소나무 가지로 만든 것이 가장 좋다.>
  21. 그 우에 또 우마분을 편다.
  22. 삼이 세 치쯤 자랐을 때 잡초가 있으면
  23. 김을 맨다.
  24. <김은 한 벌쯤 매여도 된다.
  25. 또 늦 종자가 있는데
  26. 그것은 하지 전후 열흘 안에는 어느 날이든지 심으면 된다.>

English Translation, Version 1

  1. ○ Planting Hemp
  2. When the ice melts in the first month, choose good fields,
  3. and if the fields are plentiful, rotate them annually.
  4. If rotated annually, then the outer layer is thin, and the spacing [between the fibers] is wide.
  5. Plow them vertically three times and horizontally three times, and spread cattle and horse manure.
  6. In the first decade[9] of days in the second month, plow them again
  7. Plowing again during the second decade of days is acceptable,
  8. but the last decade of days is the worst time.
  9. When it comes to the northern region, the cold weather delays the [spring] thaw,
  10. therefore it is important to follow the season for the appropriate time.
  11. The nine grains all follow this [the above process].
  12. First use the wooden harrow (known locally as sohŭlla)
  13. and then the iron-toothed spreader (known locally as such’uŭm)
  14. to even out the soil to prepare for seeding, then tamp it down uniformly with the feet.
  15. When planting the seeds, it is also necessary to be uniform and dense.
  16. (If the tamping and planting are neither uniform nor dense,
  17. then the hempen fibers may be too rough or may be too tangled, and therefore not suitable for use).
  18. Drag the ro to cover the seeds
  19. (locally known as yegae.
  20. To make it, first bind multiple branches of wood. Pine branches work best.)
  21. On top [of the soil], also spread cattle and horse manure.
  22. If there are grasses and weeds when the hemp has reached three ch’on [c. 6 cm],
  23. then weed them with a trowel.
  24. <Weed just once.
  25. Moreover, with the late varieties,
  26. all of them can be planted within ten days before or after the summer solstice.>

English Translation, Version 2

  1. ○ Planting and Cultivating Hemp
  2. When the ice melts in the first month[10], choose good fields,
  3. and if the fields are abundant, rotate them annually.
  4. If [the land is] rotated annually, then [the bark of the hemp][11] will be thin, and the space between the joints wide.
  5. Plow them vertically three times and horizontally three times, and spread cattle and horse manure [over the land].
  6. In the first ten-day period of the second lunar month, plow them again.
  7. Plowing again during the second ten-day period is acceptable,
  8. but the last ten-day period [of the month] is the worst time [for plowing].
  9. When it comes to the northern region, the cold weather delays the [spring] thaw,
  10. therefore it is important to follow the season for the appropriate time.
  11. The nine kinds of crops all follow this [the above process].
  12. With the mokchak, a wooden harrow (Its vernacular name is sohŭlla),
  13. and the chǒ’lch’ip’a, an iron-toothed spreader/hoe (Its vernacular name is susuŭm),
  14. harrow the soil well to level it, and then tamp it down with feet evenly and densely.
  15. When sowing seeds, it is also necessary to sow them evenly and densely.
  16. If the tamping and the sowing are not done evenly or densely,
  17. then the hemp may be too rough or may be too branchy, therefore not suitable for use).
  18. Drag the ro, a harrow rake, to cover the seeds.
  19. <ro’s vernacular name is kkŭlgae.
  20. To make it, bind multiple branches of wood; pine branches work best.>
  21. On top [of the soil], also spread cattle and horse manure.
  22. If there are weeds when the hemp has reached three ch’on [c. 6 cm],
  23. then weed them with a hoe.
  24. <Weed just once with a hoe.
  25. Moreover, with the late-sowing varieties,
  26. they can be sowed anytime within ten days before or after the summer solstice.>


Students' Contribution

Student 1: 린지

Planting and Cultivating Hemp

When the ice melts in the first month [of the lunar new year], select good fields. If the fields are abundant, rotate them annually. (If [the fields are] rotated annually, then [the bark of the hemp] will be thin, and the space between the joints wide.) Plow three times vertically and three times horizontally. Spread cattle and horse manure [over the field]. In the first sun of the second lunar month, plow again. (Plowing again in the middle sun is the second best time, and the last sun is the worst time. In the northern region, the [spring] thaw comes later, and this should be taken into consideration when selecting the best time [for plowing]. [The plowing for] all nine kinds of crops [should] follow this.)

With a wooden harrow (called soheulla) and an iron-toothed spreader/hoe (called susueum), level out the soil well, and then evenly and densely tamp it down with feet. When sowing seeds, it is also necessary to sow them evenly and densely. (If the tamping and the sowing are not done evenly 'and densely, then the hemp may be too rough or too branchy, therefore not suitable for use.) Drag a harrow rake to cover the seeds. (The harrow rake is called kkeulgae. To make it, bind multiple branches of wood; pine branches work best.) On top [of the soil], also spread cattle and horse manure. If there are weeds when the hemp has reached three chon [approx. 6 cm], then weed them with a hoe. (Weed just once with a hoe. The late-sowing varieties can be sowed anytime within ten days before or after the summer solstice.)

