"(Translation) 李睟光 外國"의 두 판 사이의 차이
장서각위키
Henrylee2018 (토론 | 기여) (→Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)) |
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(사용자 10명의 중간 판 29개는 보이지 않습니다) | |||
3번째 줄: | 3번째 줄: | ||
|English = | |English = | ||
|Chinese = 芝峯類說 | |Chinese = 芝峯類說 | ||
− | |Korean = 지봉유설(''Jibongyuseol'') | + | |Korean = [http://kostma.korea.ac.kr/viewer/viewerDes?uci=RIKS+CRMA+KSM-WZ.1614.0000-20090713.AS_BC_269&bookNum=&pageNum= 지봉유설(''Jibongyuseol'')] |
− | |Genre = [[ | + | |Genre = [[Literati Writings]] |
|Type = | |Type = | ||
|Author = 李睟光 | |Author = 李睟光 | ||
22번째 줄: | 22번째 줄: | ||
=='''Introduction'''== | =='''Introduction'''== | ||
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+ | 自賣 was a prevalent method for the impoverished commoners to obtain subsistence in the extreme situation of famine during the late Choson period. This was called 口活’ | ||
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+ | 한성부 향도꾼은 동내 주민 중심의 인적 구성을 벗어나 이웃 동내, 나아가 한성부 전체를 지역적 기반으로 하는 대형 조직으로 변모하였다 했다. 또한 노비의 입계를 허락하지 않는 가문은 계원들 다수가 그 집에 쳐들어가 쌍욕을 해대는가 하면 그 집 처녀를 보쌈을 해와 형제들끼리 나누어 가질 정도였다. 이같은 무리한 행위에도 불구하도 계원의 세력이 너무나 강해 항의조차 못할 정도였다. 향도계 계원들의 숫자는 많은 경우 수 백명에 달했고 적은 계일지라도 100 여명에 이르렀다. | ||
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+ | 첫째, 그들의 상전 등 주위 양반들과 경제적 이해관계가 직접적이지 않았기 때문이었다. 주의 상전이나 양반들의 논밭을 경작하는 노비, 또는 하층민이라면 감히 토지소유주의 이해에 반하는 행위를 하지 못했을 것이다. 둘째, 익명성이 보장되고 회합이 용이한 도회지에서 활동했다는 점이다. 17세기 중엽 서울은 인구가 많을 뿐 아니라 유동 인구, 특히 도망 노비, 소작인들이 대거 이동함으로써 향도계원의 불법 혹은 도덕적 비난으로부터 일정부분 익명성을 보장받을 수 있었던 것이다. | ||
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+ | connection with 중인. | ||
=='''Original Script'''== | =='''Original Script'''== | ||
27번째 줄: | 35번째 줄: | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background-color:#ffffff;" | {|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background-color:#ffffff;" | ||
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35번째 줄: | 43번째 줄: | ||
2. 琉球國在東南海中。自福建梅花所開洋。七日可至。" | 2. 琉球國在東南海中。自福建梅花所開洋。七日可至。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국2.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국2|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국2.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국2|400px]] | ||
45번째 줄: | 52번째 줄: | ||
4. 占城古林邑。本漢象林縣。馬援置銅柱之處。至漢末。區連殺縣令稱王。唐元和初。改號占城國。在大海南。南距眞臘。西距交趾。四時常熱如夏天。無霜雪。草木長靑。俗獷悍。果于戰鬪。貴女賤男。以黑色爲美。所居茅茨。不得踰三尺。出入乘馬象。有尸頭蠻" | 4. 占城古林邑。本漢象林縣。馬援置銅柱之處。至漢末。區連殺縣令稱王。唐元和初。改號占城國。在大海南。南距眞臘。西距交趾。四時常熱如夏天。無霜雪。草木長靑。俗獷悍。果于戰鬪。貴女賤男。以黑色爲美。所居茅茨。不得踰三尺。出入乘馬象。有尸頭蠻" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국3.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국3|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국3.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국3|400px]] | ||
57번째 줄: | 63번째 줄: | ||
7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西" | 7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국4.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국4|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국4.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국4|400px]] | ||
67번째 줄: | 72번째 줄: | ||
9. 日本天皇。始立於周平王之世。一姓相傳。至今不絶。天皇不預政事。惟享富貴而已。國王號關白。專管國政。以尊事天皇。豈亦周時列國之遺風歟。世謂無所事事者。爲倭皇帝。或曰倭皇姬姓。吳泰伯仲雍之後。或曰以王爲姓。未知信否。" | 9. 日本天皇。始立於周平王之世。一姓相傳。至今不絶。天皇不預政事。惟享富貴而已。國王號關白。專管國政。以尊事天皇。豈亦周時列國之遺風歟。世謂無所事事者。爲倭皇帝。或曰倭皇姬姓。吳泰伯仲雍之後。或曰以王爲姓。未知信否。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국5.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국5|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국5.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국5|400px]] | ||
78번째 줄: | 82번째 줄: | ||
12. 日本地暖無冰雪。而其北陸道甚寒。每冬雪深數丈。且海島皆石山戴土。故倭人專以土淺深爲饒瘠。若土淺一尺。則五穀不熟。其深七尺以上至一丈" | 12. 日本地暖無冰雪。而其北陸道甚寒。每冬雪深數丈。且海島皆石山戴土。故倭人專以土淺深爲饒瘠。若土淺一尺。則五穀不熟。其深七尺以上至一丈" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국6.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국6|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국6.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국6|400px]] | ||
92번째 줄: | 95번째 줄: | ||
16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。" | 16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국7.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국7|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국7.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국7|400px]] | ||
104번째 줄: | 106번째 줄: | ||
