(Translation) 都膺王旨
| Primary Source | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
Title | |
| English | ||
| Chinese | 都膺 王旨 | |
| Korean(RR) | 도응 왕지(Do Eung wangji) | |
| Text Details | ||
| Genre | Royal Documents | |
| Type | Decree | |
| Author(s) | King Taejo | |
| Year | 1393 | |
| Source | ||
| Key Concepts | ||
| Translation Info | ||
| Translator(s) | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
| Editor(s) | ||
| Year | 2018 | |
목차
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Original Script
- 3 Discussion Questions
- 4 Further Readings
- 5 References
- 6 Translation
- 6.1 (sample) : Jaeyoon Song
- 6.2 Student 1 : (Ren Ruixin)
- 6.3 Student 2 : (Ze Xiaoyi)
- 6.4 Student 3 : (Hu Jing)
- 6.5 Student 4 : Martin
- 6.6 Student 5 : (Inho Choi)
- 6.7 Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)
- 6.8 Student 7 : (King Kwong Wong)
- 6.9 Student 8 : Younès M'Ghari
- 6.10 Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)
- 6.11 Student 10 : (Ji-Hyun Lee)
- 6.12 Student 11 : (Lee Goeun)
- 6.13 Student 12 : (Na Sanghoon)
- 6.14 Student 13 : (Write your name)
- 6.15 Student 14 : (Write your name)
Introduction
都膺王旨
Treasure 724-1 Do Gigap Collection, Nonsan-gun, South Chungcheong Province.
Object Description: Issued to a Goryeo (MR: Koryŏ) dynasty official Do Eung (MR: To Ŭng) in the tenth lunar month of the second year of Joseon (MR: Chosŏn)’s founder King Taejo, this short order of appointment written in cursive style, stamped with a seal mark that reads “Chosŏn wang po 朝鮮王寶” (the Royal Seal [Treasure] of the Chosŏn King). The document was handed down in collection of Sŏngju To family in a set of four decrees of appointment, dated 1393, 1394, 1395, and 1397, respectively, and a 1394 certificate of salary/fief bestowed to Do Eung. Do Eung was an official of the late Goryeo dynasty who once was a close childhood friend of Taejo. However, he ended up as one of the so-called 72 sages of Domun-dong (杜門洞七十二賢) who remained in Gaeseong in resistance to foundation of the new dynasty. Taejo offered official posts to Do Eung as many as five times without any response from Do. This document is the earliest dating piece among the set and entitles Do Eung as Grand Master for Court Service (jobong daebu 朝奉大夫) and Deputy Superintendent of Standard Medicine (jeonui sogam 典醫少監).
For its short text length and minimal components, this document represents many aspects of transition in styles of document, the control system, and early Joseon’s diplomatic relationship with Yuan and Ming dynasties from the late Goryeo to the early Chosŏn dynasty.
First of all, traces of Goryeo government system apparent in the office titles,
Second, the simple statement of the king’s intention is aberrant from the style of official documents in other periods,
It lacks the details of bureaucratic drafting and review procedures prevalent in the Tang and Song dynasty model of the previous centuries. Starting with a word “wang ji” (王旨; MR: Wang Ji) and the structure indicating the recipient’s name and appointments is enclosed by the set phrase “wi… ja” (為... 者; MR: Wi… cha). Although no comparable examples of Yuan dynasty documents survive today to confirm the suggestion, these features are presumed to take after the Mongolian style of documents that simply conveys the royal command. The heading “王旨” which represents the King’s “intention” or “order,” is a term replacing the previous term “宣旨” (proclamation) since the reign of Goryeo King Chungnyeol (r. 1274-1308), who became a son-in-law of Kubilai Khan (r. 1260-1294) and had Koryŏ subsequently affiliated to the Mongolian kesig system. The use of “爲...者,” according to Shim Yeong-hwan, is transliteration of Mongolian language, in which “者” means ‘to order.’ Such components as “王旨” and “爲...者” was again replaced by “敎旨” (instruction) since 1460, as a new standard of documents was regulated in the Great Code of State Administration (經國大典; RR: Gyeongguk Daejeon; MR: Kyŏngguk Taejŏn).
Third, the sealmark on the document signifies the circumstances of King Taejo and the newly founded Chosŏn dynasty during the concurrent period of transition from Yuan to Ming. The Royal Seal [Treasure] of the Joseon King (朝鮮王寶) was a domestically produced signature of the king and the only known example of such in Korean history. While it was customary under the Sinitic tributary system for a kingdom to receive the official seal of the monarch from the Son of Heaven (the emperor), It was temporarily used from 1393 to 1401, from the second year of Taejo’s reign until his son Taejong formally received “Joseon gukwang ji in 朝鮮國王之印” (Seal of the King of the Joseon State) from Jianwen emperor of Ming.