Comments

  • I have been using () for annotations in the original text, and [] for our additions. Should we agree to standardize it this way? What about the Chinese and Korean versions?
  • Terminology:
    • Tilling versus plowing?
      • "Conceptually, tilling is more like running a comb or a rake over the soil, while plowing is more like using a spatula to flip a pancake. These are much too simple analogies, but the basic idea should be clear. A tilling machine runs blades through the soil, while a plow's main work is to flip soil over on top of itself. This is a basically different approach to mixing and aerating the soil. A till will knife air into the soil and drag some soil particles into contact with different soil particles, while the plowshare's goal is to flip topsoil over and leave a layer upside-down." - Stephen Wright[12]
    • Sowing versus planting
      • "Sowing involves putting seeds into a soil, the seed then (hopefully) germinates and a plant grows - until the seed goes into the soil, the seed is dormant and needs no special attention (usually 'fresh' seeds have a shelf life of 2 to 4 years). Planting involves taking a living plant which needs water and light, and putting it into the soil. Plants can either be grown by a gardener from seed, or purchased from a nursery." See [13]
      • "Sowing is the process of planting." See [14]
    • Crops? Grains?
      • Field crops
        • "a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes; "cotton, hay, and grain are field crops"[15]
      • Grain crops
        • "A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes." [16]
  • Line 14
    • Harrow can be used as a verb, but it is usually used as a noun, so it sounds a bit awkward to me. Since it already says "with a harrow" I just said level out the soil.
    • I feel that than "densely" tamped down, "compactly" is more appropriate for the verb "to tamp down." Something can be "densely packed" i.e. "be packed (a state of being) in a dense way" but you cannot tamp down (an action) something "in a dense way." But for sowing seeds, densely feels okay. I am not sure how to explain the minute difference, so I think it is okay to just leave it even though it sounds a bit awkward.
  • I tried punctuating the name of the object and its vernacular name as "name-in-English (called vernacular-name)." I think this is the closest way to emulate the feeling of the original text while also keeping it concise (also like the original text).
  • 擇良田
    • The nuance of "choose" and "select" is a bit different, and I feel "select" is more appropriate.
    • How to translate 良? "Good" seems so vague and meaningless in a way. Is there a better word?
  • 上旬, 中旬, 下旬
    • Changing ten-days to "third"
    • I see Jeeeun also made this suggestion. I think this is much more clear and concise.
  • Line 9-10
    • Original: 至於北土, 寒氣晩解, 要當隋時適宜.
    • Korean V2: 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로 (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다.
    • English V2:When it comes to the northern region, the cold weather delays the [spring] thaw, therefore it is important to follow the season for the appropriate time.
    • My suggestion: In the northern region, the [spring] thaw comes later, and this should be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate time [for plowing].
  • 상시, 중시, 하시
    • ideal time, acceptable time, worst time?
    • best time, second best time, worst time?

Terms

Chinese Korean Romanization English Image
木斫 鄕名所訖 목작(써래) <향명 소흘라> soheulla wooden harrow
鐵齒擺 鄕名手愁 철치파(쇠스랑) <향명 수수음> susueum an iron-toothed spreader/hoe
撈, 鄕名曳介 로(撈)는 향명(鄕名)으로는 예개(曳介) kkeulgae harrow rake
寸 치 chi chon?

Student 2: 에벨린

Student 3: 권지은

  • Line 2
    • 正月氷解, 擇良田,
    • When the ice melts in the first month of the lunar year, ~
  • Line 3
    • 田多, 則歲易
    • 歲易 : Translation may depends on the meaning of 歲易. Crop alternately with other crops(rotate) or cultivate hemp one year and leave the farmland with nothing cultivated for a year.
  • Line 4
    • [歲易, 則皮薄節闊]
    • 闊 : rich/wide/broad
    • I think 매끄럽다 and 마디 사이가 넓다 both are understandable. If the texture is smooth and rich, it could be good fabric. If the space between the joints is wide, the length of the string is long enough to make fabric.
  • Line 6-8
    • 上旬, 中旬, 下旬
  1. the first/middle/last third of the month
  2. the first/middle/last part of the month
  • Line 12-13
    • 以木斫 [鄕名所訖羅] 及鐵齒擺 [鄕名手愁音]

농기구, 한국민족문화대백과 

≪농사직설≫에 나타난 농기구는 모두 10종으로, 이에는 따비·쟁기·쇠스랑·써레·끌개［撈］·번지·고무래·곰방메·끌개［縳柴木兩參個］·끌개［木斫背］·끌개［輪木］·오줌구유·호미·낫·도리깨·키·날개·거적·섬·되·말·석·부리망 등 23가지가 포함된다.
  이 가운데 땅을 삶는 연장의 종류와 수량은 압도적으로 많아서 39％에 이른다. 더구나 쇠스랑과 써레가 네 번, 번지와 곰방메가 두 번씩 등장하고 끌개도 4종이나 쓰여진 것으로 미루어, 당시에는 흙덩이를 고루 부수는 일에 큰 관심을 기울였음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 사정은 당시의 농업기술과 관련이 깊은 것이다.

한국의 농기구

써레.png

400픽셀

  • Line 14
    • 熟治使平後, 足踏均密.
    • 잘 삶고 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주고
    • 삶다 : 논밭의 흙을 써레로 썰고 나래로 골라 노글노글하게 만들다. (표준국어대사전)

Student 4: 안카

Line 12, 13, 19

Replace 'vernacular' for 鄕名


Line 6, 7, 8

Is 'first decade', 'second decade', 'last decade' an appropriate translation?