19. 小說。眞臘國人。不飮酒比之淫。惟與妻飮房中。又西" | 19. 小說。眞臘國人。不飮酒比之淫。惟與妻飮房中。又西" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국8.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국8|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국8.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국8|400px]] | ||
118번째 줄: | 119번째 줄: | ||
23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰" | 23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국9.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국9|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국9.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국9|400px]] | ||
130번째 줄: | 130번째 줄: | ||
26. 撒馬兒罕。漢罽賓也。去嘉峪關萬里。東西相距千里。風景偉麗。土田膏腴。頗類中原。西南番賈多聚於此。俗尚回回敎。有拜天屋。靑石雕鏤極精巧。人物" | 26. 撒馬兒罕。漢罽賓也。去嘉峪關萬里。東西相距千里。風景偉麗。土田膏腴。頗類中原。西南番賈多聚於此。俗尚回回敎。有拜天屋。靑石雕鏤極精巧。人物" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국10.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국10|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국10.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국10|400px]] | ||
146번째 줄: | 145번째 줄: | ||
31. 哈烈。去嘉峪關萬三千里。四面大山而少雨。男髡首。衣尚白。乃喪易靑黑。人多善走。日行三百里。氣候常煖。男女瀆亂無恥。然有學舍。講習經義。省刑薄" | 31. 哈烈。去嘉峪關萬三千里。四面大山而少雨。男髡首。衣尚白。乃喪易靑黑。人多善走。日行三百里。氣候常煖。男女瀆亂無恥。然有學舍。講習經義。省刑薄" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국11.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국11|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국11.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국11|400px]] | ||
160번째 줄: | 158번째 줄: | ||
35. 忽魯謨斯。在西南海中。土厚宜耕種。人質直。狀貌偉碩。喜作佛事。産獅子駞鷄福鹿靈羊馬哈獸。按韓" | 35. 忽魯謨斯。在西南海中。土厚宜耕種。人質直。狀貌偉碩。喜作佛事。産獅子駞鷄福鹿靈羊馬哈獸。按韓" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국12.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국12|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국12.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국12|400px]] | ||
172번째 줄: | 169번째 줄: | ||
38. 晉書。肅愼氏。一名挹婁。在不咸山北。去扶餘可六十日。東濱大海。西接寇漫汗國。北極弱水。廣袤數千里。裨離國。在肅愼氏國西北。馬行二百日。養雲國。去裨離馬行又五十日。寇莫汗國。去養雲國又百" | 38. 晉書。肅愼氏。一名挹婁。在不咸山北。去扶餘可六十日。東濱大海。西接寇漫汗國。北極弱水。廣袤數千里。裨離國。在肅愼氏國西北。馬行二百日。養雲國。去裨離馬行又五十日。寇莫汗國。去養雲國又百" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국13.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국13|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국13.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국13|400px]] | ||
182번째 줄: | 178번째 줄: | ||
40. 稗史言回回國。事天事祖之外。無所崇。有詩曰僧言佛子在西空。道說蓬萊在海東。惟有孔門眞實事。眼前無日不春風。余謂回回在西域。而其言如此。以中華之士。而乃尚佛敎何也。回回文字。有篆草楷三樣。其曆法與中國僅差二刻。聞西南諸國。奉回回敎法者多云。蓋斥佛法而以事天爲重耳。又其俗善保養。常護外腎。使不着寒。夜臥以手握之" | 40. 稗史言回回國。事天事祖之外。無所崇。有詩曰僧言佛子在西空。道說蓬萊在海東。惟有孔門眞實事。眼前無日不春風。余謂回回在西域。而其言如此。以中華之士。而乃尚佛敎何也。回回文字。有篆草楷三樣。其曆法與中國僅差二刻。聞西南諸國。奉回回敎法者多云。蓋斥佛法而以事天爲重耳。又其俗善保養。常護外腎。使不着寒。夜臥以手握之" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국14.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국14|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국14.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국14|400px]] | ||
198번째 줄: | 193번째 줄: | ||
45. 南番國人。萬曆癸卯年間。隨倭舶漂抵我境。見其人。眉與上睫通爲一。髯似羊鬚。其率人面漆黑。形狀尤醜怪。蓋海鬼類也。言語不通。因倭譯問。則國在海中。距中國八萬里。倭人以地多珍寶。故往來通" | 45. 南番國人。萬曆癸卯年間。隨倭舶漂抵我境。見其人。眉與上睫通爲一。髯似羊鬚。其率人面漆黑。形狀尤醜怪。蓋海鬼類也。言語不通。因倭譯問。則國在海中。距中國八萬里。倭人以地多珍寶。故往來通" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국15.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국15|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국15.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국15|400px]] | ||
210번째 줄: | 204번째 줄: | ||
48. 歐羅巴國。亦名大西國。有利瑪竇者。泛海八年。越八萬里風濤。居東粤十餘年。所著天主實義二卷。首論天主始制天地。主宰安養之道。次論人魂不滅。大異禽獸。次辨輪廻六道之謬。天堂地獄善惡之報。末論人性本善而敬奉天主之意。其俗謂君曰敎" | 48. 歐羅巴國。亦名大西國。有利瑪竇者。泛海八年。越八萬里風濤。居東粤十餘年。所著天主實義二卷。首論天主始制天地。主宰安養之道。次論人魂不滅。大異禽獸。次辨輪廻六道之謬。天堂地獄善惡之報。末論人性本善而敬奉天主之意。其俗謂君曰敎" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국16.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국16|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국16.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국16|400px]] | ||
220번째 줄: | 213번째 줄: | ||
50. 異聞志云天下無處非鬼充塞無間。獨互人國白玉城。以白玉爲之。鬼不敢入。蓋鬼陰物。喜黑而惡白耳。有人至此城得其故。歸以白石繞屋爲墻。時河間多疫癘。獨其家無染者。今人用白堊塗門。亦其遺意也。按後漢書。西域大秦國。以石爲城。列置郵" | 50. 異聞志云天下無處非鬼充塞無間。獨互人國白玉城。以白玉爲之。鬼不敢入。蓋鬼陰物。喜黑而惡白耳。有人至此城得其故。歸以白石繞屋爲墻。時河間多疫癘。獨其家無染者。今人用白堊塗門。亦其遺意也。按後漢書。西域大秦國。以石爲城。列置郵" | ||
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| [[File:지봉유설권2외국17.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국17|400px]] | | [[File:지봉유설권2외국17.jpg |border|지봉유설권2외국17|400px]] | ||
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亭。皆堊墍之云。互人。疑亦西域國名。 | 亭。皆堊墍之云。互人。疑亦西域國名。 | ||