Calligraphy - cursive script.
1393年(太祖 2) 10월에 都膺을 朝奉大夫·典醫少監에 任命하는 告身이다. 이 文書는 같은 시기에 發給된 朴剛生 告身과 함께 現在까지 알려진 朝鮮 初期 告身 가운데 가장 이른 時期의 것으로서 [朝鮮王寶]가 安寶되어 있는 가장 이른 시기의 文書이기도 하다. 朝鮮이 建國된 이후 1392年(太祖 1) 10月 25日에 高麗에서 使用되었던 告身式을 改定하여 1品에서 4品의 官員을 任命할 때 王旨를 내려주도록 하였는데 이를 官敎라고 하였다.(<<太祖實錄>> 卷2, 1年(1392) 10月 25日(癸酉). 改告身式: 一品至四品, 賜王旨曰官敎, 五品至九品, 門下府奉敎給牒曰敎牒.)
王旨는 國王의 意志를 나타내는 用語로서 元나라의 影響에 의해 高麗 忠烈王 때부터 旣存의 宣旨 대신 使用되기 시작하였다. 조선이 건국되고 나서도 문서 양식 면에 있어서 큰 차이 없이 이어졌으나 1435년(세종 17) 9월에 <<경제육전속전(經濟六典續典)>>의 개정 내용을 반영하여 실제 문서에서 사용하는 용어를 ‘교지(敎旨)’로 변경하도록 하였다.(<<太祖實錄>> 卷3, 2年(1393) 3月 9日(甲寅). …送納高麗恭愍王時所降金印一顆. <<太宗實錄>> 卷5, 3年(1403) 4月 8日(甲寅). …今特遣使, 賚朝鮮國王金印及誥命, 使爾用昭寵榮.) 이 告身은 <<經國大典>>의 四品以上告身式이 施行되기 이전까지 署經權의 變化에 따라 여러 次例 任命 對象 官員의 範圍가 바뀌었지만 대체로 國王의 命에 따라 1品에서 4品의 文武官員을 任命할 때 吏曹와 兵曹에서 發給하였다.
<朝鮮王寶>는 朝鮮이 建國되고 나서 <高麗國王之印>을 返納하고, 이후 明惠宗이 내린 <朝鮮國王之印>을 사용하기 전인 1393年(太祖 2)부터 1401年(太宗 1)까지 一時的으로 使用한 朝鮮의 國璽이다.(太祖實錄>> 권3, 2년(1393) 3월 9일(갑인). …送納高麗恭愍王時所降金印一顆. <<태종실록>> 권5, 3년(1403) 4월 8일(갑인). …今特遣使, 賚朝鮮國王金印及誥命, 使爾用昭寵榮.) 朝鮮時代 國內에서 만든 國璽는 [朝鮮王寶]가 유일한데, [朝鮮國王之印]과 달리 ‘印’자가 아닌 ‘寶’자를 使用하고 있는 것은 明으로부터 朝鮮國王으로 冊封되기 이전의 特殊한 性格을 보여준다고 할 수 있다.
[朝鮮王寶]는 이후 滅失된 것으로 보이나, 1744年(英祖 20) 英祖가 朝鮮 初期에 發給된 康舜龍의 告身을 보고나서 여기에 安寶된 朝鮮王寶를 模倣하여 새로 鑄造하여 敎命과 冊禮時에 사용하게 하였으며(<<太祖實錄>> 권1, 太祖 1年(1392) 7월 28일(정미). …從四品 朝散大夫·朝奉大夫), <<英祖實錄>> 권60, 20년(1744) 12월 24일(정묘). …今覽朝鮮王寶篆, 又奇矣. 今則朝臣敎旨, 皆用施命之寶, 其來已久. 此則雖不可改, 然旣覽寶篆, 尤豈泯焉, 國家敎命及王后世子冊禮時, 當以此用之. 仍命尙方, 摸鑄以入.) 1876年(高宗 13) 12月에 改鑄하였다. 改鑄한 [朝鮮王寶]는 銀으로 만들어 淘金하였고, 龜紐로 粧飾하였으며, 크기는 方 4寸 4分이었다.
이 文書는 草書體로 作成되었다. 朝奉大夫는 開國 初 文武百官의 官制를 制定할 때 東班 從四品의 品階로 規定되었고, <<經國大典>>에서도 同一하게 維持되었다.