Decade-a period of ten years. [17]

Decade- etymology and usage


I found the following uses:

the first 10 days of a month

the middle 10 days of a month

the last 10 days of a month


6.二月上旬, 更耕之 7.中旬爲中時 8.下旬爲下時



Student 5: 이창섭

원문 대조 및 수정

  1. 種麻
  2. 正月氷解, 擇良田.
  3. 田多, 則歲易[18].
  4. <歲易, 則皮薄節闊>.
  5. 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞.
  6. 二月上旬, 更耕之.
  7. <中旬爲中時,下旬爲下時. 至於北土, 寒氣晩解, 要當隋時適宜, 九穀倣此.>,
  8. 以木斫<鄕名所訖羅>, 及鐵齒擺<鄕名手愁音>,
  9. 熟治使平後, 足踏均密.
  10. 撒種, 又須均須密.
  11. <足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用.>
  12. 曳撈覆種<撈, 鄕名曳介. 編多枝木爲之, 松枝爲上.>,
  13. 其上, 又布牛馬糞.
  14. 麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之.
  15. <不過一鋤, 又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也.>

수정된 원문 및 해석

  1. 삼 심고 키우기
  2. 정월에 얼음이 녹자마자 좋은 밭을 선택한다.
  3. 만약에 밭이 많이 확보되면 1년 휴한한 땅에 심는 것이 좋다.
  4. <1년 휴한한 땅에서 자란 삼은 껍질이 얇고 마디 사이가 넓다.>
  5. 삼베밭을 가는 방법은 먼저 세로로 세 번 가로로 세 번 하고 소나 말의 똥을 펼쳐 놓는다.
  6. 2월 상순에 다시 한 번 갈아 준다.
  7. <(2월 상순이 가장 최적의 시기이며) 중순은 그 다음이고 하순은 가장 나쁜 시기이다. 북쪽지방의 경우 토양의 찬 기운(한기)이 가장 늦게 풀리므로 (얼음이 풀리는) 시기에 따라 가장 적합한 시기에 갈아 주어야 한다. 추운 지방의 아홉 가지 곡식도 밭갈이 시기의 선택은 이와 같다.>
  8. 흙을 잘게 썰어주는 목작(써래) <향명 소흘라> 과 땅을 고르고 풀을 쳐내는 철치파(쇠스랑) <향명 수수음>으로
  9. 잘 삶고 땅을 골고루 평평하게 고른 후에, 발로 균질의 밀도가 형성되도록 잘 밟아 주어야 한다.
  10. 씨를 파종할 때에도 고른 간격으로 조밀하게 파종하여야 한다.
  11. <발로 밟거나 종자를 뿌릴 때 고르고 조밀하게 하지 않으면 삼의 섬유질이 거칠게 되거나 혹은 가지가 나서 사용하는데 적합하지 않게 되므로 유의하여야 한다.>
  12. [그 다음에] 끌개(끙게)를 이끌어서 종자가 흙에 덮이도록 하며 <로(撈)는 향명(鄕名)으로는 예개(曳介)인데, 이것은 가지가 많은 나무로 만든다. 소나무 가지로 만든 것이 가장 좋다.>
  13. 그 위에는 또 소똥, 말똥을 깐다.
  14. 삼이 3치(6 cm) 정도 자랐을 때 잡초가 있다면 김을 매주어야 한다.
  15. <김은 한번이면 충분하다. 또한 늦게 파종하는 것이 있는데, 전후 10일 이내 기간에는 언제나 심을 수 있다.>

논의 거리

  • 수정된 5번 문장 번역에 '초벌로 간다'는 표현이 있는데 원문 한문에는 안보입니다. 일부러 표현을 부드럽게 하려고 한 것인지? 알고자 합니다.
  • 수정된 7번의 문장 번역에 '상시' 와 '하시' 로 좋은 시기 나쁜 시기로 나누었는데 문제는 위 문장은 마를 심는데 집중한 내용이지 벼를 심는 것에 내용이 아닙니다. 조선왕조 실록 세종 20년 7월 5일 정해년 1번 기사는 벼농사 관련 내용으로 본 문장에서는 단순히 2월 '중순'과 '하순'을 중순은 월에 중간 시기 하순을 월에 마지막 시기 이렇게 표현한 것 같습니다.

Student 6: 강혜원

Tutor 1: 전성호

Farming Tools in CFT and Examples in Other Sources

Other Sources

Hunmin chŏngŭm haerye, 訓民正音解例本(1446) Sasŏng tonghae, 四聲通解(1517), Hunmong chahoe, 訓蒙字會) (1527), Hanjŏngnok, 閑情錄(1618) Yǒckǒ yuhae, 譯語類解(1690), Sallim kyŏngje 山林經濟(1715), Revised and Augmented Sallim kyŏngje 增補山林經濟, Mongŏ ryuhae, 蒙語類解(1768), Chaemulbo, 才物譜(1798), Haedong nongsŏ, 海東農書(1799), Sasi ch’anyoch’o, 四時纂要抄(1655) Nongga chipsŏng, 農家集成(1655)

Sources Abbreviation

CFT Nongsa chiksŏl

CEA Collection of Essentials on Agriculture and Sericulture (農桑輯要, Nongsang chipyo)

CEE Compiled Essential Excerpts on the Four Seasons (Sasi ch’anyoch’o, 四時纂要抄(1655)

CFF Compilation for Farmers (Nongga chipsŏng, 農家集成(1655)

HJN HJN Hanjŏngnok, 閑情錄(1618)

HMCH Hunmin chŏngŭm haerye, 訓民正音解例本(1446)

STH Sasŏng tonghae, 四聲通解(1517)

