(Translation) 1543年 李彦迪諭書
| Primary Source | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
Title | |
| English | ||
| Chinese | 1543年 李彦迪 諭書 | |
| Korean(RR) | 1543년 이언적 유서(Yi Eonjeok Yuseo) | |
| Text Details | ||
| Genre | Royal Court Documents | |
| Type | Instructions | |
| Author(s) | 國王:中宗 | |
| Year | 1543 | |
| Source | Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관) | |
| Key Concepts | ||
| Translation Info | ||
| Translator(s) | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
| Editor(s) | ||
| Year | 2019 | |
목차
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Original Script
- 3 Discussion Questions
- 4 Further Readings
- 5 References
- 6 Translation
- 6.1 (sample) : Jaeyoon Song
- 6.2 Student 1 : Yishu Ma
- 6.3 Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희
- 6.4 Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari
- 6.5 Student 4 : King Kwong Wong
- 6.6 Student 5 : 신동조
- 6.7 Student 6 : Stacey Lui
- 6.8 Student 7 : (Write your name)
- 6.9 Student 8 : Q
- 6.10 Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra
- 6.11 Student 10 : (Kanghun Ahn)
- 6.12 Student 11 : (Write your name)
- 6.13 Student 12 : (Write your name)
- 6.14 Student 13 : (Write your name)
- 6.15 Student 14 : (Write your name)
Introduction
Yi Ŏnchŏk (1491 - 1553) was a Confucian scholar during the Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty. He is considered a pioneer in the process of establishing Neo-Confucianism of Chosŏn. Although he was never a student of Yi Ŏnchŏk, T'oegye Yi Hwang, one of the two most prominent Confucian scholars of Chosŏn, is known to have referred to Yi Ŏnchŏk as one of the sages of the East.[1][2]
Yusŏ [3]
Original Script
| Classical Chinese | English |
|---|---|
|
▣…▣ 荐臻專城或存於▣▣ 赤子未蒙其實澤 脫有▣(緩)急, 將何措, 宜益軫, 予懷其惟重臣 惟卿, 德涵內外, 學造精微, 敦大而高明, 方嚴而簡默, 處論思之地, 嘉猷累陳, 作親民之官, 善政素著, 允釐庶績, 方參廟謨, 今授卿以本道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使 卿其體予倚任 專推卿孝友之政 課農桑以衣食吾民 明敎化以作新斯民 秉大公而嚴黜陟 揭至明而別情僞 剸裁盤錯 伸理冤枉, 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官 堂上斷以卿衷 故玆敎示 想宜知悉 嘉靖▣…▣八月初十日
|
If those successive magistrates involve in..., common people would not receive the real benefits of governance. Confronted with sudden and urgent situations, how would we handle them? In my growing concern over these matters, I can only think of one important minister, which is you. You embody virtue within and without. In learning, you have reached at high levels of profundity and delicacy. You are great and brilliant. You are upright and solemn, and, at the same time, simple and quiet. When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you have repeatedly laid out excellent plans for governance. Being an official of renewing the people, your good governance has always been outstanding. You have governed many tasks so sincerely and participated in the discussion in the court. As I now appoint you as Governor of Kyŏngsang (Gyeongsang) Province as well as its Navy Commissioner, you must attend to the mission that I assign to you; devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship; feed and clothe My people by encouraging farming and sericulture; enlighten, thereby renewing them. Holding on to the great fairness, you must be strict in promotion and expulsion. Lifting the supreme intelligence, you must differentiate what is right and wrong. Cutting out the entangled issues, you must relieve the unresolved grievances. If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report them to the office. If the rank of the accused is not as high as the ministers of 3a, you may make a judgment based on your faithfulness. I, the King, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all My instructions. |
Discussion Questions
- Why do you think the king praises the minister so effusively before assigning him as governor?
- What are the roles and responsibilities of governors as defined by the king? How do those roles fit with your general understanding of Confucian values?
- Among the roles and responsibilities assigned to governor,what are the most important task?
- According to this document, how did the governor relate to the central government? What does this document show as to relations between the central and regional governments?
- What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?
- Yi Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?
- Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)?
- How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)?
- What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?
- What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)?
- What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts?
- How important were these posts to local governance?
- Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...
- Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
- What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?
- How significant was this post assigned to I Ŏnchŏk?
- Define 'good governance'. What benefits to the common people was it supposed to bring? Was this realized?