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=='''Discussion Questions'''== | =='''Discussion Questions'''== | ||
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238번째 줄: | 228번째 줄: | ||
=='''Further Readings'''== | =='''Further Readings'''== | ||
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293번째 줄: | 283번째 줄: | ||
5. 暹羅國方千餘里。在海中。群山峭拔環繞。地下濕。氣候嵐熱不齊。本暹與羅斛二國地。暹乃赤眉遺種。元至正間。始合爲一國。尚釋敎。婦人多智。夫聽於妻。喪禮。貴者灌水銀葬。民間鳥葬。習水戰喜寇掠。産寶石,奇香,獅,白象,白鼠,六足龜。蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。余甞赴京。見其國地圖。有龍牙山橫截海中。中闢爲門。形勢甚異。其人剪髮。面多漆黑。左衽跣足。飮食以手。不識天朝文字。蓋非冠帶之國也。 | 5. 暹羅國方千餘里。在海中。群山峭拔環繞。地下濕。氣候嵐熱不齊。本暹與羅斛二國地。暹乃赤眉遺種。元至正間。始合爲一國。尚釋敎。婦人多智。夫聽於妻。喪禮。貴者灌水銀葬。民間鳥葬。習水戰喜寇掠。産寶石,奇香,獅,白象,白鼠,六足龜。蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。余甞赴京。見其國地圖。有龍牙山橫截海中。中闢爲門。形勢甚異。其人剪髮。面多漆黑。左衽跣足。飮食以手。不識天朝文字。蓋非冠帶之國也。 | ||
− | The state of Siam | + | The state of Siam is located thousands of li away, in the ocean, surrounded by mountains. It is humid on the ground, and the wind and heat is irregular. Originally, Sha and Mu were two separated lands; Sha people were the decedents of the Red Eyebrows army from China. During the Zhizheng period of Yuan, Sha and Mu merged into one state. They respect religions, and females are wise and their husbands usually follow their decisions. As for their funerals, wealthy people use mercury burials, and ordinary people use bird burials. They are good at water battles and like invading and stealing. They have rich resources of crystals, spices, lions, elephants, white rats and six-leg turtle. 蘇木賤如薪色絶勝。When I go to the capital and see its map; there are Longya Mountains crossing the ocean. The entrance is in the middle, and the shapes are quite different. Its people have short hairs, black faces, wearing barbarians’ clothes, with bare feet. They use hands to eat and donot know Chinese characters, so it is not a state with rituals and manners. (civilized states?) |
* both Japanese and [Korean] pronunciations | * both Japanese and [Korean] pronunciations | ||
299번째 줄: | 289번째 줄: | ||
6. 日本舊名倭奴。漢武時始通中國。至唐改號日本。東西五千餘里。南北數百里。唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。以其南北狹東西長。故謂之一字國。漢書曰。倭王居邪馬臺。續文獻通考曰。倭奴有百餘國。一曰邪馬。姜沆聞見錄云倭王舊都曰野馬臺。有四百八十寺。極其華麗。蓋與南朝四百八十寺相埒耳。 | 6. 日本舊名倭奴。漢武時始通中國。至唐改號日本。東西五千餘里。南北數百里。唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。以其南北狹東西長。故謂之一字國。漢書曰。倭王居邪馬臺。續文獻通考曰。倭奴有百餘國。一曰邪馬。姜沆聞見錄云倭王舊都曰野馬臺。有四百八十寺。極其華麗。蓋與南朝四百八十寺相埒耳。 | ||
− | Japan is used to be named as Wa state. It started contacts with China during the Han dynasty and changed its name to Japan during the Tang dynasty. It is as | + | Japan is used to be named as Wa state. It started contacts with China during the Han dynasty and changed its name to Japan during the Tang dynasty. It is as far as more than five thousand Li from east to west, hundreds of li from south to north. Only its eastern mountains and eastern sea regions are 唯東山東海等道。南北千餘里。Because it is narrow from south to north and wider from east to west, it is named as the state of One (Chinese character). According to Book of Han, the King of Wa state reside in 邪馬臺. According to the (Reorganization and Studies)General Rectification of Literature, Wa people have hundreds of states, and 邪馬 is one of them. According to 姜沆聞見錄, the old capital of the Wa King was named as 野馬臺. It has four hundred and eighty extremely splendid temples, which can be compared with the four hundred and eighty temples of the Southern dynasties. |
7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西"六十日程。其海中有金山。北接蝦蛦。其人長大而身有毛。地産文魚貂皮等物。亦有山戎自成聚落。其地廣漠無際。或言自奧州之平和泉。至夷海纔三十里。與我國野人接界。頃歲唐官入鍾城。開諭忽虜時。倭人在彼地。聞知其事云。夷海亦曰夷島。所謂蝦蛦。疑卽毛人也。申叔舟海東諸國記曰。其地始於黑龍江之北者是矣。 | 7. 日本一州爲一國。而陸奧州最大。管五十四郡。東西"六十日程。其海中有金山。北接蝦蛦。其人長大而身有毛。地産文魚貂皮等物。亦有山戎自成聚落。其地廣漠無際。或言自奧州之平和泉。至夷海纔三十里。與我國野人接界。頃歲唐官入鍾城。開諭忽虜時。倭人在彼地。聞知其事云。夷海亦曰夷島。所謂蝦蛦。疑卽毛人也。申叔舟海東諸國記曰。其地始於黑龍江之北者是矣。 | ||
− | In Japan, one region is one state, and | + | In Japan, one region is one state, and Mutsunoshū is the biggest state. It is in charge of fifty-four counties, sixty-day farther from the east to west. It has a golden mountain in the ocean, and its northern area connects to Emishi. Its people are tall and big, with hairy body. It is famous for local productions of fish and mink. Nomadic people of Shanrong also live there, with their own communities. Its land is broad and endless. It is said that it was only thirty Li from Izumi Taira of Ōshū to Hokaido, where connects with the nomadic people of our state. In the past, when Tang envoys visited Chongsǒng-gun(鍾城) and tried to convince barbarians, Wa people were at that place and heard about that. Ikai is also named as Ishima. As for Emishi, they look like the hairy people. According to Shin Suk-chu(申叔舟)’s Haetongchekukki (海東諸國記), its land began from the north of Heilongjiang. |