HMC Hunmong chahoe, 訓蒙字會) (1527)

MKD Miscellanies on Kŭmyang District (Kumyang chapnok, 衿陽雜錄(1492)

MRH Mongŏ ryuhae,蒙語類解(1768)

HDN Haedong nongsŏ, 海東農書(1799)

SLK Sallim kyŏngje,山林經濟(1715)

RASLK Revised and Augmented Sallim kyŏngje

CMB Chaemulbo,才物譜(1798)

YYH Yǒckǒ yuhae 譯語類解(1690)


날개 飛介(nalgae) 끌개 끙개輪木 (kkŭlgae) 썰개써래 所訖羅ssŏhŭre) 사개 사개맞춤 안성맞춤 Double Entry Bookkeping Balance 번개 지우개 밀개推介(밀개 milgae) 도리개 栳栲 Rogo (torikkae) 곰배檑木（koŭmp’a）‘곰방메’ ‘곰베’ 따개 따븨 耒 ttabi

Ⅰ. winnowing 簸箕(키, k’i) Ⅱ-1. A Straw Bowl 蒿篅 鄕名 空石(빈섬pinsŏm) Ⅱ-2. A Straw Bag 苫薦 鄕名 飛介(날개nalgae) Ⅲ. a Trough-shaped Bowl made of wood 木槽(구유kuyu) Ⅳ A Harrow 木斫, sohŭlla (所訖羅) Ⅴ. A Pitchfork 鐵齒擺 (쇠스랑syoshiryang 手愁音) Ⅵ. A Rake 撈 曳介 (끌개 kkŭlgae) Ⅶ. A Rake 板撈 翻地(번지 pŏnji) Ⅷ. A Rake 把撈 推介(밀개 milgae) Ⅸ. A Hoe 鋤 (호미 homie) Ⅹ-1. A Mallet 檑木 古音波 (고음파koŭmp’a ) Ⅹ-2 A Tool used to level dirt 輪木 (끌개kkŭlgae, oyeu) Ⅺ. A Weeder plow 耒 (따비ttabi) Ⅻ-1. A Flail 栳栲 Rogo (도리깨torikkae) Ⅻ-2. A tool the covered the mouth of a horse or cow 網口 Ⅻ-2 A scythe with a long handle 長柄大鎌, (낫Nat)


Ⅰ. 簸箕(키, k’i) This is pronounced p’a in Sino-Korean. It is a tool used to separate grain from the chaff. CFT 簸 音橎 揚去穅: HMCH 箕 Pronounced as k’i MRH 簸箕 (p’a ,k’i) STH 簸箕 k’i HMC 箕(k’i, kŭi), CMB 揚米器: A tool that winnows rice, 箕舌(k’i kil): The act of winnowing rice, 箕踵(箕後若鞋跟處也 k'ikkumch'i, k'ikumch'i). HDN 東俗通用柳箕: This refers to a k’i made of bound willow branches.


Ⅱ-1. 蒿篅 鄕名 空石(pinsŏm) CFT: 蒿篅 鄕名空石 音遄草器盛穀者: A bowl made of grass (straw) to hold grain. SLK: 藳篅鄕名空石之類 A straw bowl made of straw. YYH; 藳薦(tipchijŭk) 蘆席(sat): A reed bowl 竹簾: A bamboo bowl 草簾: A grass bowl

Ⅱ-2. 苫薦 鄕名 飛介(nalgae) CFT: 苫薦 鄕名 飛介: Pronounced “nalgae,” this refers to a sŏm of rice for a straw bag. 苫盖 This refers to the straw matting for a straw bag. CFF 苫草 SLK; 空篅, 苫草, 苫草, 草篅, 藳草, 藳席: The cover for the straw matting of the rice bag. CMB; 藳鞂(kogal) A unsheathed stalk of straw 遷(音遷收稻具 syŏm) A tool used to harvest rice stalks, pronounced syŏm

Ⅲ. 木槽(kuyu) 구유 말구유 성경한글번역 This is thought to be a trough-shaped bowl made of wood. The top of a kuyu (trough) is wide and its bottom is narrow. Three long planks are combined and the corners on both ends are blocked. It can be changed at both ends, combined, or taken part. There is no need to carve logs to make one like that in our own country

CFT 木槽 HMC 槽: A trough, read as cho in Sino-Korean and malguzi in the vernacular. 槽房 referred to a drinking establishment, 馬槽referred to malguzi, and 溜槽 was a container that stored rainwater. Kuzi became kui and became today’s kuyu. HJN 槽 Vernacular: kusyu Sino-Korean: cho SLK 水槽: kuyu (trough) was transcribed as '木槽' or merely '槽', and very rarely was it transcribed as '水槽'. YYH 馬槽 (malguyu)： A malguyu was a trough that could feed three or four horses simultaneously and used in Manchuria and Northern China. A large kuyu that was used to feed two to three cows at the same time was used in the mountainous areas of Kangwon-do Province. RASLK 木槽：“水槽” became “木槽”, but 木槽 is correct. When transcribed, 木槽 is sometimes written incorrectly as 水槽. CMB 槽（kwiu）