典醫少監은 診視와 和劑 等의 일을 管掌하는 典醫監에 所屬된 官職으로 品階는 從4品이며 2名을 두었다.(<<太祖實錄>> 권1, 태조 1년(1392) 7월 28일(정미). 典醫監 掌(胗)〔診〕視和劑等事 判事二 正三品 監二 從三品 少監二 從四品), 1414년(太宗 14) 1月 18日에 少監에서 副正으로 名稱을 改定하였다.(<<太宗實錄>> 권27, 태종 14년(1414) 1월 18일(계사). …繕工司宰軍資濟用軍器典醫諸監 從三品監稱正 四品少監稱副正 五品監丞稱判官)
都膺(?~?)의 字는 子藝이고, 號는 靑松堂이며, 本貫은 星州이다. 高麗 恭愍王 때 重大匡․門下侍中贊成事를 지냈다. 太祖의 竹馬故友로서 朝鮮 建國 以後 太祖가 여러 次例 벼슬을 내렸으나 모두 辭讓하고 洪州 老隱洞에 隱居하였다. 李行의 <<騎牛集>>에서는 都膺을 杜門洞에 들어간 72賢 가운데 한 名으로 記錄하기도 하였다. 이 文書를 包含한 告身 4件과 1394年에 發給된 祿牌 1件이 寶物 724號로 指定되어 現在 忠淸南道 論山市 連山面에 있는 星州都氏 宗家의 御筆閣에 所藏되어 있다.
Original Script
| Classical Chinese | English |
|---|---|
|
(1) 王旨 (2) 都膺, 爲朝奉大 (3) 夫·典醫少監者. (4) 洪武卄六年十月_日. |
(translation) |
Discussion Questions
Further Readings
References
Translation
(sample) : Jaeyoon Song
- Translations:
- Discussion Questions:
Student 1 : (Ren Ruixin)
- By the order of the King, Du Yin is appointed to be the Grand Master for Court Service and the Vice President for Court Medical Service. October, the 26th year of Hongwu period. :
- Discussion Questions:
Student 2 : (Ze Xiaoyi)
- Translations: The King's Decree -> The King's Announcement/Instruction
The King’s order of Toǔng to be the Grand Master for Court Service and the Vice Director of the Office of Medication. Hongwu Reign 26th year, October.
- Discussion Questions:
Student 3 : (Hu Jing)
The king announced:
Appoint Do Eung Grand Master for Court Service · Vice Director of the Palace Medical Office.
(date unknown), the 10th month of the 26th year of Hongwu reign. (seal)
- Discussion Questions:
Student 4 : Martin
- Translation: Royal Decree
Do Eung (To Ŭng) is to serve as Grand Master for Court Audiences and Vice Director of the Palace Pharmacy.
26th year 10th month ? day of the Hongwu reign (1393).
- Discussion Questions:
Student 5 : (Inho Choi)
- Translations: The King declared Do Eung(To Ŭng) as the Grand Master for Court Service and the Vice Director of the Office of Medication. (It was issued) on October --- of the 26th year of Hongwu(1393).
- Discussion Questions:
Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)
- Translations: Royal Order
- Discussion Questions:
Student 7 : (King Kwong Wong)
- Translations:
The king decreed: To Ŭng [RR: Do Eung] be appointed as the Grand Master for Court Service with a concurrent position as the Vice Director of Palace Medicine.
In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, tenth month, ?th day.
- Discussion Questions:
Student 8 : Younès M'Ghari
- Translations:
Royal Announcement:
Duung1, to become Revered Senior Official1 Vice Director of the Palace Pharmacy2.
26th year of Hong‘u, 10th month, _th day3.
1: 都膺 (translated as "Grand Master for Court Service" by Hucker)
2: 朝奉大夫
3: 典醫少監
4: 1393 CE
- Discussion Questions:
Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)
- translation:
The king ordered Dueung/ Tuŭng to be the Grand Master of Court Service prestige and·2nd-tier executive officials of Directorate of Medicine
The tenth month of the 26th year of Emperor Hongwu's reign
- Discussion Questions:
Student 10 : (Ji-Hyun Lee)
- Translations:
1. By the order of His Majesty,
Do Eung/ To Ung 都膺,
shall be the Lord(?) Jobong / Chobong 朝奉 (Upholding the Court) and
Deputy Superintendent of Standard Medicine.
2. His Majesty announces
Do Eung/ To Ung 都膺 the Lord Jobong/Chobong and Deputy Superintendent of Standard Medicine.
26th year of Hongwu reign (1393), 10th [lunar] month.
- Discussion Questions:
Student 11 : (Lee Goeun)
- Translation: The King announces that Do Eung be in charge of Grand Master for Court Service[朝奉大] and Vice Director of the Office of Medication[典醫少監].
October, 26th year of Hongwu[洪武].
- Discussion Questions:
Student 12 : (Na Sanghoon)
- Translation:
Royal Instruction / King's Order /
Letter of Royal Appointment:
[His Majesty] Appoints Doeung (Toŭng) to be Grand Master for Court Service, as Vice Director at Office of Medication.
On the tenth month of the twenty-sixth year [1393] of the Hongwu era
[Royal Seal]
- Discussion Questions:
Student 13 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
Student 14 : (Write your name)
- Discussion Questions:
