"(Translation) 湖西暗行御史封書"의 두 판 사이의 차이
Sanghoon Na (토론 | 기여) 잔글 |
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#Did the undercover censors only work well? If not, would there be any documents in which they were complicit with their corresponding local magistrates, and indulged in any corruptions(e.g.extortion)? | #Did the undercover censors only work well? If not, would there be any documents in which they were complicit with their corresponding local magistrates, and indulged in any corruptions(e.g.extortion)? | ||
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2022년 2월 14일 (월) 23:56 기준 최신판
| Primary Source | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
Title | |
| English | Appointment Letter of Hoseo's Undercover Censor | |
| Chinese | 湖西暗行御史封書 | |
| Korean(RR) | Hoseo amhang eosa bongseo 호서암행어사봉서 | |
| Text Details | ||
| Genre | Royal Documents | |
| Type | ||
| Author(s) | 朝鲜正祖 | |
| Year | 1799 | |
| Source | ||
| Key Concepts | Undercover Censor, Hoseo, Chungcheong, Famine, Corruption, Local Functionaries, Disaster Relief | |
| Translation Info | ||
| Translator(s) | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
| Editor(s) | Inho Choi, Kanghun Ahn, King Kwong Wong, Younès M’Ghari | |
| Year | 2018 | |
Introduction
During the reign of Jeongjo (Chŏngjo), the famine relief policy became systematized and established as a routine government operations. For example, the published a series of publications such as that provided the previous examples of famine relief policy 八道賑穀假令, 惠政年表, and 惠政要覽1. As the relief policy become elaborated, the supervision of the actualization of the policy by the local magistrate also took on more significance. The authority of the under-cover sensor(amhaengeosa, or amhaengŏsa, 暗行御史) was elevated around the reign of Jeongjo to strengthen their supervisory role over the local magistrate’s famine relief operations. During his reign, an effort was made to standardize the items that the undercover censor has to evaluate regarding the works of local magistrate2.
In the year of 1799, a severe famine struck Chungcheong (Ch'ungch'ŏng) province. As the local magistrate enacts the famine relief policy and reports back, Jeongjo sent Sinhyeon (Shinhyŏn) (申絢) as the undercover sensor to supervise the work of famine relief and evaluate various government officials and local clerks. Jeongjo outlines the overall situations regarding the relief operations and assigns the Ups for the under-cover censor to be in charge of. Of the particular interest are the enumerated matters that particularly concerns Jeongjo. First, he mentions the problem of classification of the disaster strict administrative district. In the late Choson, the fraud regarding classification were prevalent for various reasons. One of the reasons is the local magistrate’ desire to gain fame by classifying the unites under his government to the categories that exaggerates the severity of the disaster. By that, the tax burden of people was reduced, and thereby the local magistrate could gain reputation as being a benevolent magistrate. The phrase that refers to this problem was yoye (要譽). This problem also appears in the standardized items for the under-cover censor3. He also points out the difficulty in classifying at the household level. A more fine-grained classification system at the household level is introduced for Jeolla(Chŏlla) province in the 18th year of Jeongjo. We can see the same classification is being used in this famine in Chungcheong province, and Jeongjo is worried about the accuracy of classification.
Another problem was the meddling of the local clerks in the famine relief operation. With various means, they intervene in this operations through various means and steals the benefit that must have been given to the people, or they would deceive the central government so that when people pay the taxes that was put off, they would just take over this payment. This problem is specifically referred in this document (停退之偏於官屬而不及貧殘者) and was later reported in detail back to the government by the under-cover censor4. He also refers to the failures such as incorrect pricing of the grain taxes and the defective central direction, and the various extortions like promulgating deceptive government regulation by the local clerks.
Finally, we can also see what other measure were used to alleviate the famine situations. For example, the government prohibited people from consuming(or making) liquor and from butchering the cow. The former is likely to be formulated to prevent people from wasting the grains on making liquor. The latter perhaps aims to protect the future labor force provided by cows which is likely to be consumed in the severe famine situation.
- References:
(1) 문용식. 2016. 1794년 전라도지역의 기근과 환곡의 활용. 역사와 실학, 제 61권. 90쪽. (2) 정조실록 16권, 정조 7년 10월 29일 정해 3번째기사 1783년 청 건륭(乾隆) 48년 “비변사에서 올린 제도 어사 사목” http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10710029_003 (3) ibid. (4) 정조실록 51권, 정조 23년 5월 9일 병인 1번째기사 1799년 청 가경(嘉慶) 4년 “충청도 암행 어사 신현이 각 고을의 폐단에 대해 올린 별단” http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_12305009_001
Original Script
| Classical Chinese | English |
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湖西一路土瘠而旣不多出人惰而又不昏作衣食之源本不及於 兩南而今年賑邑又比兩南夥然一視之地尤未忍釋念者此也凡所 以措施區劃之者錢爲六萬穀近四萬而尤甚則照乙亥之例願納則 許空名之帖若使長吏得其人湖山千里之間尙庶幾回咷而爲笑但 邑邑有難擇任人人有難盡職則雖傾敖倉之粟而散水衡之財顧 何以濟衆生於溝壑之中乎衣繡者號稱直指以指陳之尙直也勿以 勢力爲憚勿以顔私爲拘齎去事目特泛說也外此當採者左錄可按 而栍邑之外傍郡沿路自可一體論列 栍邑 牙山 平澤 泰安 延歧 面里分等尙云細矣細固難矣況民戶乎尤甚之中又有㝡尤甚名色 而戶之分等視邑之分等其所停退以次遞減邑雖之次戶則尤甚與尤 甚邑之尤甚戶眞箇諺所云草綠一色則牛羊何擇焉先自分等之精 濫各別詳探而停退之偏於官屬而不及貧殘者亦須採勘 賑口當從戶分等矣或有入於尤甚而不入於賑者或有付於賑而初 非入於尤甚秩者則二者之中一則誤矣 見今輪氣才霽瘡痍甫起此政涵濡呴育之時而所謂恤典之題 給不有朝飭邱原淺土行路猶歎至於病民救急則升龠有分而奸 胥輩誅求督若官令不但惠不下究反爲貽害之端寧不駭痛在 所嚴懲 誘以歲儉巧事掊克牛酒之當禁而其立心也在於懲贖不在於 守法民之受病莫大於此 本道番上之軍尤甚邑限明年換番而各邑邑底有所謂都家者 各哨旗隊長凡係呈訴糶糴出入官府之時日費百錢酒肉淋漓 及其上番當次也輒討其債於旗隊下諸卒每人幾出十餘兩尤 爲湖民痼瘼 恩津之江景結城之廣川卽湖西都會之地也魚鹽之所出舟車之所 湊民富俗厚自古稱樂土而近來漸不如古人烟日稀商估罕至此 必官吏之誅求日甚而村氓之生理日艱而然其所以擧瘼興弊之策另 具聞見以奏 平澤處在畿湖之交而湖南大路太半由此故屠牛犯禁自昔蕩 然官家進排又是無價官不惟不禁反令爲之距京師不滿百五十 里之地法之不行已如此他邑何論 |
As to the whole region of Hosŏ1 its soil is barren and do not produce many [crops], its people are lazy and do not work hard. As for the sources of clothing and eating, originally it does not match those of Yangnam2; in addition, this year the ûp3 [of Hosŏ] to be relieved are more than [those of] Yangnam. [Even if I am] conceiving these places with the same eye , I particularly do not bear feeling reassured. This is how it is. In general, to those who are under the jurisdiction of this measure, give 60.000 chŏn (RR: jeon) of money and nearly 40.000 units of crops. But if [the situation is] particularly severe, then following the precedent of the Ŭrhae (RR: Eulhae, pinyin: Yihai) year4 grant those who are willing to pay the certificate of honorary title. If you dispatch Senior Subalterns and obtain such people, within the 1000 li of the lakes and mountains, people will likely turn their tears into laughter. But every ûp has difficulties in appointing officials, everyone has difficulties in fulfilling their duty. Thence, even if you empty the millet of the Ao Granary5 and dispel the wealth of Shuiheng6. Thereby, how could you help all the people in the abyss? Those who wear embroideries are called the straight pointers because of the straightforwardness of their pointed statement. You should not be afraid of those in power; you should not be hindered by personal affection. The list of matters is explained very expensively. Aside from this [list], the places which have been selected, you can refer [to them] on the record to the left. And apart from the ûp that you are assigned, along the road of the neighbouring prefectures, you can make a list and judge altogether at your discretion.