Ⅳ 木斫, 所訖羅 (A harrow) A mokchak (木斫) was a farming tool used even out the fields and was pronounced as sohŭlla (所訖羅) in the vernacular. the 木斫 in the Qimin Yaoshu (齊民要術) and Wang Zhen’s Nong Shu (農書) is 耰, that is, a mallet for breaking up dirt clods. This is clearly the same as the 檑木 in CFT. The meaning of the characters in 木斫 are in fact distant from today’s harrow as mentioned previously, and this is because the function of this tool as explained in Chinese farming texts is the same as that of a 檑木. In Yŏngsan, Kyŏngsang Province, it is called ssŏri or ssŏgŭre, and it used to be called a sohŭre. There are various ssŏre used for dry rice paddies. The same ssŏre is used for normal paddies, and can have as many as two to eleven prongs. Ssŏre that have three prongs are all made of wood and the middle prong is either shorter or longer than the rest. Those with eleven teeth are made of iron. They are dragged by cows or donkey and are used as a special farming tool to break up dirt clods or dig up and cover the dirt in dry rice paddies. The Nongzheng quanshu(農政全書) has a picture of this with an explanation attached. However, the same ssŏre in 14th century Nong Shu (農書, 1313) has the yoke open in the front (bottom) and the ssŏre in the rear, while the 17th century Nongzheng quanshu (農政全書, 1639) has the yoke at the top and the ssŏre at the bottom. The picture of the ssŏre does not have a connecting rod and the rope is tied where the main body of the ssŏre and pole meet. It is a particular form of ssŏre. There are a variety of structures and appearances. The ssŏre near Anju (Pyŏngannam-do Province) do not have connecting rods, and the ropes are tied directly to the main body. A tool to level dirt which is used to break up dirt clods. There are seven short iron prongs that are irregularly stuck into the body (a wooden block) with poles at both left and right sides with a H-shaped handle at the end. There is also a clamp fastened in between the body so that the handle can withstand force. This tool is put above dirt clods and then pressed down by the hands and waved left and right to break them. There are various ssŏre used for dry rice paddies. The same ssŏre is used for normal paddies, and can have as many as two to eleven prongs. Ssŏre that have three prongs are all made of wood and the middle prong is either shorter or longer than the rest. Those with eleven teeth are made of iron. They are dragged by cows or donkey and are used as a special farming tool to break up dirt clods or dig up and cover the dirt in dry rice paddies.

CFT 木斫（所訖羅） SLK 木斫（Vernacular name transcribed as sohŭlla, 所訖羅） RASLK 所訖羅 （ssŏhŭre) MRH 耙（ssŏhŭre） Related to the ssŏre, and similar in structure. It is used to break up dirt clods. CMB 耙（ssŏhŭre）This refers to what is known as a ssŏre today, or harrow. HDN 耖（ssŏŭre): Vernacular: ssyŏŭre Sino-Korean: ch’yo)

Ⅴ. 鐵齒擺 手愁音 (A pitchfork) This is defined as an “iron syoshiryang” but it is different from the soesŭrang. The ones used in Northern China and Manchuria have long prongs (within 15 cm), which can be over ten in number. 鐵齒擺 is the Chinese transcription of soesŭrang (a pitchfork). Soesŭrang is listed as as syoshirang in HMC. Soshirang has three prongs, but a Chinese pitchfork has four to six. Therefore, the efficiency and convenience of a soshirang is comparable to its Chinese counterpart. However, it is far better than its Japanese counterpart, which only has two prongs.

CFT 鐵齒擺（susuŭm）소시랑 쇠스랑 HMC 杷（Vernacular name: sŏhŭrae Sino-Korean: p’a, also known as syoshiryang in the vernacular） SLK 鐵齒擺（susuŭm） YYH 鐵杷子（An iron syoshiryang): A leveling tool. RASLK 鐵齒鈀（soshirang）

Ⅵ. 撈 曳介 (A kkŭlgae rake) 끌개 CFT 撈（yegae）：撈 (No) was a type of rake that was widely used by farmers. Long pine branches would be tied together at one end and loaded with a rock. This would then be dragged over sown fields to cover up the seeds with dirt, and sometimes a child was used as a weight on the branches instead of a rock. This was also called a “kaeji” in Pyŏngan-do Province, and after cutting pine branches to 50~60 cm in length, an appropriate-sized rock would be tied to the branches and straw would be coiled around the rock and branches. After sowing was complete, the part where the rock and straw touched would rub against the dirt and the pine needles would cover the seeds with dirt. Women would follow behind wearing straw shoes to stamp down the earth. This was used in many counties in western Kyŏnggi-do Province that faced the ocean. Round pine logs would be linked together and mounted with short prongs. It was usually dragged by cows. This was dragged by a person when it was used to plow and level the fields, weeding and planting rice when the clay earth would dry out, or when planting and covering up the rice plants with dirt. If more force was needed, it was loaded with grass or a rock. Kkŭlgae: A wide wooden block would be threaded with rope, which would then be dragged. This was called a kkŭlgae or kkŭnggae in Kyŏngsang-do Province. It is also described as “used to break the sand on the surface of salt fields.” This was used in many counties in western Kyŏnggi-do Province that faced the ocean. Round pine logs would be linked together and mounted with short prongs. It was usually dragged by cows. This was dragged by a person when it was used to plow and level the fields, weeding and planting rice when the clay earth would dry out, or when planting and covering up the rice plants with dirt. If more force was needed, it was loaded with grass or a rock. Kkŭlgae: A wide wooden block would be threaded with rope, which would then be dragged. This was called a kkŭlgae or kkŭnggae in Kyŏngsang-do Province. It is also described as “used to break the sand on the surface of salt fields.” Also, a round and long club mounted evenly with tree branches with leaves would be used to cover up fields with hemp seeds, and this was called a noja (撈子). CEE 撈：Kkŭlgae. 把撈 is another variety of this tool. SLK 撈 RASLK 曳橯