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8. 按日本國圖。八道六十六州。壹岐,對馬二島不與焉。此外又有永良部,平戶島,五島,三島,八丈島等地方。其鄕有九萬二千。其村九十萬九千八百餘。田八十九萬九千一百六十町。 fields畠十一萬二千一百四十八町。佛宇二千九百五十八。神宮二萬七千六百十三。男口十九億九萬四千八百零。女二十九億四千八百零。凡城池所在。謂之鄕。五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。其一里准我國十里云。 | 8. 按日本國圖。八道六十六州。壹岐,對馬二島不與焉。此外又有永良部,平戶島,五島,三島,八丈島等地方。其鄕有九萬二千。其村九十萬九千八百餘。田八十九萬九千一百六十町。 fields畠十一萬二千一百四十八町。佛宇二千九百五十八。神宮二萬七千六百十三。男口十九億九萬四千八百零。女二十九億四千八百零。凡城池所在。謂之鄕。五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。其一里准我國十里云。 | ||
− | According to the map of the state of Japan (based on my observation of Japanese map), it has eight provinces and sixty-six prefectures. The island of | + | According to the map of the state of Japan (based on my observation of Japanese map), it has eight provinces and sixty-six prefectures. The island of Iki and Tsushima do not belong to it. Besides, it includes areas such as Noerabu-jima (永良部), hirado island (平戶島), Gotō(五島), Mishima(三島), Hachijō-jima(八丈島). Japan has ninety-two thousand counties and more than nine million nine thousand and eight hundred districts. There are 899,160 chou (町) fields, 112,148 chou new fields, 2,958 temples and 27,630 shrines. Its male population is 1,90,094,800 and female population is 2,900,004,800. Wherever is a city wall, that place can be named as a county. 五十五間爲一町。三十六町爲一里。It is said that one ri is equal to ten ri in our state. |
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*Discussion Questions: | *Discussion Questions: | ||
353번째 줄: | 340번째 줄: | ||
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13. 日本諸倭將。皆有食邑。如家康所食。二百五十萬石。輝元。一百五十萬石。其餘。多或四五十萬石。少或十萬石者。不可悉數。其食一千石者。養兵五十人。一萬石者。養兵五百人。甲兵多少視穀數。其國之富强可想已。 | 13. 日本諸倭將。皆有食邑。如家康所食。二百五十萬石。輝元。一百五十萬石。其餘。多或四五十萬石。少或十萬石者。不可悉數。其食一千石者。養兵五十人。一萬石者。養兵五百人。甲兵多少視穀數。其國之富强可想已。 | ||
− | The various generals [daimyo?] of Japan, all have | + | |
+ | The various generals [daimyo?] of Japan, all have domains providing food. Like Togukawa Ieyasu’s area, which has 2,5 million seok. Mori Terumoto has 1,5 million seok. Of the rest, the bigger ones have 450,000 seok and the smaller ones have 100,000 seok, but all cannot be counted in detail. A thousand seok of their food can support 50 soldiers, 10,000 seok can support five hundred soldiers. How many standing soldiers exist can be seen from the number of grain and so the wealth and power of the countries can be conceived. | ||
14. 對馬島地皆沙石。居倭專靠我國開市。以爲生理。平時嶺南田稅。太半歸之。世傳宗盛長。其先本我國宋姓人。入其島爲島主。變姓爲宗。至平秀吉滅之。而以平義智代之。遂嚮導入寇。可勝痛哉。大槪對馬倭。於我國事。無不周知。且解我國言語。變詐百出。雖依平時通貢互市。以羈縻之。異日之爲患必矣。或言義智雖改平姓。而其實宗氏未嘗滅絶云。 | 14. 對馬島地皆沙石。居倭專靠我國開市。以爲生理。平時嶺南田稅。太半歸之。世傳宗盛長。其先本我國宋姓人。入其島爲島主。變姓爲宗。至平秀吉滅之。而以平義智代之。遂嚮導入寇。可勝痛哉。大槪對馬倭。於我國事。無不周知。且解我國言語。變詐百出。雖依平時通貢互市。以羈縻之。異日之爲患必矣。或言義智雖改平姓。而其實宗氏未嘗滅絶云。 | ||
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− | 15. 日本近江州。有黑土作塊如甓。生田野中。掘則還平。蓋息壤也。倭人用以炊爨。名曰土薪。猶中國之有石炭也。又日本産黑雉而無虎豹鷹鵲。海産魚物。亦不多云。 | + | The land in Taema/Tsushima Island is all sand and rocks, therefore the Japanese living there mainly depend on trade with our country to survive. In times of peace more than half of the land taxes of Yeongnam are returned to them. Handed down through the generations, Sō Morinaga’s ancestors were originally from our country and called Song, but when they arrived at the island as leaders their name became Sō. In the time of Hideyoshi they were destroyed and Taira Yoshitoshi, who replaced them, served as guide for the invading pirates [during the Japanese invasions], how can this grief be overcome? Generally the Japanese of Taema/Tsushime know the affairs of our countries well and can further understand our language, which they use cunningly to trick people. Although in times of peace they pay tributes and trade, and are held in check, during other times they cause troubles. Some say although Yoshitoshi changed his name to Taira, in reality the name of Sō has not become extinct. |
− | The Japanese | + | |