We see that now the circulation of disease has eventually ceased, and the desolation after the disaster begins to appear. This is the moment to administer nourishment and nurturing, but the distribution of the so-called Hyulchôn7 has no direction from the government. In the graveyard and swallow soil, passer-bys are still lamenting. As to the sick people and the relief of emergency, [even] the amount [of rice] has distinction. And the cunning clerks and the like extort [from people] and oversee [the extortion] as if following government orders. They do not only benefit from not being inspected, they unexpectedly begin to be calamities. I would rather be not terrified by the pain, and strictly punish [them] at their place. Tempted by the year’s bad harvest, they opportunely commit extortion. Prohibiting beef and alcohol, and [so] establishing their mind aim to have them punished and redeem themselves; they do not aim at having them abiding the law. As for the disease that the people suffered, there is nothing greater than this. As to this province’s Army of Rotation8, for the ûp of the particularly severe category, reduce the rotation duty next year. Under the ûp seat of each eup, there are so-called Toga (RR: Doga)9. When the head of each military unit visits the office regarding in general the matters of lawsuit and grain loans, the daily expense costs hundred chŏn, and meats and wines are abundantly offered. When their rotating duty is due, the Toga suddenly demands the payment of debt to the soldiers of the military units. Each person almost pays around ten yang. This has become a chronic disease of the people of Hosŏ. Mount Kanggyŏng (RR: Ganggyeong) of Ŭnjin (RR: Eunjin) and Kwangch'ŏn (RR: Gwangcheon) river of Kyŏlsŏng (RR: Gyeolseong) are the metropolis areas of Hosŏ. It is where fishes and salt are produced, where boats and carriages are assembled; people are rich and the customs are honest and sincere; from ancient times it is called the land of joy. But lately it gradually does not match the ancient times: signs of people’s habitation become sparse daily and merchants rarely arrive. This must be the result of local functionaries’ extortion that is worsening daily, so the livelihood of the country people is deteriorating accordingly. As to the strategies that they used to raise sicknesses and flourish evils, there were separate reports that were memorialized to me. As for P'yŏngt'aek, it situated at where the capital area and Hosŏ meet, and as for the main roads to Honam, over half come from here. Thus, as to the violation of the regulation on cow butchering, it was repeatedly committed since the distant past. Officials’ ostentation and extravagance are also priceless. Officials not only did not prohibit [it], on the contrary they cause people to do so. In a place less than a hundred fifty li from the capital, the situation where the law does not promulate has already become such state. What to say about the other ûp? 1 湖西：Hosŏ (RR: Hoseo, now Ch’ungch’ŏng (RR:Chungcheong) province) 2 兩南：Yangnam (RR: Yangnam) refers to the two Southernmost regions: Honam (湖南, now Chŏlla (RR: Jeolla) province) and Yŏngnam (嶺南 , now Kyŏngsang (RR: Gyeongsang) province). 3 邑：Ŭp (RR: eup) are equivalents of counties (or towns). 4 There was a famine in the autumn of the Ŭrhae year, 1755, but we are not sure which measure is being referred, see http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wua_13108016_002. 5 A granary built by the First Emperor of Qin of China (220-210 BCE) to collect all the grains in his realm 6 A government official during the Han dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) responsible for overseeing the royal treasury and coinage 7 恤典: Hyulchôn (RR: Hyuljeon) is a law that the royal court applies to give financial support to relatives of people who have died or to those who suffered serious injury. 8 This refers to the practice of taking turn to send the local army to the capital. 9 This refers to the monopoly merchants. |
Discussion Questions
- Who first had the idea of relying on "undercover censors" (暗行御史) to ensure the respect of the central government's policies? Is this specific to the Kingdom of Chosôn?
- How many undercover censors would be dispatched at a time?
- How did the Choson court select the "undercover censors"? What sort of qualifications were they expected to meet?
- Did the undercover censors only work well? If not, would there be any documents in which they were complicit with their corresponding local magistrates, and indulged in any corruptions(e.g.extortion)?
