"(Translation) 李睟光 外國"의 두 판 사이의 차이
장서각위키
Sanghoon Na (토론 | 기여) 잔글 |
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(사용자 5명의 중간 판 13개는 보이지 않습니다) | |||
3번째 줄: | 3번째 줄: | ||
|English = | |English = | ||
|Chinese = 芝峯類說 | |Chinese = 芝峯類說 | ||
− | |Korean = 지봉유설(''Jibongyuseol'') | + | |Korean = [http://kostma.korea.ac.kr/viewer/viewerDes?uci=RIKS+CRMA+KSM-WZ.1614.0000-20090713.AS_BC_269&bookNum=&pageNum= 지봉유설(''Jibongyuseol'')] |
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]] | |Genre = [[Literati Writings]] | ||
|Type = | |Type = | ||
22번째 줄: | 22번째 줄: | ||
=='''Introduction'''== | =='''Introduction'''== | ||
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+ | 自賣 was a prevalent method for the impoverished commoners to obtain subsistence in the extreme situation of famine during the late Choson period. This was called 口活’ | ||
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+ | 한성부 향도꾼은 동내 주민 중심의 인적 구성을 벗어나 이웃 동내, 나아가 한성부 전체를 지역적 기반으로 하는 대형 조직으로 변모하였다 했다. 또한 노비의 입계를 허락하지 않는 가문은 계원들 다수가 그 집에 쳐들어가 쌍욕을 해대는가 하면 그 집 처녀를 보쌈을 해와 형제들끼리 나누어 가질 정도였다. 이같은 무리한 행위에도 불구하도 계원의 세력이 너무나 강해 항의조차 못할 정도였다. 향도계 계원들의 숫자는 많은 경우 수 백명에 달했고 적은 계일지라도 100 여명에 이르렀다. | ||
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+ | 첫째, 그들의 상전 등 주위 양반들과 경제적 이해관계가 직접적이지 않았기 때문이었다. 주의 상전이나 양반들의 논밭을 경작하는 노비, 또는 하층민이라면 감히 토지소유주의 이해에 반하는 행위를 하지 못했을 것이다. 둘째, 익명성이 보장되고 회합이 용이한 도회지에서 활동했다는 점이다. 17세기 중엽 서울은 인구가 많을 뿐 아니라 유동 인구, 특히 도망 노비, 소작인들이 대거 이동함으로써 향도계원의 불법 혹은 도덕적 비난으로부터 일정부분 익명성을 보장받을 수 있었던 것이다. | ||
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+ | connection with 중인. | ||
=='''Original Script'''== | =='''Original Script'''== | ||
27번째 줄: | 35번째 줄: | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background-color:#ffffff;" | {|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background-color:#ffffff;" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국1.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국1|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국1.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국1|400px]] | ||
35번째 줄: | 43번째 줄: | ||
2. 琉球國在東南海中。自福建梅花所開洋。七日可至。" | 2. 琉球國在東南海中。自福建梅花所開洋。七日可至。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국2.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국2|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국2.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국2|400px]] | ||
45번째 줄: | 52번째 줄: | ||
4. 占城古林邑。本漢象林縣。馬援置銅柱之處。至漢末。區連殺縣令稱王。唐元和初。改號占城國。在大海南。南距眞臘。西距交趾。四時常熱如夏天。無霜雪。草木長靑。俗獷悍。果于戰鬪。貴女賤男。以黑色爲美。所居茅茨。不得踰三尺。出入乘馬象。有尸頭蠻" | 4. 占城古林邑。本漢象林縣。馬援置銅柱之處。至漢末。區連殺縣令稱王。唐元和初。改號占城國。在大海南。南距眞臘。西距交趾。四時常熱如夏天。無霜雪。草木長靑。俗獷悍。果于戰鬪。貴女賤男。以黑色爲美。所居茅茨。不得踰三尺。出入乘馬象。有尸頭蠻" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국3.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국3|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국3.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국3|400px]] | ||
57번째 줄: | 63번째 줄: | ||
7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西" | 7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국4.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국4|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국4.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국4|400px]] | ||
67번째 줄: | 72번째 줄: | ||
9. 日本天皇。始立於周平王之世。一姓相傳。至今不絶。天皇不預政事。惟享富貴而已。國王號關白。專管國政。以尊事天皇。豈亦周時列國之遺風歟。世謂無所事事者。爲倭皇帝。或曰倭皇姬姓。吳泰伯仲雍之後。或曰以王爲姓。未知信否。" | 9. 日本天皇。始立於周平王之世。一姓相傳。至今不絶。天皇不預政事。惟享富貴而已。國王號關白。專管國政。以尊事天皇。豈亦周時列國之遺風歟。世謂無所事事者。爲倭皇帝。或曰倭皇姬姓。吳泰伯仲雍之後。或曰以王爲姓。未知信否。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국5.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국5|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국5.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국5|400px]] | ||
78번째 줄: | 82번째 줄: | ||
12. 日本地暖無冰雪。而其北陸道甚寒。每冬雪深數丈。且海島皆石山戴土。故倭人專以土淺深爲饒瘠。若土淺一尺。則五穀不熟。其深七尺以上至一丈" | 12. 日本地暖無冰雪。而其北陸道甚寒。每冬雪深數丈。且海島皆石山戴土。故倭人專以土淺深爲饒瘠。若土淺一尺。則五穀不熟。其深七尺以上至一丈" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국6.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국6|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국6.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국6|400px]] | ||
92번째 줄: | 95번째 줄: | ||
16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。" | 16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국7.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국7|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국7.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국7|400px]] | ||
104번째 줄: | 106번째 줄: | ||
19. 小說。眞臘國人。不飮酒比之淫。惟與妻飮房中。又西" | 19. 小說。眞臘國人。不飮酒比之淫。惟與妻飮房中。又西" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국8.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국8|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국8.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국8|400px]] | ||
118번째 줄: | 119번째 줄: | ||
23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰" | 23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국9.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국9|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국9.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국9|400px]] | ||
130번째 줄: | 130번째 줄: | ||
26. 撒馬兒罕。漢罽賓也。去嘉峪關萬里。東西相距千里。風景偉麗。土田膏腴。頗類中原。西南番賈多聚於此。俗尚回回敎。有拜天屋。靑石雕鏤極精巧。人物" | 26. 撒馬兒罕。漢罽賓也。去嘉峪關萬里。東西相距千里。風景偉麗。土田膏腴。頗類中原。西南番賈多聚於此。俗尚回回敎。有拜天屋。靑石雕鏤極精巧。人物" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국10.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국10|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국10.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국10|400px]] | ||
146번째 줄: | 145번째 줄: | ||
31. 哈烈。去嘉峪關萬三千里。四面大山而少雨。男髡首。衣尚白。乃喪易靑黑。人多善走。日行三百里。氣候常煖。男女瀆亂無恥。然有學舍。講習經義。省刑薄" | 31. 哈烈。去嘉峪關萬三千里。四面大山而少雨。男髡首。衣尚白。乃喪易靑黑。人多善走。日行三百里。氣候常煖。男女瀆亂無恥。然有學舍。講習經義。省刑薄" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국11.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국11|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국11.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국11|400px]] | ||
160번째 줄: | 158번째 줄: | ||
35. 忽魯謨斯。在西南海中。土厚宜耕種。人質直。狀貌偉碩。喜作佛事。産獅子駞鷄福鹿靈羊馬哈獸。按韓" | 35. 忽魯謨斯。在西南海中。土厚宜耕種。人質直。狀貌偉碩。喜作佛事。産獅子駞鷄福鹿靈羊馬哈獸。按韓" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국12.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국12|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국12.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국12|400px]] | ||
172번째 줄: | 169번째 줄: | ||
38. 晉書。肅愼氏。一名挹婁。在不咸山北。去扶餘可六十日。東濱大海。西接寇漫汗國。北極弱水。廣袤數千里。裨離國。在肅愼氏國西北。馬行二百日。養雲國。去裨離馬行又五十日。寇莫汗國。去養雲國又百" | 38. 晉書。肅愼氏。一名挹婁。在不咸山北。去扶餘可六十日。東濱大海。西接寇漫汗國。北極弱水。廣袤數千里。裨離國。在肅愼氏國西北。馬行二百日。養雲國。去裨離馬行又五十日。寇莫汗國。去養雲國又百" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국13.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국13|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국13.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국13|400px]] | ||
182번째 줄: | 178번째 줄: | ||
40. 稗史言回回國。事天事祖之外。無所崇。有詩曰僧言佛子在西空。道說蓬萊在海東。惟有孔門眞實事。眼前無日不春風。余謂回回在西域。而其言如此。以中華之士。而乃尚佛敎何也。回回文字。有篆草楷三樣。其曆法與中國僅差二刻。聞西南諸國。奉回回敎法者多云。蓋斥佛法而以事天爲重耳。又其俗善保養。常護外腎。使不着寒。夜臥以手握之" | 40. 稗史言回回國。事天事祖之外。無所崇。有詩曰僧言佛子在西空。道說蓬萊在海東。惟有孔門眞實事。眼前無日不春風。余謂回回在西域。而其言如此。以中華之士。而乃尚佛敎何也。回回文字。有篆草楷三樣。其曆法與中國僅差二刻。聞西南諸國。奉回回敎法者多云。蓋斥佛法而以事天爲重耳。又其俗善保養。常護外腎。使不着寒。夜臥以手握之" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국14.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국14|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국14.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국14|400px]] | ||
198번째 줄: | 193번째 줄: | ||
45. 南番國人。萬曆癸卯年間。隨倭舶漂抵我境。見其人。眉與上睫通爲一。髯似羊鬚。其率人面漆黑。形狀尤醜怪。蓋海鬼類也。言語不通。因倭譯問。則國在海中。距中國八萬里。倭人以地多珍寶。故往來通" | 45. 南番國人。萬曆癸卯年間。隨倭舶漂抵我境。見其人。眉與上睫通爲一。髯似羊鬚。其率人面漆黑。形狀尤醜怪。蓋海鬼類也。言語不通。因倭譯問。則國在海中。距中國八萬里。倭人以地多珍寶。故往來通" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국15.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국15|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국15.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국15|400px]] | ||
210번째 줄: | 204번째 줄: | ||
48. 歐羅巴國。亦名大西國。有利瑪竇者。泛海八年。越八萬里風濤。居東粤十餘年。所著天主實義二卷。首論天主始制天地。主宰安養之道。次論人魂不滅。大異禽獸。次辨輪廻六道之謬。天堂地獄善惡之報。末論人性本善而敬奉天主之意。其俗謂君曰敎" | 48. 歐羅巴國。亦名大西國。有利瑪竇者。泛海八年。越八萬里風濤。居東粤十餘年。所著天主實義二卷。首論天主始制天地。主宰安養之道。次論人魂不滅。大異禽獸。次辨輪廻六道之謬。天堂地獄善惡之報。末論人性本善而敬奉天主之意。其俗謂君曰敎" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국16.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국16|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국16.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국16|400px]] | ||
220번째 줄: | 213번째 줄: | ||
50. 異聞志云天下無處非鬼充塞無間。獨互人國白玉城。以白玉爲之。鬼不敢入。蓋鬼陰物。喜黑而惡白耳。有人至此城得其故。歸以白石繞屋爲墻。時河間多疫癘。獨其家無染者。今人用白堊塗門。亦其遺意也。按後漢書。西域大秦國。以石爲城。列置郵" | 50. 異聞志云天下無處非鬼充塞無間。獨互人國白玉城。以白玉爲之。鬼不敢入。蓋鬼陰物。喜黑而惡白耳。有人至此城得其故。歸以白石繞屋爲墻。時河間多疫癘。獨其家無染者。今人用白堊塗門。亦其遺意也。按後漢書。西域大秦國。以石爲城。列置郵" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국17.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국17|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국17.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국17|400px]] | ||
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亭。皆堊墍之云。互人。疑亦西域國名。 | 亭。皆堊墍之云。互人。疑亦西域國名。 | ||
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=='''Discussion Questions'''== | =='''Discussion Questions'''== | ||
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238번째 줄: | 228번째 줄: | ||
=='''Further Readings'''== | =='''Further Readings'''== | ||
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293번째 줄: | 283번째 줄: | ||
5. 暹羅國方千餘里。在海中。群山峭拔環繞。地下濕。氣候嵐熱不齊。本暹與羅斛二國地。暹乃赤眉遺種。元至正間。始合爲一國。尚釋敎。婦人多智。夫聽於妻。喪禮。貴者灌水銀葬。民間鳥葬。習水戰喜寇掠。産寶石,奇香,獅,白象,白鼠,六足龜。蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。余甞赴京。見其國地圖。有龍牙山橫截海中。中闢爲門。形勢甚異。其人剪髮。面多漆黑。左衽跣足。飮食以手。不識天朝文字。蓋非冠帶之國也。 | 5. 暹羅國方千餘里。在海中。群山峭拔環繞。地下濕。氣候嵐熱不齊。本暹與羅斛二國地。暹乃赤眉遺種。元至正間。始合爲一國。尚釋敎。婦人多智。夫聽於妻。喪禮。貴者灌水銀葬。民間鳥葬。習水戰喜寇掠。産寶石,奇香,獅,白象,白鼠,六足龜。蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。余甞赴京。見其國地圖。有龍牙山橫截海中。中闢爲門。形勢甚異。其人剪髮。面多漆黑。左衽跣足。飮食以手。不識天朝文字。蓋非冠帶之國也。 | ||
− | The state of Siam | + | The state of Siam is located thousands of li away, in the ocean, surrounded by mountains. It is humid on the ground, and the wind and heat is irregular. Originally, Sha and Mu were two separated lands; Sha people were the decedents of the Red Eyebrows army from China. During the Zhizheng period of Yuan, Sha and Mu merged into one state. They respect religions, and females are wise and their husbands usually follow their decisions. As for their funerals, wealthy people use mercury burials, and ordinary people use bird burials. They are good at water battles and like invading and stealing. They have rich resources of crystals, spices, lions, elephants, white rats and six-leg turtle. 蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。When I go to the capital and see its map; there are Longya Mountains crossing the ocean. The entrance is in the middle, and the shapes are quite different. Its people have short hairs, black faces, wearing barbarians’ clothes, with bare feet. They use hands to eat and donot know Chinese characters, so it is not a state with rituals and manners. (civilized states?) |
* both Japanese and [Korean] pronunciations | * both Japanese and [Korean] pronunciations | ||
299번째 줄: | 289번째 줄: | ||
6. 日本舊名倭奴。漢武時始通中國。至唐改號日本。東西五千餘里。南北數百里。唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。以其南北狹東西長。故謂之一字國。漢書曰。倭王居邪馬臺。續文獻通考曰。倭奴有百餘國。一曰邪馬。姜沆聞見錄云倭王舊都曰野馬臺。有四百八十寺。極其華麗。蓋與南朝四百八十寺相埒耳。 | 6. 日本舊名倭奴。漢武時始通中國。至唐改號日本。東西五千餘里。南北數百里。唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。以其南北狹東西長。故謂之一字國。漢書曰。倭王居邪馬臺。續文獻通考曰。倭奴有百餘國。一曰邪馬。姜沆聞見錄云倭王舊都曰野馬臺。有四百八十寺。極其華麗。蓋與南朝四百八十寺相埒耳。 | ||
− | Japan is used to be named as Wa state. It started contacts with China during the Han dynasty and changed its name to Japan during the Tang dynasty. It is as | + | Japan is used to be named as Wa state. It started contacts with China during the Han dynasty and changed its name to Japan during the Tang dynasty. It is as far as more than five thousand Li from east to west, hundreds of li from south to north. Only its eastern mountains and eastern sea regions are 唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。Because it is narrow from south to north and wider from east to west, it is named as the state of One (Chinese character). According to Book of Han, the King of Wa state reside in 邪馬臺. According to the (Reorganization and Studies)General Rectification of Literature, Wa people have hundreds of states, and 邪馬 is one of them. According to 姜沆聞見錄, the old capital of the Wa King was named as 野馬臺. It has four hundred and eighty extremely splendid temples, which can be compared with the four hundred and eighty temples of the Southern dynasties. |
7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西"六十日程。其海中有金山。北接蝦蛦。其人長大而身有毛。地産文魚貂皮等物。亦有山戎自成聚落。其地廣漠無際。或言自奧州之平和泉。至夷海纔三十里。與我國野人接界。頃歲唐官入鍾城。開諭忽虜時。倭人在彼地。聞知其事云。夷海亦曰夷島。所謂蝦蛦。疑卽毛人也。申叔舟海東諸國記曰。其地始於黑龍江之北者是矣。 | 7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西"六十日程。其海中有金山。北接蝦蛦。其人長大而身有毛。地産文魚貂皮等物。亦有山戎自成聚落。其地廣漠無際。或言自奧州之平和泉。至夷海纔三十里。與我國野人接界。頃歲唐官入鍾城。開諭忽虜時。倭人在彼地。聞知其事云。夷海亦曰夷島。所謂蝦蛦。疑卽毛人也。申叔舟海東諸國記曰。其地始於黑龍江之北者是矣。 | ||
− | In Japan, one region is one state, and | + | In Japan, one region is one state, and Mutsunoshū is the biggest state. It is in charge of fifty-four counties, sixty-day farther from the east to west. It has a golden mountain in the ocean, and its northern area connects to Emishi. Its people are tall and big, with hairy body. It is famous for local productions of fish and mink. Nomadic people of Shanrong also live there, with their own communities. Its land is broad and endless. It is said that it was only thirty Li from Izumi Taira of Ōshū to Hokaido, where connects with the nomadic people of our state. In the past, when Tang envoys visited Chongsǒng-gun(鍾城) and tried to convince barbarians, Wa people were at that place and heard about that. Ikai is also named as Ishima. As for Emishi, they look like the hairy people. According to Shin Suk-chu(申叔舟)’s Haetongchekukki (海東諸國記), its land began from the north of Heilongjiang. |
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8. 按日本國圖。八道六十六州。壹岐,對馬二島不與焉。此外又有永良部,平戶島,五島,三島,八丈島等地方。其鄕有九萬二千。其村九十萬九千八百餘。田八十九萬九千一百六十町。 fields畠十一萬二千一百四十八町。佛宇二千九百五十八。神宮二萬七千六百十三。男口十九億九萬四千八百零。女二十九億四千八百零。凡城池所在。謂之鄕。五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。其一里准我國十里云。 | 8. 按日本國圖。八道六十六州。壹岐,對馬二島不與焉。此外又有永良部,平戶島,五島,三島,八丈島等地方。其鄕有九萬二千。其村九十萬九千八百餘。田八十九萬九千一百六十町。 fields畠十一萬二千一百四十八町。佛宇二千九百五十八。神宮二萬七千六百十三。男口十九億九萬四千八百零。女二十九億四千八百零。凡城池所在。謂之鄕。五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。其一里准我國十里云。 | ||
− | According to the map of the state of Japan (based on my observation of Japanese map), it has eight provinces and sixty-six prefectures. The island of | + | According to the map of the state of Japan (based on my observation of Japanese map), it has eight provinces and sixty-six prefectures. The island of Iki and Tsushima do not belong to it. Besides, it includes areas such as Noerabu-jima (永良部), hirado island (平戶島), Gotō(五島), Mishima(三島), Hachijō-jima(八丈島). Japan has ninety-two thousand counties and more than nine million nine thousand and eight hundred districts. There are 899,160 chou (町) fields, 112,148 chou new fields, 2,958 temples and 27,630 shrines. Its male population is 1,90,094,800 and female population is 2,900,004,800. Wherever is a city wall, that place can be named as a county. 五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。It is said that one ri is equal to ten ri in our state. |
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*Discussion Questions: | *Discussion Questions: | ||
666번째 줄: | 653번째 줄: | ||
[[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | [[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | ||
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | [[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | ||
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2022년 2월 15일 (화) 00:54 기준 최신판
Primary Source | ||
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Title | |
English | ||
Chinese | 芝峯類說 | |
Korean(RR) | 지봉유설(Jibongyuseol) | |
Text Details | ||
Genre | Literati Writings | |
Type | ||
Author(s) | 李睟光 | |
Year | ||
Source | ||
Key Concepts | ||
Translation Info | ||
Translator(s) | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
Editor(s) | ||
Year | 2018 |
Introduction
自賣 was a prevalent method for the impoverished commoners to obtain subsistence in the extreme situation of famine during the late Choson period. This was called 口活’
한성부 향도꾼은 동내 주민 중심의 인적 구성을 벗어나 이웃 동내, 나아가 한성부 전체를 지역적 기반으로 하는 대형 조직으로 변모하였다 했다. 또한 노비의 입계를 허락하지 않는 가문은 계원들 다수가 그 집에 쳐들어가 쌍욕을 해대는가 하면 그 집 처녀를 보쌈을 해와 형제들끼리 나누어 가질 정도였다. 이같은 무리한 행위에도 불구하도 계원의 세력이 너무나 강해 항의조차 못할 정도였다. 향도계 계원들의 숫자는 많은 경우 수 백명에 달했고 적은 계일지라도 100 여명에 이르렀다.
첫째, 그들의 상전 등 주위 양반들과 경제적 이해관계가 직접적이지 않았기 때문이었다. 주의 상전이나 양반들의 논밭을 경작하는 노비, 또는 하층민이라면 감히 토지소유주의 이해에 반하는 행위를 하지 못했을 것이다. 둘째, 익명성이 보장되고 회합이 용이한 도회지에서 활동했다는 점이다. 17세기 중엽 서울은 인구가 많을 뿐 아니라 유동 인구, 특히 도망 노비, 소작인들이 대거 이동함으로써 향도계원의 불법 혹은 도덕적 비난으로부터 일정부분 익명성을 보장받을 수 있었던 것이다.
connection with 중인.