Ⅶ. 板撈（翻地）A pŏnji rake CFT 板撈（pŏnji）：The vernacular name for this is pŏnji. Pŏn means turn over inside which is lubricity. It has no fixed size, but generally is an oblong wooden board 2.5 m long and about 30 cm high. It is usually inside part tied to the prongs of a ssŏre and dragged by cows, but humans also dragged it from both sides. Nowadays they are frequently used to level out rice seedbeds, but they were also used to cover up the rice seeds with dirt in the fifteenth century. Leveling out the earth with this was called “pŏnji ch’inda” in Kyŏnggi-do Province. A long plank with a rope attached. The explanation and picture of this tool has been transferring directly from Nong Shu. A pŏnji, transcribed as 板撈 in CFT and Farm Management, is also transcribed as 板橯 in CMB. However, the author did not take this into consideration and instead appropriated the name directly from Nong Shu. In Nong Shu, it is shown with a handle tied to an oblong plank.

SLK 板撈（pŏnji） RASLK 板橯 CMB 板橯（pŏnji）: A tool to level dirt→板撈 in CFT HDN 平板（pŏnji） CMB 平板：板橯 is said to be the same as pŏnji.

Ⅷ. 把撈（推介）A milgae rake CFT 把撈（推介）: A milgae (推介) can be seen as a kind of rake that is used today to cover up seeds. This was called a milgae in Kangwŏn-do Province, and a mirae in Changhŭng, Chŏlla-do Province, but the former of these names is correct. Although rakes push or drag dirt, this tool is thus named for pushing dirt. In addition, this was called a ttaenggilgae in Bongyang, Ch’ungch’ŏnbuk-do Province, a tanggŭrae in Yŏngsan, Kyŏngsangnam-do Province and Dŏkjŏkdo in Kyŏnggi-do Province, and tanggŭlgae in Kŏmundo, Chŏllanam-do Province. These names all come from the fact that these rakes dragged dirt. SLK 把撈（椎介）：Although the name of a 把撈 was transcribed as 椎介, this is an error in transcribing 推介. It is written as 推介” in CFT. RASLK 把橯： 撈 is changed to 橯 in Farm Management.


Ⅸ. 鋤 (A hoe) CFT 鋤： Vernacular: homae Sino-Korean: sŏ, a small hoe, 鋤：Homi. This was transcribed as 鉏 or 鋤 in the fifteenth century. “A homi is the most widely used traditional farming tool….they are generally categorized for use in fields or paddies. The ones used for paddies have short handles, while the ones used for fields have long handles. The former have triangle shaped blades with sharp ends and dig deep into the dirt to uproot grass. The latter have blades with flat ends and are convenient for scraping weeds on the surface.” With a 立鋤, there is no inconvenience of having to bend over to remove weeds. As our hoes have very short poles, they must be used while sitting down in dry or wet fields.” However this does not mean that hoes with long poles did not exist. As Bak Chega explains in Discourse on Northern Learning, he says, “It is two and a half cha long and its neck is one cha long.” Therefore, a homi could be used standing up. 

 The homi in HDN has a long tang in comparison to the handle, and the blade at the end of the tang is bent nearly at a right angle. Also, the length of the blade is much longer than its rear and the end of the blade is pointed. Thus, this sort of homi is appropriate for use in the fields and is quite similar to the sickle-shaped homi used in the south of Yŏngnam or Honam and in Jeju.

耨(耘田器): The Nongzheng quanshu states, “The Lüshi Chunqiu says its pole is one cha long in order so that it may be used appropriately, and is six ch’on wide in order that it may fit in between the grains.” ” 農具六則 changes 立鋤 to 長柄鋤 and says “Its pole is two and a half cha in length and its neck is one cha long. Its blade is shaped like the leaf of a large kudzu, bending inwards. It is proper to use this standing up.” It also says, “If sprouts appear, this is used to scrape the dirt of the levees while standing up and remove and bury the weeds on the left and right; this then naturally benefits the roots.” 小鋤：“In the past, after plowing was done, then a 小鋤 was used to scrape the levees and small pits were made in which seeds were planted.”短柄鋤 is presumed to be similar to a homi. 耰鋤：Both 耨 and 耰鋤 are tools used to harvest crops. The production method of these tools was seen while passing through Liaodong and Hebei. The blade resembles a kudzu leaf and the neck is one cha and the pole is over two cha. This can be used while standing. A homi’s blade resembles a triangle and is quite long, up to 15~20 cm. HMCH Homae (鉏) SSC 鉏 HMC 鋤, 钁(Vernacular: homae, Sino-Korean: hwak, a large hoe） HJN 鋤 SLK 鉏，鋤 YYH 鋤子：A weeding tool. Homŭi is the transcription of homi. RASLK 鋤子 MRH 鋤子（homŭi） CMB 鋤(耘田器 homae) 钁（大鋤）耨(耘田器): The Nongzheng quanshu states, “The Lüshi Chunqiu says its pole is one cha long in order so that it may be used appropriately, and is six ch’on wide in order that it may fit in between the grains.” HDN 鋤 (homae): “


