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==천간(天干) Heavenly Stems==
 
==천간(天干) Heavenly Stems==
  
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The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.<ref>Smith (2011).</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)][</ref>
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The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean: 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.<ref>Smith (2011).</ref>  
  
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
  
  
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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! rowspan="2" | Celestial<br />Stem !! colspan="2" | Meaning
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! rowspan="2" | No || rowspan="2" | Heavenly<br />Stem || colspan="2" | Meaning
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Original !! Modern
 
! Original !! Modern
 
|-
 
|-
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|甲 갑|| shell || ''first (book I, person A etc.)'', ''methyl group'', helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
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|1 ||甲 갑|| shell || ''first (book I, person A etc.)'', ''methyl group'', helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
 
|-
 
|-
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|乙 을|| fishguts || ''second (book II, person B etc.)'', ''ethyl group'', twist
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|2 ||乙 을|| fishguts || ''second (book II, person B etc.)'', ''ethyl group'', twist
 
|-
 
|-
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|丙 병|| fishtail <ref>Wenlin Dictionary: Picture of a fish tail.</ref>|| ''third'', bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
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|3 ||丙 병|| fishtail || ''third'', bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
 
|-
 
|-
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|丁 정|| nail(fastener) || ''fourth'', male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
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|4||丁 정|| nail(fastener) || ''fourth'', male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
 
|-
 
|-
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|戊 무|| lance || (not used)
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|5 ||戊 무|| lance || (not used)
 
|-
 
|-
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|己 기|| threads on a loom <ref>Wenlin Dictionary: 己 may have depicted thread on a loom; an ancient meaning was 'unravel threads', which was later written 紀 jì. 己 was borrowed both for the word jǐ 'self', and for the name of the sixth Heavenly Stem (天干).</ref> || self
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|6 ||己 기|| threads on a loom || self
 
|-
 
|-
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|庚 경|| evening star || age (of person)
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|7 ||庚 경|| evening star || age (of person)
 
|-
 
|-
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|辛 신|| to offend superiors <ref>Wenlin Dictionary: "The seal has 𢆉 'knock against, offend' below, and 亠 above; the scholastic commentators say: to offend (亠 = ) 上 the superiors"</ref> || bitter, piquant, toilsome
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|8 ||辛 신|| to offend superiors || bitter, piquant, toilsome
 
|-
 
|-
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|壬 임|| burden<ref>Wenlin Dictionary: 壬 rén depicts "a 丨 carrying pole supported 一 in the middle part and having one object attached at each end, as always done in China" --Karlgren(1923). (See 扁担 biǎndan). Now the character 任 rèn has the meaning of carrying a burden, and the original character 壬 is used only for the ninth of the ten heavenly stems (天干).</ref> || to shoulder, to trust with office
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|9 ||壬 임|| burden || to shoulder, to trust with office
 
|-
 
|-
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|癸 계|| disposed grass <ref>Wenlin Dictionary: 癶 "stretch out the legs" + 天; The nicely disposed grass, on which the Ancients poured the libations offered to the Manes</ref> || (not used)
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|10 ||癸 계|| disposed grass || (not used)
 
|}
 
|}
  
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<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)][</ref>
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Celestial_Stem", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
  
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==지지(地支) Earthly Brahches==
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The Earthly Branches are an ordering system used throughout East Asia in various contexts, including its ancient dating system, astrological traditions, and zodiac.
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This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star).
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In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, and Chinese hour in the form of double hours.
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_stem (from "Earthly_Branches", <i>Wikipedia</i>)]
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{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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! No !! Earthly<br />Branch !! Chinese<br/>zodiac !! Direction !! Season !! Lunar Month !! Double Hour !! Western Zodiac
 +
|-
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|1||子||鼠<br/> Rat||0° (north)||rowspan="2"|winter||Month 11||11pm to 1am (midnight) || Aries <br/>「백양」
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|-
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|2||丑||牛<br/> Cow||30°||Month 12||1am to 3am || Taurus <br/>「황소」
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|-
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|3||寅||虎<br/> Tiger||60°||td rowspan="3"|spring||Month 1||3am to 5am || Gemini <br/>「쌍둥이」
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|-
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|4||卯||兎<br/> Rabbit||90° (east)||Month 2||5am to 7am || Cancer <br/>「큰 게」
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|-
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|5||辰||龍<br/> Dragon||120°||Month 3||7am to 9 am || Leo <br/>「사자」
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|-
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|6||巳||蛇<br/> Snake||150°||td rowspan="3"|summer||Month 4||9am to 11am ||  Virgo <br/>「처녀」
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|-
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|7||午||馬<br/> Horse||180° (south)||Month 5||11am to 1pm (noon) || Libra <br/>「천칭(天秤)」
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|-
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|8||未||羊<br/> Goat||210°||Month 6||1pm to 3pm ||Scorpio <br/>「전갈」
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|- ||
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|9||申||猿<br/> Monkey||240°||td rowspan="3"|autumn||Month 7||3pm to 5pm ||  Sagittarius <br/>「궁수」
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|-
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|10||酉||鷄<br/> Chicken||270° (west)||Month 8||5pm to 7pm ||Capricorn <br/>「염소」
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|-
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|11||戌||犬<br/> Dog||300°||Month 9||7pm to 9pm || Aquarius <br/>「물병」
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|-
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|12||亥||猪<br/> Pig||330°||winter||Month 10||9pm to 11pm || Pisces <br/>「물고기」
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|}
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Zodiac gods - images from the stone inscription of the tomb of Kim Yusin (김유신, 金庾信, 595-673)
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[[파일:12ChineseZodiac.jpg|900px]]
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The tomb of Kim Yusin is a large tomb measuring roughly 30m in diameter. The relief carvings of 12 Oriental zodiac gods (half man, half animal) stand guard around the tomb, brandishing weapons.
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[[파일:김유신묘.jpg|400px | 경주 김유신묘, 경상북도 경주시 충효동 산7-10번지]]
 
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<references/>
 
<references/>
  
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==Bebliography==
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==Reference==
  
 
Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In John Steele (ed.). <i>Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world</i> (PDF). Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1. [http://cangjie.info/public/papers/SmithAdam_2010_sexagenary.pdf]
 
Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In John Steele (ed.). <i>Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world</i> (PDF). Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1. [http://cangjie.info/public/papers/SmithAdam_2010_sexagenary.pdf]

2018년 5월 9일 (수) 10:56 기준 최신판

천간(天干) Heavenly Stems

The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān; Korean: 천간) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle.[1]

(from "Celestial_Stem", Wikipedia)


No Heavenly
Stem 		Meaning
Original Modern
1 甲 갑 shell first (book I, person A etc.), methyl group, helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
2 乙 을 fishguts second (book II, person B etc.), ethyl group, twist
3 丙 병 fishtail third, bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
4 丁 정 nail(fastener) fourth, male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
5 戊 무 lance (not used)
6 己 기 threads on a loom self
7 庚 경 evening star age (of person)
8 辛 신 to offend superiors bitter, piquant, toilsome
9 壬 임 burden to shoulder, to trust with office
10 癸 계 disposed grass (not used)

(from "Celestial_Stem", Wikipedia)

지지(地支) Earthly Brahches

The Earthly Branches are an ordering system used throughout East Asia in various contexts, including its ancient dating system, astrological traditions, and zodiac. This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star). In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, and Chinese hour in the form of double hours.

(from "Earthly_Branches", Wikipedia)

No Earthly
Branch 		Chinese
zodiac 		Direction Season Lunar Month Double Hour Western Zodiac
1 子 鼠
Rat		 0° (north) winter Month 11 11pm to 1am (midnight) Aries
「백양」
2 丑 牛
Cow		 30° Month 12 1am to 3am Taurus
「황소」
3 寅 虎
Tiger		 60° spring Month 1 3am to 5am Gemini
「쌍둥이」
4 卯 兎
Rabbit		 90° (east) Month 2 5am to 7am Cancer
「큰 게」
5 辰 龍
Dragon		 120° Month 3 7am to 9 am Leo
「사자」
6 巳 蛇
Snake		 150° summer Month 4 9am to 11am Virgo
「처녀」
7 午 馬
Horse		 180° (south) Month 5 11am to 1pm (noon) Libra
「천칭(天秤)」
8 未 羊
Goat		 210° Month 6 1pm to 3pm Scorpio
「전갈」
9 申 猿
Monkey		 240° autumn Month 7 3pm to 5pm Sagittarius
「궁수」
10 酉 鷄
Chicken		 270° (west) Month 8 5pm to 7pm Capricorn
「염소」
11 戌 犬
Dog		 300° Month 9 7pm to 9pm Aquarius
「물병」
12 亥 猪
Pig		 330° winter Month 10 9pm to 11pm Pisces
「물고기」

Zodiac gods - images from the stone inscription of the tomb of Kim Yusin (김유신, 金庾信, 595-673)

12ChineseZodiac.jpg

The tomb of Kim Yusin is a large tomb measuring roughly 30m in diameter. The relief carvings of 12 Oriental zodiac gods (half man, half animal) stand guard around the tomb, brandishing weapons.

경주 김유신묘, 경상북도 경주시 충효동 산7-10번지

  1. ↑ Smith (2011).

Reference

Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In John Steele (ed.). Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world (PDF). Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1. [1]

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