"(Translation) 湖西慰諭御史封書"의 두 판 사이의 차이
| (사용자 5명의 중간 판 26개는 보이지 않습니다) | |||
| 3번째 줄: | 3번째 줄: | ||
|English = | |English = | ||
|Chinese = 湖西慰諭御史封書 | |Chinese = 湖西慰諭御史封書 | ||
| − | |Korean = | + | |Korean = Hoseo wiyu eosa bongseo |
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]] | |Genre = [[Royal Documents]] | ||
|Type = | |Type = | ||
| 10번째 줄: | 10번째 줄: | ||
|Key Concepts= | |Key Concepts= | ||
|Translator = [[2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]] | |Translator = [[2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]] | ||
| − | |Editor = | + | |Editor = Ruixin Ren, Xiaoyi Ze, Jing Hu, Martin Gehlmann |
|Translation Year = 2018 | |Translation Year = 2018 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | [[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2018 Hanmun | + | [[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Primary Sources for Korean Studies]] |
=='''Introduction'''== | =='''Introduction'''== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The late 18th century has not only been called a renaissance period for the Joseon dynasty, owing to the competent rule of the Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo, but also saw a large rise in crop output on the Korean Peninsula due to the widespread use of new agricultural technologies, like improved fertilizers and wet-paddy fields. The increased reliance on irrigation, however, also made the agricultural production of the Joseon kingdom more vulnerable to delayed rainfalls or droughts, which resulted in famines. [Meteorological reasons?] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Traditionally, the need to mitigate the consequences of such disasters, such as mass starvation, the deterioration of the rural social order, and the threat of local rebellions, had led the state to develop a large range of measures to relief famine, its main tool being tax exemptions. By the late 18th century an elaborate system of tax exemption and relief aid existed to alleviate the burdens on disaster stricken parts of the population. This system was based on hyuljeon 恤典, also known as royal compassion, an institutional borrowing from China. Originally, the term was used for measures to honor people in high official positions who died unnatural or accidental death. Later, however, the range of people upon whom royal compassion could be bestowed widened and the system was no longer being limited to high officials, but could be used to give material aid those who lost family members in natural disasters or accidents. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The implementation of such disaster relief always proved to be problematic as the extent of tax exemptions had to be assessed properly in order not to diminish the state’s tax income too radically. Therefore an evaluation system was put into place, which classified the counties according to the severity of crop-failure. The three categories were: 1. Severe emergency (usim 尤甚), for a county that only produces 25% of its normal output. 2. Secondary emergency (jicha 之次), for a county that only produces 50% of its normal output. 3. Some yield (chosil 稍實), for a county that produces 75% of its normal output. | ||
| + | As such evaluations were done at the local level and then reported upward for confirmation; the court often feared that the numbers were exaggerated by collusion between regional officials and land owners to illicitly reduce the tax burden. Moreover, governors also often lobbied to receive large amounts of tax exemptions in order to strengthen their local position. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Therefore the state began to dispatch Comforting and Admonishing Officials from the capital to coordinate these relief measures. They were appointed by the central government to help disaster-stricken people and secure social order. The duty of the official was to investigate the situation and visit the most affiliated area in person, evaluate the work performed by magistrates and report any misconduct, make plans for measures to restore people’s livelihoods and for future famine relief, make estimation for future land-taxation, gather those affiliated by the calamity to relay the king’s compassion by reading out his royal message to the people of the province, and execute the relief measures. He was also supposed to investigate the general conditions of local administration and correct any malpractices in legal enforcement, taxation and granary management. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following document is a letter presented to Hong Daehyeob 洪大協 (1750-?) in 1794 and instating him as Comforting and Admonishing Official for the Chungcheong province. The peninsula had been struck by famine in years before and the situation was not yet stable. In his research Anders Karlsson has shown that the provinces closer to the capital of the Joseon kingdom, i.e. Gyeonggi and Chungcheong received more lenient and favorable help during times of disaster. This is visible in this letter by a reference and alteration by the King of a passage appearing in the Book of Poetry and the Book of Documents stating that: “[…] be gentle to the distant ones and be kind to the near ones, in order to (settle:) stabilize our king (柔遠 | ||
| + | 能邇, 以定我王).” The document further documents how Hong, besides his duties to investigate the need of tax exemptions and to enact them, is also charged with other tasks of subduing thieves, ensuring ritual spaces are proper and other local problems. | ||