Further Readings
References
- ↑ http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81&ridx=0&tot=46
- ↑ https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%81
- ↑ DOI : 10.21027/manusc.2016.48..010
《書·堯典》：“允釐百工，庶績咸熙。”
Translation
(sample) : Jaeyoon Song
- Discussion Questions:
11. 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官 堂上斷以卿衷, 故玆敎示 想宜知悉 If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report to the office, and the high ministers (ranking 3a and above) will make a judgment based on your faithful report. I, the king, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all my instructions.
Question: Why do you think the king praises the minister so effusively before assigning him as governor?
Question: What are the roles and responsibilities of governors as defined by the king? How do those roles fit with your general understanding of Confucian values?
Question: Among the roles and responsibilities assigned to governor,what are the most important task?
Question: According to this document, how did the governor relate to the central government? What does this document show as to relations between the central and regional governments?
Student 1 : Yishu Ma
- Discussion Questions:
What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?
荐臻專城或存於▣▣赤子未蒙其實澤
Translation: Successive local officials might be ... Common people have not yet received the real benefits [of governance].
Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희
脫有▣(緩)急將何措宜益軫予懷其惟重臣
As to a sudden and urgent situation, what to do with it? One ought to handle it with measured deliberations. I can only think of one right minister [who is qualified to take up such task].
Translator's note:
1. The meaning of 脫有緩急 is evading for a modern reader. But it is apparently a very common idiom during the Choson dynasty. A search in the Veritable Records of the Choson Dynasty (조선왕조실록) yields 283 results. From my brief survey, the idiom seemingly refers to a sudden and urgent situation.
Example: 태종실록 14권, 태종 7년 7월 27일 戊寅 2번째기사 開雲浦至甘北浦水路五息, 陸路四息, 脫有緩急, 難以相救。
세종실록 88권, 세종 22년 3월 1일 癸卯 3번째기사 今聞高興新鎭, 置於隔海之地三十餘里, 脫有緩急, 人民被虜可慮。
광해군일기[중초본] 7권, 광해 1년 6월 8일 丁巳 3번째기사 近因南邊稍靜, 人之視舟師若筌然, 減損兩湖入防之船, 只存本道船二十餘隻。 其勢將至於停罷, 脫有緩急, 將何以應敵乎?
2. The document used a historical variation of the word "脫." For more, see 中華民國教育部 異體字字典 http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/yitia/fra/fra03334.htm
- Discussion Questions:
I Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?
Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari
惟卿 德涵內外 學造精微 敦大而高明 方嚴而簡默
Only you, minister, are embodied with virtue inside and outside. Your knowledge is profound and subtle. You are great and brilliant. You are upright and solemn, and [in the same time] simple and quiet.
- Discussion Questions:
Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)? How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)? What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?
Student 4 : King Kwong Wong
處論思之地 嘉猷累陳 作親民之官, 善政素著 When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you repeatedly lay out excellent plans for governance. Being an official of renewing people, your good governance is always outstanding.
- Discussion Questions:
What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)? What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts? How important were these posts to local governance?
Student 5 : 신동조
允釐庶績 方參廟謨
You have governed many tasks so sincerely that you can now participate in the discussion of the court.
Discussion Questions: Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...
Student 6 : Stacey Lui
卿其體予倚任 專推卿孝友之政
I deeply trust your character. Now you should devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship.
- Discussion Questions:
Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?
How significant was this post assigned to I Ŏnchŏk?
Define 'good governance'. What benefits to the common people was it supposed to bring? Was this realised?
Student 7 : (Write your name)
課農桑以衣食吾民
Study farming and sericulture to feed and clothe our people.
- Discussion Questions:
Student 8 : Q
明敎化以作新斯民
Let moral suasion shine so as to renew this people of ours.
作新斯民 as verb 作 + object 新斯民, which can also be thought of as verb 新 + object 斯民, can be seen here.
- Discussion Questions:
How did the people of Choson court reconcile the abstract language, of which this is an example, and the possible implications regarding various issues mentioned in the process of applying them?
Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra
秉大公而嚴黜陟 Hold onto the great fairness, and be strict to promotion and expel.
- Discussion Questions:
Student 10 : (Kanghun Ahn)
揭至明而別情僞剸裁盤錯伸理冤枉
Lifting up the supreme luminosity (intelligence), in order to differentiate what is right and wrong, cutting out the entangled issues, and relieving the unresolved grievances
Student 11 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
Student 12 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
Student 13 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
Student 14 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