Ⅹ-1. 檑木 古音波 (A mallet Vernacular name: koŭmp’a ) CFT 檑木（koŭmp’a）‘곰방메’ ‘곰베’, ‘곤븨’：A 檑木 is used to break up dirt clods and it was called koŭmp’a as stated earlier and it thought to have evolved into kombangme. This is a round wooden block 30 cm in length and 5-10 cm in diameter with a long piece of wood stuck into it. This tool is called different names according to region, such as t’onggombae in Ch’ungch’ŏng-do Province. They are used to break up dirt clods and were called koŭmp’a, which then became today’s kombangme. This has a round wooden block (30 cm long and 5-10 cm in diameter) with a long handle and is called a t’onggombae in Ch’ungch’ŏngbuk-do Province, pungt’unggombae in Kyŏngsangnam-do Province, and kombaengi in Chŏllanam-do Province. A tool used to break up dirt clods, a kombangme 無齒杷, 机 (komire) komurae, 橽 (kkŭŭgae) kkŭlgae, 耰 kombangme A small mallet for breaking dirt cods, 刮板 narae A ssŏre without prongs SSC 檑木：This refers to a mallet as stated in CFT. SLK 檑木（koŭmp’a）

Ⅹ-2輪木 yunmok, kkŭlgae, 목작배, 써레등, 끌개 CFT 輪木 This kills the grass in low wetlands and breaks up dirt clods. A tool used to level dirt. CFT 縛柴木兩參箇 pakshimokyangsamgae Made from three or four pieces of split wood tied together, kkŭlgae - A tool used to level dirt which is used for children to ride sleighs dragged by cows. CFT 木斫背 mokchakpae, ssŏraetǔng, kkŭlgae – A tool used to level dirt. SSC 撈 kkŭlgae STH 磟碡 ryuktok Is shaped like a roller. HMC Ssŏre, pŏnji, tolt’ae, soesŭrang


Ⅺ. 耒 Sino-Korean: roe Vernacular: ttabi (a weeder plow) CFT 17 Sino-Korean: roe Vernacular: ttabi A weeder plow, a supplement to a plow – a plowing tool SSC 犂 ri A plow STH 犂 po Another name for a plow, 杴 (hŏm) Karae, sap (shovels) HMC Po, ttabi, karae (shovel), sap (shovel) SLK 犂 Plow, light plow, 胡犂 Light plow RASLK 耒耟 roegŏ A plow CMB 踏犂 tapri A plow, 耒 A ttabi handle, 耜 A ttabi blade


Ⅻ-1. 栳栲 Rogo in Sino-Korean, refers to a flail (torikkae) CFT 栳栲 rogo, torikkae – A threshing tool, A smaller torikkae with three or four twigs attached to the end of the rod. STH 耞 torich’ae (torikkae) HMC torich’ae (torikkae) CMB 耞 torikkae HDN 連耞 torikkae A handle used to spin the torikkae 稻床 A log threshing stand. A tool used to beat grain, and a tool used by rich farmers. 稻箸 A threshing comb to separate the grain from chaff; made from iron chopsticks.

Ⅻ-2.網口 A tool the covered the mouth of a horse or cow CFT 網口 A net to cover a horse’s or cow’s mouth – Other such tools CMB 篼子 A net to cover the mouth

Ⅻ-2長柄大鎌 A scythe with a long handle Nat CFT 21 長柄大鎌 A scythe with a long handle – a harvesting tool HMCH 鎌 Nat SSC柴鎌 Sikshikyŏm. A curved sickle used to cut wood. HMC A sickle 鎌, 釤, 鍥, 銍 CMB 鐹䥛 (kwagyŏl) 鏺栗鋻 (palyŏlgyŏn) A cutting blade, a type of sickle, 銍 A short sickle used to cut grain, 釤 A large sickle HDN 鎌 A sickle


Tutor 2: 김현

標點 Punctuation

種麻

○正月氷解, 擇良田。 田多, 則歲易。 【歲易, 則皮薄節闊。】 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞。

二月上旬, 更耕之。 【中旬爲中時, 下旬爲下時。 至於北土, 寒氣晩解, 要當隋時適宜。 九穀倣此。】 以木斫【鄕名斫訖羅】及鐵齒擺【鄕名手愁音】, 熟治使平, 後足踏均密。

撒種, 又須均須密。 【足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用。】

曳撈覆種。【撈, 鄕名曳介. 編多枝木爲之, 松枝爲上。】 其上, 又布牛馬糞。

麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之。【不過一鋤。 又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也。】

音/訓 Character Reading

  • 歲易, 則皮薄節闊.
    1. 皮 피 pí leather / skin / fur
    2. 薄 박 bó meager / slight / weak
    3. 節 절 jié node / joint / section / segment / part
    4. 闊 활 kuò rich / wide / broad
  • 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞.
    1. 縱 종 zòng warp (the vertical threads in weaving) / vertical
    2. 橫 횡 héng horizontal / across
  • 足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用.
    1. 足 족 zú foot / to be sufficient / ample
    2. 踏 답 tà to tread / to stamp / to step on / to press a pedal / to investigate on the spot
    3. 與 여 yǔ and / together with
    4. 撒 살 sǎ to scatter / to sprinkle / to spill
    5. 種 종 zhǒng seed / species
    6. 撒種 살종 sǎzhǒng to sow seeds
    7. 均 균 jūn equal / even / uniform
    8. 密 밀 mì close / thick / dense
    9. 麤 추 cū coarse / rough (=粗)
    10. 枝 지 zhī branch / branch off
    11. 中 중 zhòng to hit (the mark) / to win (a prize, a lottery)
    12. 用 용 yòng to use / usefulness