+ | 15. 日本近江州。有黑土作塊如甓。生田野中。掘則還平。蓋息壤也。倭人用以炊爨。名曰土薪。猶中國之有石炭也。又日本産黑雉而無虎豹鷹鵲。海産魚物。亦不多云。 | ||
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+ | The Japanese province of Ōmi has black earth and its clods are like bricks. When opening up fields in the wilderness and one the digs the ground, it will level itself again. Generally the ground is mud. The Japanese use it to make fire for cooking, its name is Tsuchi maki. It is similar to Chinese coal. Also Japan has black pheasants, but no tigers, leopard, hawks, or magpies. The Seas have fish and seafood, but it’s said there’s not a whole lot. | ||
16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。都周防州。號大內殿。自以系出百濟。最親我邦。今倭將輝元之先。乃其從者也。臨政之裔。歷四十七世而絶。輝元之祖。代襲其土。都於安藝州。其俗視他倭寬緩。有我國人氣象云。 | 16 . 百濟亡。有臨政太子乘船入日本。爲大內左京大夫。都周防州。號大內殿。自以系出百濟。最親我邦。今倭將輝元之先。乃其從者也。臨政之裔。歷四十七世而絶。輝元之祖。代襲其土。都於安藝州。其俗視他倭寬緩。有我國人氣象云。 | ||
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+ | After the fall of Baekjae the crown prince Imjeong rode by boat to Japan and became a noble called Ouchi Sakyo. His capital was in Boshu and called the Palace of Ouchi. Because of the ties to Baekjae there was a close relation to our country. The ancestors of the nowadays Japanese general (daimyo) Mori Terumoto were his successors. The line of the descendants of Imjeong was cut off after forty-seven generations and in their place the ancestors of Mori Terumoto took the land and built their capital in Aki province. Their customs are more relaxed than the other Japanese and one can say that they have the spirit of our people. | ||
*Discussion Questions: | *Discussion Questions: | ||
430번째 줄: | 420번째 줄: | ||
21. 古俚大國。西洋諸番之會。去中國十萬里。王好浮屠。敬象牛。老不傳子。傳外孫。否則傳弟。無外孫弟。傳善行人。俗尚信義。行者讓路。道不拾遺。以葫蘆爲樂器。蓋海中絶國。而有上古三代之風。可尚也。 | 21. 古俚大國。西洋諸番之會。去中國十萬里。王好浮屠。敬象牛。老不傳子。傳外孫。否則傳弟。無外孫弟。傳善行人。俗尚信義。行者讓路。道不拾遺。以葫蘆爲樂器。蓋海中絶國。而有上古三代之風。可尚也。 | ||
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− | The great state of Koi [RR: Goi] (now Kozhikode/Calicut) is | + | The great state of Koi [RR: Goi] (now Kozhikode/Calicut) is a confederation of various states in the western sea. It is apart from China ten thousand ri. Its king is fond of Buddhism and reveres elephants and cows. When he grew old, he did not pass the throne to his son, instead he tried to pass it to his maternal grandson or his younger brother. But he does not have a grandson nor a brother. So he passed the throne to a man of good deeds. Their social custom regards highly of honor and morality. Pedestrians give way to each other. No one keeps anything found on the road. They use bottle gourd as musical instrument. Therefore it is a peerless state in the sea. And it has the atmosphere of the ancient three dynasties, thus it can be followed. |
22. 滿剌加。舊名五嶼。在南海中。氣候朝熱暮寒。王白帛纏頭。俗淳朴。尚回回敎。旁海人畏龜龍。龜龍高四尺四足。身負鱗甲。遇人卽嚙。嚙卽死。山有黑虎。視虎差小。或變人形。白晝群入市。覺者擒殺。按皇明給事中陳嘉猷。嘗奉使其國。有詩集。 | 22. 滿剌加。舊名五嶼。在南海中。氣候朝熱暮寒。王白帛纏頭。俗淳朴。尚回回敎。旁海人畏龜龍。龜龍高四尺四足。身負鱗甲。遇人卽嚙。嚙卽死。山有黑虎。視虎差小。或變人形。白晝群入市。覺者擒殺。按皇明給事中陳嘉猷。嘗奉使其國。有詩集。 | ||
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− | As to Malacca, its old name is Five Islands. It is situated in the middle of the Southern Sea. The climate during the day is hot and during the night is cold. Its king wraps his head with white silk. The social custom is pure and simple. They revere the religion of Islam. By the sea, people fear turtle dragons. The turtle dragons have four ch'ŏk [RR: cheok] high and four legs. They bear scale armors and bite whenever they encounter people. Those who are bitten die promptly. Its mountains have black tigers. Comparing to tigers, they are smaller. Sometimes they transform into human-like and go into the market in flock in broad daylight. Those who aware of them | + | As to Malacca, its old name is Five Islands. It is situated in the middle of the Southern Sea. The climate during the day is hot and during the night is cold. Its king wraps his head with white silk. The social custom is pure and simple. They revere the religion of Islam. By the sea, people fear turtle dragons. The turtle dragons have four ch'ŏk [RR: cheok] high and four legs. They bear scale armors and bite whenever they encounter people. Those who are bitten die promptly. Its mountains have black tigers. Comparing to tigers, they are smaller. Sometimes they transform into human-like and go into the market in flock in broad daylight. Those who aware of them were captured and killed by them. This is written according to the August Ming Supervising Secretary Chen Jiayou, who was once sent as an envoy to this state and had left a collection of poetry. |
23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰陽醫卜百工技藝。大類中國。曆有十二月無閏。風俗朴厚。好耕殖。一年二熟。婦女不施脂粉。自然嬌白。飮食。男女不同處。夫死不再嫁。妻死不再娶。若孤寡無倚。一村輪養之。有兜羅錦。闊四五尺。厚可五分。背面皆毳絨。 | 23. 榜葛剌。東印度也。國最大。財物豐衍。甲於隣國。王及諸官。皆回回人。祝髮白布纏頭。氣候常熱如夏。陰陽醫卜百工技藝。大類中國。曆有十二月無閏。風俗朴厚。好耕殖。一年二熟。婦女不施脂粉。自然嬌白。飮食。男女不同處。夫死不再嫁。妻死不再娶。若孤寡無倚。一村輪養之。有兜羅錦。闊四五尺。厚可五分。背面皆毳絨。 | ||
506번째 줄: | 496번째 줄: | ||
*Discussion Questions: | *Discussion Questions: | ||
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+ | - What sources (which books, rumors vehicled by whom, etc.) did the author rely on to write these comments? | ||
==='''Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)'''=== | ==='''Student 9 : (Mengheng Lee)'''=== | ||
519번째 줄: | 511번째 줄: | ||
Lu Chen, also called Liu Cheng, is in the Western Regions. It is passed by rivers and deserts, but no grass was there. Horses and cows are dead once they walked to here. Suddenly, a strong wind blows, so people and horse lose each other. Lots of human bones were alongside the roads as ghosts. People passing by here lose their partners and get lost in the daytime, naming here as Han Hai. There is Liu Sha in the west and Huo Yan maintain in the north of this place. The color of the mountain is like fire. The weather here is warm. It’s a good place to plant flax and is a productive farming land for small grapes. The grapes are sweaty and without kernels. It is so called Liu Sha He, which is generally the Liu Sha He from Yu Gong. | Lu Chen, also called Liu Cheng, is in the Western Regions. It is passed by rivers and deserts, but no grass was there. Horses and cows are dead once they walked to here. Suddenly, a strong wind blows, so people and horse lose each other. Lots of human bones were alongside the roads as ghosts. People passing by here lose their partners and get lost in the daytime, naming here as Han Hai. There is Liu Sha in the west and Huo Yan maintain in the north of this place. The color of the mountain is like fire. The weather here is warm. It’s a good place to plant flax and is a productive farming land for small grapes. The grapes are sweaty and without kernels. It is so called Liu Sha He, which is generally the Liu Sha He from Yu Gong. | ||
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+ | 35. 忽魯謨斯。在西南海中。土厚宜耕種。人質直。狀貌偉碩。喜作佛事。産獅子駞鷄福鹿靈羊馬哈獸。按韓"詩貨通獅子國註。獅子國在南海中。人長丈五尺。船極高大。梯而上之云。疑卽此也。 | ||
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+ | Hu Lu Mo Si is in the southwestern sea. It’s a productive farming land. Here people are righteous, and they are tall and strong. They love to conduct Buddhist ritual ceremony. Here have lions, camels, chickens, deer, sheep, and Oryx leucoryx. According to the annotation from Han Shi Huo Tong Shi Zi Guo, there is a country in the southern sea, called Shi Zi Guo, where people were as tall as five Cheok, where boats were so huge that people had to use ladders to get in. I think it seems the so-called Shi Zi Guo. | ||
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+ | 36. 亦思把罕。西南海中大國。廣袤千里。王居侈麗。物産豐厚。尚佛畏刑。喜施惡奪。有珠珀而無稻黍。日食惟穄麥。麥粒麤壯甘美。阿速在西海中。亦大國。敬佛鬼好布施。物産饒裕。凉暄適節。人無飢寒。夜無寇盜。蓋樂土也。以上諸國。出吾學編等書。又宋史曰。注輦國。自古不通中國。水行至廣州。約四十一萬餘里云。此外西番及海外小國。如彭亨,呂宋,阿魯甘,巴里等國。不能悉錄。其不通中華。不入載籍者。亦何限乎。 | ||
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+ | Yi Si Ba Han is a huge country in the southwestern sea, holding a vast territory. Its palace is pretentious and magnificent, and its agricultural productions are rich and generous. People advocate Buddhism and awe penalty; they love to give and hate to take by force. Here has pearl and amber but without grain and millet. People only eat panicled millet, which is thick and sweet. A Su is in the east sea, and it’s also a big country. People living in the country respect buddha and ghost, and they love to give things to others. The agricultural productions are abundant, and the weather is pleasant, not so hot or so cold. (For that reason,) people would not suffer from famine and coldness, and there would be no bandits and thieves at night. Generally speaking, it’s a land of pleasantness. The countries mentioned above came from several books, including Wu Xue Bian. And, according to Song Shi, it said: “Zhu Nian Guo, a country that haven’t interacted with China from ancient time, is said to be distanced from Guang Zhou about more than 410 thousand li if travelling by boat.” Besides, western countries and other small countries oversea, such as Peng Heng, Lu Song, A Lu Gan, and Ba Li, do not interact with China. How could we say the countries that were unrecorded into books are limited? | ||
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601번째 줄: | 604번째 줄: | ||
45. | 45. | ||
− | + | 南番國人。萬曆癸卯年間。隨倭舶漂抵我境。見其人。眉與上睫通爲一。髯似羊鬚。其率人面漆黑。形狀尤醜怪。蓋海鬼類也。言語不通。因倭譯問。則國在海中。距中國八萬里。倭人以地多珍寶。故往來通商。離本土八年。方到此云。蓋絶國也。 | |
− | In the year gyeyu | + | In the year ''gyeyu'' during the Wanli era, a man from the Southern Barbarian State [Holland] followed the Japanese ships and drifted to our land. I saw the man. His eyebrows and eyelashes were connected into one, and his beard looked like a goat’s. His man’s complexion was pitch-black. His outlook was very ugly and strange. Perhaps he was a kind of sea devil. Unable to communicate with them, I asked questions by means of a Japanese man’s interpretation. [He replied that] his country was located in the midst of the sea and 80,000 ''li'' away from China. Because there are lots of precious treasure in the land, the Japanese visit and trade there. They say that it takes eight years to get there from their country. Probably it must be a remote isolated country. |
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− | + | 永結利國。在極西外洋。晝則極長。夜纔二更。旋卽天明。其俗惟喫麥屑衣皮裘。以舟爲家。四重造船。以鐵片周裹內外。船上建數十檣竹。船尾設生風之機。碇索用鐵鎖數百湊合以成。故雖遇風濤不敗。戰用大砲。出沒行劫。海中諸國。莫敢相抗。頃年。自日本漂到興陽之境。其船極高大。如層樓大屋。我軍搏戰。不能攻破。致令脫去。後問倭使。知其爲永結利人也。按元史。吉利吉思去中國二萬五千餘里。晝長夜短。卽唐骨利幹國云。結利與吉利骨利音相近。疑卽此也。 | |
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− | As for anchor ropes, they use cables made of hundreds of iron-chains, so their ships are not wrecked in face of storm waves. | + | Yeong'gyeoli State [England] is located at the far west in the outer ocean. The day is extremely long. The night lasts only until the second watch (11 pm to 1 am) and soon the day breaks. As for their custom, they eat only barley powder (flour), wear leather and fur clothes, and take a ship as a house. They build a ship with four folds of wood, clad with pieces of iron within and without. They fix tens of masts on the ship and install a wind-generator [wind turbine] at the stern. As for anchor ropes, they use cables made of hundreds of iron-chains, so their ships are not wrecked in the face of storm waves. The ships use cannons for wars and show up to raid. Many countries in the sea do not dare to confront them. In recent years, a ship drifted from Japan to Heung’yang area [modern Goheung in South Jeolla province]. The ship was extremely high and huge like a multistoried mansion. Our [Joseon] troops attacked it but was unable to destroy it and let it escape and go. Later I asked a Japanese envoy and came to know that they were the man of Yeong’gyeolli [English men]. According to my reading of the ''History of the Yuan Dynasty'', the distance between Gilligilsa and China is 25,000 ''li''. The day is long and the night is short [in England]. England was called Goliganguk during the Tang period. The sound of ''gyeolli'' is similar to ''gilli'' or ''golli'' each other, so I guess they refer to this England. |
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− | The ships use cannons for wars and show up to raid. Many countries in the sea do not dare to confront them. | ||
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47. | 47. | ||
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− | + | 按唐史。骨利幹居翰海北。其地晝長夜短。日沒後天色正曛。煮羊胛適熟。日復出。唐初。號結骨。朱子曰。此是地之角尖處。日入地下。無所遮蔽。故常光明。及東出而爲曉。其所經遮蔽處。亦不多耳。 | |
+ | According to my reading of the ''History of the Tang Dynasty'', Goligan [England] is located in the north of the Han Sea [Lake Baikal]. In the land, the day is long and the night is short. After the sunset, the sky is [still] glow. When the time passes for a sheep’s shoulder bone to be properly boiled and cooked, the sun rises again. In the early Tang era, it was called Gyeolgol. Zhuzi [Zhu Xi, 1130-1200] said, “This land is the tip of the earth. The sun goes underground but has no place to hide. Therefore, it is always bright. Until the sun rises from the east and breaks the day, there are few places to conceal the passage of the sun.”<ref> This quotation is an extract from chapter one of the ''Zhuzi Yulei'' 朱子語類 (''Classified Conversation of Zhu Xi'').</ref> | ||