=='''Original Script'''== | =='''Original Script'''== | ||
| 106번째 줄: | 118번째 줄: | ||
|| | || | ||
| − | ( | + | '''Letter presented to Hong Daehyeob (Hong Taehyŏp) at his leave as Comforting and Admonishing Official to the forty-four counties and one town under severe and secondary emergency in the Hoseo region.''' |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | The area Hoseo<ref>The Province of Chungcheong</ref>, next to the suburbs of the capital region, gives a great deal of worries. Even in years of good harvest and happiness, much more compassion and concern are needed there than in other provinces. Moreover, this year is a year of poor harvest that hasn’t be seen in recent times. From autumn to winter, I get up early and eat my dinners late at night, as what troubles me most in my mind is Hoseo. If we are kind to those who are close and try to comfort those who are faraway, then people close will be pleased and people faraway will be delighted to come and submit. If we abandon policies that are applied to reduce the taxation and strategies that are used to save the people, but on the contrary apply these in Yangnam<ref>lit. the two souths, Honam: The Province of Jeolla, and Yeongnam: The Province of Gyeongsang</ref>, then that would be to abandon what is close and seek for what is far. How could I value what is distant and neglect what is close? That is the reason why there are some actions beyond convention and common practice, which also should be applied to cities and towns designated as secondary emergency. Under severe emergency are the following twenty counties, Seokseong，Pyeongtaek，Yeongi，Seosan，Biin，Seocheon，Jiksan，Sinchang，Eunjin, Iseong， Yeongdong， Dangjin， Myeoncheon， Hansan， Cheonan， Asan, Yesan， Nampo， Haemi and the following twenty five counties and one town are under secondary emergency Buyeo， Imcheon， Hongsan， Boryeong, Gyeolseong，Deoksan，Onyang， Cheongju， Eumseong， Jinjam， Hoedeok， Cheongpung，Cheongan， Yeongchun， Yeonsan， Cheongsan， Boeun， Daeheung， Hongju， Yeonpung， Munui， Mokcheon， Okcheon， Chungju， Pyeongsin. As recorded in the lower part of this letter these places are instructed to stop offering tributes and to enact reduced taxation. You should exert all your strength and wisdom to clearly instruct the fellow countrymen and provide them with stable residence, so that nobody will sigh because of the loss of residence. The articles to be administered are listed on the left [below]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: [In terms of taxation,] it is easy to mix up "exemption", "remission", and "substitution", but difficult to distinguish them. You should [know how to] correctly discriminate and announce the measures without distortion. Thereby both common people and soldiers will be clear about the amount of their subvention, and local clerks will have no chance to commit irregularities. As to those counties graded as secondary emergency, which were not included when reliving Yeongnam and Honam area, though they are designated as secondary emergency, as a matter of fact, the situation is as the same as the regions of severe emergency. So to speak, people who have only one meal every two days and people who have one meal every day sit together. What the people who have one meal every two days received is so abundant that exceeded one square zhang. In contrast, the people who have one meal every day received nothing. How he could not heave a sigh at the corner? Therefore, we would rather make mistakes by indiscrimination than leave any people affected by famine out. My Minister should entirely know my intention and carry out the mission by covering all bases. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: Even though relief measures are different from comforting local people, the way to understand the local situation is to enter the region, to inquire about the local customs, to listen to the people and to examine achievements. As for those who commit major crimes that cannot be tolerated and should be immediately report to the king and be judged, acting as examples for other regions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: The various goods submitted as tributes still can be reduced, however, if like in the past that people were unreasonably pressured or plundered by officials, there should be inspection officers in each province and magistrate in each district to perform individual inspections, listening and report to the king. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: When appraising the households poor and rich can be delusive, plenty and scarce can be hard to distinguish. Some that should be excluded will use their power to be included and some that are poor and weak and should be included will be excluded. Chang and Yi live in different worlds; the southern and northern village each has its own heaven. This special grace is a special grace, and a special instant is a special instant, that will not be instituted again. Use the papers and instructions, discard the regular, be strict and precise and in time there will be concrete results. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: The first most important task is now said to be the apprehension of thieves. It has been passed on to the local leaders and in order for each to clean up their territory the court has issued a proclamation. If there are some that are not diligent in this, grab those below the military generals and flog them. The soldiers should be used to report to the king and for punishment. If local leaders are neglectful, if their wrongs are small they are to be replaced and punished, if they are big it is to be reported to the king. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: [As for the matters of] the prohibition of trading supplies, the clear distinction between households that are to receive relief and that are to repay it, not managed wrongful treatment, not yet commended filial behavior, grievances of the soldiers, and abuses of tax collection are to be investigated one by one. If the offense is large it is to be reported to the king, if it is small it is to be presented after the return to the court. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: When the leaders outside the palace ride sedan chairs and on the side of the roads there are abandoned children, Make sure that surely there is no neglect of orders or grievances for crossing over. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One: With rituals it is important that they are different in the capital and outside of it. Make sure that worship is done cautiously and the ritual spaces are all clean. | ||
| + | One: Winds are felling the pine trees of Anmyeon Island. It was already ordered to allow the people to sell them off to support the relief efforts. Let this have concrete results for ordering the counties and managing the villages. | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | <!-- | ||
=='''Discussion Questions'''== | =='''Discussion Questions'''== | ||
# | # | ||
| 117번째 줄: | 149번째 줄: | ||
=='''Further Readings'''== | =='''Further Readings'''== | ||
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<div style="color:#008080;"> | <div style="color:#008080;"> | ||
* View together with '''~~'''. | * View together with '''~~'''. | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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* | * | ||
* | * | ||
| 160번째 줄: | 192번째 줄: | ||
==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''=== | ==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''=== | ||
---- | ---- | ||
| + | 慰諭之行。雖異於按廉。入境詢俗。聽言考績。自可有領會者。就其中大不法最不堪者。劃卽狀聞論罪。以爲列郡望風解綬之地。 | ||
| + | Even though relieving actions are different from comforting local people, there are means to understand local situations by entering the region, inquiring local situations, listening to words and examining local achievements. If there are people committed big crimes, it should immediately be made as known by making劃卽狀聞論罪, acting as examples for other regions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 進獻諸種。尙且除減。若因營邑之卜定。吏胥之誅求。依舊貽弊於水陸編戶。則其可曰道有監司。邑有守令乎。各別廉察。隨現隨聞。 | ||
| + | The goods submitted as tributes still can be reduced, however, if like what happened in the past that people were unreasonably enforced or plundered by officials, there should be inspection officers in each province and magistrate in each district to perform induvial inspections, listening while observing. | ||
| + | |||
*Discussion Questions: | *Discussion Questions: | ||
| − | |||
==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''=== | ==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''=== | ||
| 242번째 줄: | 279번째 줄: | ||
[[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | [[Category:2018 Hanmun Summer Workshop]] | ||
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | [[Category:Advanced Translation Group]] | ||
| + | --> | ||
2022년 2월 14일 (월) 23:54 기준 최신판
| Primary Source | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
Title | |
| English | ||
| Chinese | 湖西慰諭御史封書 | |
| Korean(RR) | Hoseo wiyu eosa bongseo | |
| Text Details | ||
| Genre | Royal Documents | |
| Type | ||
| Author(s) | ||
| Year | 1794 | |
| Source | ||
| Key Concepts | ||
| Translation Info | ||
| Translator(s) | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group) | |
| Editor(s) | Ruixin Ren, Xiaoyi Ze, Jing Hu, Martin Gehlmann | |
| Year | 2018 | |
Introduction
The late 18th century has not only been called a renaissance period for the Joseon dynasty, owing to the competent rule of the Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo, but also saw a large rise in crop output on the Korean Peninsula due to the widespread use of new agricultural technologies, like improved fertilizers and wet-paddy fields. The increased reliance on irrigation, however, also made the agricultural production of the Joseon kingdom more vulnerable to delayed rainfalls or droughts, which resulted in famines. [Meteorological reasons?]
Traditionally, the need to mitigate the consequences of such disasters, such as mass starvation, the deterioration of the rural social order, and the threat of local rebellions, had led the state to develop a large range of measures to relief famine, its main tool being tax exemptions. By the late 18th century an elaborate system of tax exemption and relief aid existed to alleviate the burdens on disaster stricken parts of the population. This system was based on hyuljeon 恤典, also known as royal compassion, an institutional borrowing from China. Originally, the term was used for measures to honor people in high official positions who died unnatural or accidental death. Later, however, the range of people upon whom royal compassion could be bestowed widened and the system was no longer being limited to high officials, but could be used to give material aid those who lost family members in natural disasters or accidents.