文型 Pattern Practice

  • (A), 則 (B) ..... when (A), do (B) / if (A) , then (B)
    1. 田多, 則歲易.
    2. 歲易, 則皮薄節闊.
    3. 足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝, 不中於用.
    4. 麻長三寸許, 有雜草, 則鋤之.
  • (A1), 又 (A2) ..... ※ find out what is to repeat.
    1. 熟治使平, 後足踏均密. → 撒種, 又須均須密.
    2. 耕之縱三橫三, 布牛馬糞. → 其上, 又布牛馬糞.
    3. 二月上旬, ..... 撒種, ..... → 又有晩種者, 夏至前後十日內, 皆可種也.
  • (A) 及 (B) / (A) 與 (B) ..... expressing "and" or "as well as" in statements
    1. 以木斫及鐵齒擺, 熟治使平, .... implying (from A to B)
    2. 足踏與撒種, 不均不密, ....
  • (A) 或 (B) / 或 (A) 或 (B) ..... expressing "or" in statements
    1. 足踏與撒種, 不均不密, 則麻或麤或枝 ....

Class Comments

Jeeeun

  • Does crop rotation referring to changing to a different crop each year, or letting the land go fallow for a year before planting the same crop again?
  • How to translate 上旬, 中旬, 下旬:
    • first/middle/last versus first/second/third
    • ten days, third, sun
  • Pictures of the tools
    • But no idea how to use it
    • Virtual museum of the tools?
  • 민속박물관


Anca

  • Same as Jeeeun

ChangSup

  • Rearranged the lines into one line where appropriate.
  • Many original text annotations, so I added them
    • Prof Kim - use the thick brackets so that it is not confused with Wiki markup or HTML tags
  • 초벌로 - not in the original Chinese text
  • 상시 early harvest, 중시 middle harvest, 하시 worst date of harvest
  • Time is important! Sejong invented many clocks.


Collaborative Translation Result

English Translation, Version 3 (Editor: __________ )

Glossary

Type Hanja Hangeul MR RR English

Further Readings

References

  1. ↑ 해바꿈(歲易): 1년 동안 작물을 재배하지 않고 휴한(休閑)하는 것. 따라서 一易田은 1년 휴한, 再易田은 2년 휴한하는 것을 뜻하며, 不易田은 휴한을 하지 않는 연작지임. 김영진, 조선시대전기농서(1984), p. 50.
  2. ↑ 《農事直說》註云: "節晩耕種者不實。" 又以今人已驗之事言之, 早種則所出倍多, 晩種則禾穀盛長而所出少矣。 以此觀之, 凡稼穡皆以早耕種爲貴. 《농사직설(農事直說)》 주(註)에 이르기를, ‘절후가 늦게 갈아 심은 것은 잘 결실하지 않는다. ’고 하며, 또 지금 사람들이 이미 징험한 일로 말하더라도 일찍 파종하면 소출이 배나 많고, 늦게 파종하게 되면 화곡(禾穀)이 무성하게 자라도 소출이 적다는 것이다. 이것으로 보건대, 무릇 농사란 모두 일찍 갈아 심는 것을 귀히 여기는 바이다. (세종실록 세종 20년 7월 5일 http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_12007005_001)
  3. ↑ 倣 (본받을 방, 본뜰 방)
  4. ↑ 擺 (열릴, 털다 파)
  5. ↑ )愁 (근심 수, 모을 추)
  6. ↑ 撒 (뿌릴 살)
  7. ↑ 撈 (건질 로): 끙게(씨를 뿌린 뒤에 씨앗이 흙에 덮히게 하는 농구)
  8. ↑ 국립중앙도서관본에는 다음과 같은 내용이 추가되어 있다. 삼을 심기에 좋은 날은 임신ㆍ신사ㆍ갑신ㆍ기해ㆍ무신ㆍ신해ㆍ경신일이다. 정월의 세 묘일(卯日)이 제일이다. 사계절의 진일(辰日), 술일(戌日), 축일(丑日), 미일(未日)을 피한다. 정월의 세 묘일은 삼을 심기에 가장 좋은 날이다.(북한본) 삼을 심는 데 좋은 날은 신사, 무신, 신해, 기해, 갑신, 경신 일이요 사계월(四季月; 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울 사철 중의 마지막 달들을 말하는 것이니 즉 3월, 6월, 9월, 12월이다.)의 진(辰), 술(戌), 축(丑), 미(未), 기(己) 일에 심는 것을 꺼린다. 정월 삼묘(三卯; 한달이 30일로 달마다 대개 12지의 일자가 세 번 든다. 삼묘일이라면 그 달 중에 드는 묘일卯日 셋을 말하는 것이다)일에 삼을 심는 것이 가장 좋다.
  9. ↑ Decade is used here to refer to the division of 3 sets of 10 days each referred to as 旬 (sun).
  10. ↑ The lunar calendar needs to be indicated as an explanatory note in the preface.
  11. ↑ (In my opinion this refers to the hemp’s stem. Fibers for making fabric are located in the plant’s stem, after removing the bark. (http://bastfibersllc.com/images/403_crossect.jpg)
  12. ↑ [1]
  13. ↑ [2]
  14. ↑ [3]
  15. ↑ [4]
  16. ↑ [5]
  17. ↑ Oxford Dictionary
  18. ↑ 출전: 『通鑑節要』 권 11, 「漢紀」征和 4년(임진 B.C.89)條. http://db.cyberseodang.or.kr/front/sabuList/BookMain.do?mId=m01&bnCode=jti_2b0102&titleId=C186
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