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+ | 歐羅巴國。亦名大西國。有利瑪竇者。泛海八年。越八萬里風濤。居東粤十餘年。所著天主實義二卷。首論天主始制天地。主宰安養之道。次論人魂不滅。大異禽獸。次辨輪廻六道之謬。天堂地獄善惡之報。末論人性本善而敬奉天主之意。其俗謂君曰敎化皇。不婚娶故無襲嗣。擇賢而立之。又其俗重友誼。<ref> 重友論 ("Essay on the Value of Friends") appears to another name of 交友論 ("Essay on Friendship"). </ref> 不爲私蓄。著重友論。焦竑曰。西域利君以爲友者第二我。此言奇甚云。事詳見續耳譚。 | ||
− | + | Gurapa [European] country is also called Great Western Country. There is a man called Imadu [Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610] who sailed the sea for eight years and crossed over 80,000 ''li'' in the face of wind and waves. He stayed at East Wol (Gwangdong) over ten years. He wrote the ''True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven'' (''Tianzhu Shiyi'' 天主實義) in two volumes. First of all, he states that the Lord of Heaven created the heaven and the earth in the beginning, and He rules over them with peace and care. Secondly, he discusses that the souls of humans are immortal and greatly different from those of beasts and birds. Thirdly, he distinguishes the error of the Six Paths of Reincarnation<ref> The Six Paths of Reincarnation 輪廻六道 are a Buddhist concept of the cycle of death and rebirth stemming from Hindu philosophies. Each of these paths represents one of the realms a being is reborn into after death, determined by the accumulated karma of their past life.</ref> from the judgment of Heaven and Hell. Lastly, he argues that human nature is originally good and we should obey the Lord of Heaven’s will. In their custom, they call their king Edifying Emperor 敎化皇.<ref> Matteo Ricci was born in Macerata, part of the Papal States, and today a city in the Italian region of Marche.</ref> He does not take a wife, so does not have an heir. [Instead,] a worthy man is selected and enthroned [after him]. In addition, they cherish the friendship in their custom and do not save money for themselves. He [Ricci] wrote the ''Essay on Friendship''. Jiao Hong (焦竑, 1540-1620) said, “Mr. Imadu from the Western region says ‘My friend is another I.’ This word is amazingly marvelous.” The episode is described in detail in the ''Sequel to Hearsay'' (''Xu er tan'' 續耳譚). | |
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+ | *Discussion Questions: | ||
− | + | 1. In the description of trade between Japan and Holland of 45, how can we make a connection between the trade and Rangaku 蘭學(“Dutch Studies”)? | |
− | + | 2. The lengths of night and day in England of 46 are not correct. What is the source of this information? | |
− | + | 3. Why was only Matteo Ricci's country called European country? | |
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==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''=== | ==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''=== | ||
736번째 줄: | 653번째 줄: | ||
[[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | [[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | ||
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | [[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | ||
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2022년 2월 15일 (화) 00:54 기준 최신판
Primary Source | ||
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Title | |
English | ||
Chinese | 芝峯類說 | |
Korean(RR) | 지봉유설(Jibongyuseol) | |
Text Details | ||
Genre | Literati Writings | |
Type | ||
Author(s) | 李睟光 | |
Year | ||
Source | ||
Key Concepts | ||
Translation Info | ||
Translator(s) | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
Editor(s) | ||
Year | 2018 |
Introduction
自賣 was a prevalent method for the impoverished commoners to obtain subsistence in the extreme situation of famine during the late Choson period. This was called 口活’
한성부 향도꾼은 동내 주민 중심의 인적 구성을 벗어나 이웃 동내, 나아가 한성부 전체를 지역적 기반으로 하는 대형 조직으로 변모하였다 했다. 또한 노비의 입계를 허락하지 않는 가문은 계원들 다수가 그 집에 쳐들어가 쌍욕을 해대는가 하면 그 집 처녀를 보쌈을 해와 형제들끼리 나누어 가질 정도였다. 이같은 무리한 행위에도 불구하도 계원의 세력이 너무나 강해 항의조차 못할 정도였다. 향도계 계원들의 숫자는 많은 경우 수 백명에 달했고 적은 계일지라도 100 여명에 이르렀다.
첫째, 그들의 상전 등 주위 양반들과 경제적 이해관계가 직접적이지 않았기 때문이었다. 주의 상전이나 양반들의 논밭을 경작하는 노비, 또는 하층민이라면 감히 토지소유주의 이해에 반하는 행위를 하지 못했을 것이다. 둘째, 익명성이 보장되고 회합이 용이한 도회지에서 활동했다는 점이다. 17세기 중엽 서울은 인구가 많을 뿐 아니라 유동 인구, 특히 도망 노비, 소작인들이 대거 이동함으로써 향도계원의 불법 혹은 도덕적 비난으로부터 일정부분 익명성을 보장받을 수 있었던 것이다.
connection with 중인.