The implementation of such disaster relief always proved to be problematic as the extent of tax exemptions had to be assessed properly in order not to diminish the state’s tax income too radically. Therefore an evaluation system was put into place, which classified the counties according to the severity of crop-failure. The three categories were: 1. Severe emergency (usim 尤甚), for a county that only produces 25% of its normal output. 2. Secondary emergency (jicha 之次), for a county that only produces 50% of its normal output. 3. Some yield (chosil 稍實), for a county that produces 75% of its normal output. As such evaluations were done at the local level and then reported upward for confirmation; the court often feared that the numbers were exaggerated by collusion between regional officials and land owners to illicitly reduce the tax burden. Moreover, governors also often lobbied to receive large amounts of tax exemptions in order to strengthen their local position.
Therefore the state began to dispatch Comforting and Admonishing Officials from the capital to coordinate these relief measures. They were appointed by the central government to help disaster-stricken people and secure social order. The duty of the official was to investigate the situation and visit the most affiliated area in person, evaluate the work performed by magistrates and report any misconduct, make plans for measures to restore people’s livelihoods and for future famine relief, make estimation for future land-taxation, gather those affiliated by the calamity to relay the king’s compassion by reading out his royal message to the people of the province, and execute the relief measures. He was also supposed to investigate the general conditions of local administration and correct any malpractices in legal enforcement, taxation and granary management.
The following document is a letter presented to Hong Daehyeob 洪大協 (1750-?) in 1794 and instating him as Comforting and Admonishing Official for the Chungcheong province. The peninsula had been struck by famine in years before and the situation was not yet stable. In his research Anders Karlsson has shown that the provinces closer to the capital of the Joseon kingdom, i.e. Gyeonggi and Chungcheong received more lenient and favorable help during times of disaster. This is visible in this letter by a reference and alteration by the King of a passage appearing in the Book of Poetry and the Book of Documents stating that: “[…] be gentle to the distant ones and be kind to the near ones, in order to (settle:) stabilize our king (柔遠 能邇, 以定我王).” The document further documents how Hong, besides his duties to investigate the need of tax exemptions and to enact them, is also charged with other tasks of subduing thieves, ensuring ritual spaces are proper and other local problems.
Original Script
| Classical Chinese | English |
|---|---|
|
湖西尤甚之次四十四郡一鎭慰諭使洪大協賫去封書 湖西一路接千里之周甸勤九重之殷憂雖在豊年樂歲 其所顧恤而軫念有倍於他道況今歉荒挽近罕有自秋 徂冬旰余食宵余衣耿耿不能忘者唯湖西爲最盖邇能而 後遠柔近者悅而後遐者懷若使蠲恤之政拯濟之方反讓 於兩南則捨邇而取遠貴遐而忽近予豈爲是哉此所以有 拔例超常之擧而並及於之次之邑者也尤甚泰安石城 平澤燕歧瑞山庇仁舒川稷山新昌恩津尼城永同唐津 沔川韓山天安牙山禮山藍浦海美二十邑之次扶餘林川 鴻山保寧結城德山溫陽淸州陰城鎭岑懷德淸風淸 安永春連山靑山報恩大興洪州延豐文義木川沃川 忠州平薪二十五邑鎭進獻之停封貢賦之寬免錄在諭 書下方爾須殫竭誠力詳細曉諭於士民父老奠厥攸居 俾無一夫失所之歎合行條件開列于左尤甚邑則僻迂坊曲一一▣▣(遍踏)之次邑則除非沿路分遣褊裨慰諭 一停減代三條混淆則易分槪則難爾須秩秩區別播告防 曲使軍民曉然知其分數俾無吏鄕售奸之弊之次邑之並擧 者卽兩南所未施之惠盖其名雖之次實則尤甚比如並日 而食者日中而食者同坐一處而並日而食者人之饋之不翅 方丈日中之食者無一所饋豈無向隅之歎乎此所以寧失 於濫不欲從略而然須悉此意面面慰諭 一慰諭之行雖異於按廉入境詢俗聽言考績自可有領會 者就其中大不法最不堪者劃卽狀聞論罪以爲列郡 望風解綬之地 一進獻諸種尙此除減若因營邑之卜定吏胥之誅求依舊貽 弊於水陸編戶其可曰道有監司邑有守令乎各別廉察隨 現隨聞 一抄戶之際貧富相蒙豊殘難辨或以勢力而當漏者入或 以窮孱而當入者漏張三李四絶若別界南村北里判若各 天特恩之特恩別例之別例將無所施以關以面除尋常嚴飭 期有實效 一目今之先務曰戢盜也付之守令各淸其境已有廟堂之 行會如有不勤者營將以下拿入棍治兵使狀聞論勘守 令之慢忽者小則替治大則狀聞 一料販之申禁還賑之精抄冤枉之莫伸孝廉之未㫌軍丁之 寃徵屯稅之濫捧一一探察大則狀聞小則還朝後陳奏 一堂下守令之乘轎路傍幼穉之遺棄果無違令踰則之嘆 乎一體照察 一祀典所重京外何異 祭享之致愼壇壝之精掃亦皆探察 一安眠島風落松已令許民發賣以補賑資面飭營邑俾有 實效 |
Letter presented to Hong Daehyeob (Hong Taehyŏp) at his leave as Comforting and Admonishing Official to the forty-four counties and one town under severe and secondary emergency in the Hoseo region.
One: [In terms of taxation,] it is easy to mix up "exemption", "remission", and "substitution", but difficult to distinguish them. You should [know how to] correctly discriminate and announce the measures without distortion. Thereby both common people and soldiers will be clear about the amount of their subvention, and local clerks will have no chance to commit irregularities. As to those counties graded as secondary emergency, which were not included when reliving Yeongnam and Honam area, though they are designated as secondary emergency, as a matter of fact, the situation is as the same as the regions of severe emergency. So to speak, people who have only one meal every two days and people who have one meal every day sit together. What the people who have one meal every two days received is so abundant that exceeded one square zhang. In contrast, the people who have one meal every day received nothing. How he could not heave a sigh at the corner? Therefore, we would rather make mistakes by indiscrimination than leave any people affected by famine out. My Minister should entirely know my intention and carry out the mission by covering all bases. One: Even though relief measures are different from comforting local people, the way to understand the local situation is to enter the region, to inquire about the local customs, to listen to the people and to examine achievements. As for those who commit major crimes that cannot be tolerated and should be immediately report to the king and be judged, acting as examples for other regions. One: The various goods submitted as tributes still can be reduced, however, if like in the past that people were unreasonably pressured or plundered by officials, there should be inspection officers in each province and magistrate in each district to perform individual inspections, listening and report to the king. One: When appraising the households poor and rich can be delusive, plenty and scarce can be hard to distinguish. Some that should be excluded will use their power to be included and some that are poor and weak and should be included will be excluded. Chang and Yi live in different worlds; the southern and northern village each has its own heaven. This special grace is a special grace, and a special instant is a special instant, that will not be instituted again. Use the papers and instructions, discard the regular, be strict and precise and in time there will be concrete results. One: The first most important task is now said to be the apprehension of thieves. It has been passed on to the local leaders and in order for each to clean up their territory the court has issued a proclamation. If there are some that are not diligent in this, grab those below the military generals and flog them. The soldiers should be used to report to the king and for punishment. If local leaders are neglectful, if their wrongs are small they are to be replaced and punished, if they are big it is to be reported to the king. One: [As for the matters of] the prohibition of trading supplies, the clear distinction between households that are to receive relief and that are to repay it, not managed wrongful treatment, not yet commended filial behavior, grievances of the soldiers, and abuses of tax collection are to be investigated one by one. If the offense is large it is to be reported to the king, if it is small it is to be presented after the return to the court. One: When the leaders outside the palace ride sedan chairs and on the side of the roads there are abandoned children, Make sure that surely there is no neglect of orders or grievances for crossing over. One: With rituals it is important that they are different in the capital and outside of it. Make sure that worship is done cautiously and the ritual spaces are all clean. One: Winds are felling the pine trees of Anmyeon Island. It was already ordered to allow the people to sell them off to support the relief efforts. Let this have concrete results for ordering the counties and managing the villages. |
