Document for My Daughters, et al(嘉靖拾玖年庚子正月二十二日女子兄弟等亦中明文)

Document for My Daughters, et al

2017-02-01T12:48:46Z

Lotus:

{{Primary Source Document
|Image = 嘉靖拾玖年庚子正月二十二日女子兄弟等亦中明文.jpg
|English = Document for My Daughters, et al, on the 22nd Day of the First Month in the Year of Gyeongja, 19th Year of the Jiajing Era (1540)
|Chinese = 嘉靖拾玖年庚子正月二十二日女子兄弟等亦中明文
|Korean = 가정십구년 경자정월이십이일 여자형제등역중명문
|Genre = [[Inheritance Document]]
|Type = [[Document]]
|Author = Bok-man, Private Male Slave
|Year = 1540
|Key Concepts= [[Nobi|Nobi (Slave)]], [[Inheritance]], [[Joseon|Chosŏn]]
|Translator =
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2016

}}

=='''Introduction'''==
Until the mid-1980s scholars had generally overlooked primary sources regarding private slaves in early Chosŏn Korea. Among the primary Chosŏn sources on early private slaves are old documents and diaries; most of these documents were created by the hands of yangban literati, and should, therefore, reflect class biases. Unlike most sources, we are fortunate to have received a rare document created by a private slave by the name of Pok-man (卜萬).

In 1540 (Jungjong 35), after a long consideration, the private slave Pok-man, then aged seventy-six, made a decision to distribute his properties to his two daughters, Yok-keum and Pok-keum. His wife seems to have passed away by this time; it is reasonable to believe that his wife was a slave to another slave-owner because both of their daughters had different lords.

We do not know how Pok-man made a fortune; to the best of our knowledge, we might guess that he was a tribute-paying (napgong 納貢) slave because in the document he says that he has paid his annual dues to the lord. Pok-man's lord distributed Pok-man's two daughters to his own son and daughter, for which the three of them including Pok-man came to serve different lords. To serve different lords did not mean the break-up of the slave family itself because slave-owers owned each slave on an individual basis. As a result, slave families were subject to disintegration due to inheritance, trade, required service, and tribute payment. Slave-owners had reason to distribute slaves on an individual basis: that is, the principle of equitable distribution. If they distributed slaves on a family basis, it would result in unequal distribution of slaves among the family members.

After his lord distributed Pok-man's daugthers to his family members, on the lord's ledger of slaves existed only Pok-man. For this reason, Pok-man seems to have been mistreated by his lord for being a slave without children. According to law, the properties of a slave without children should belong to his/her lord. Of course, the lord must have been aware that Pok-man had two daughters, but he pressured Pok-man to yield his properties to him. Although it was a legal practice for a slave at the age of sixty and above to be exempt from tribute payment; however, Pok-man's lord requested tributes from Pok-man for another sixteen years. In short, the lord tried all mean to extort Pok-man's properties. As shown in the document, Pok-man divided his properties into three equal parts, and offered one third to his lord before distributing the rest equally among the two daughters.

(Summarized and translated by Jaeyoon Song from Ahn Seung-jun, ''Social Economic Characteristics of early Chosŏn Private Slaves'' <<조선전기 사노비의 사회 경제적 성격>> (Seoul: Kyŏng-in munhwasa 경인문화사, 2007), pp.178-180.)

=='''Primary Source Text'''==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"
! style="width:650px;" | English || style="width:250px;" | Classical Chinese
|-
| As to this document, I made it because I am now 76 years old, and do not know if I will die today or tomorrow, not to mention that my two daughters belong to their respective masters, and therefore my master, not counting my old age (不計年老), considers me a case of a slave without offspring (無子息奴一例), collecting revenues every year and interfering in every case.

It is for this reason that I offered up to him 16 pok of wet field in Anhŭngwŏn; 3 pok of dry field in Pan’gŏgogwŏn; one stove, one brass pot, and two bulls as an itemized inventory under the heading of ‘one child [for filial inheritance].’ As to the remaining houses, fields, household utensils for daily use, I pass them on to the two of you, so do hold on to them.

My eldest daughter Ok-geum’s share of inheritance is 14 pok of wet field in Gama-won (加亇員), 6 out of 12 majigi of wet fields in Anheung-won (安興員), 8 majigi out of 1 seomjigi of dry field in Yulgok-won (栗谷員); 5 pok of dry land needed for the house in Ban-geogok-won (反居谷員); 17 pok of dry land in Somok-won (召木員), 1 tile-roofed house in the lower border, 1 cart, 1 brazier, 1 pot, 5 jars, 1 ax, 5 seom of grain, 25 pok of tilling dry field, and 10 fruit trees at the eastern border. The End.

My second daughter Bok-geum’s share of inheritance is: 14 pok of wet field in Gama-won (加亇員); 6 pok of wet field in Myoji-won (墓枝員); 6 majigi out of 12 majigi of wet fields in Anheung-won (安興員); 8 majigi out of 1 seomjigi of dry field in Yulgok-won (栗谷員); 3 pok of dry land leading to the house at the lower border of Ban-geogok-won (反居谷員); 17 pok of dry land in Somok-won (召木員); 1 tile-roofed house at the lower border, on top of which one bull is given because the house is small; 10 fruit trees at the western border, 1 brazier, 1 pot, 5 large jars, farming equipment, ax, and 5 seom of grain. The End.

Property Owner: Bok-man, Father, Private Male Slave [Signature]

Guarantor: Bok-san, Younger Brother [Signature]

Brother-in-Law, Private Male Slave, Nae Bu-san [Signature]

Scribe, Chŏng Suon [Signature] [Seal]

||
右明文成給爲臥乎事叱段矣
身亦時年七十六歲以, 今明日生死難知叱分
不喩矣女子二人各各, 他上典衿付爲有去乙,
矣上典敎是矣身乙不計年老, 無子息奴一例
▣每年收貢爲旀, 物物侵勞爲白去乙

安興員畓十六卜, 反居谷員田三卜, ▣爐壹鍮盆壹大牛貳隻等乙矣上典前一子息條以各別記上爲白遣
其餘家舍田畓及日用家財等乙汝矣兄弟亦中傳係爲
去乎, 各各執持爲▣事

長女子玉今衿, 加亇員畓十四卜, 安興員畓十二斗落只, 內六斗落只, 栗谷員田壹石落只, 內八斗落只, 反居谷員家入田五卜, 召木員田十七卜, 下过瓦家一坐車子壹釜壹鼎壹甕五斧壹穀食伍石, 栗谷員加耕田卄■(五)卜, 東邊果實木十條印

次女子福今衿, 加亇員畓十四卜, 墓枝員畓六卜, 安興員畓十二斗落只, 內六斗落只, 栗谷員田壹石落只, 內八斗落只, 下邊反居谷員家入田三卜召木員田十七卜上邊瓦
家一坐以俠窄乙, 仍于大牛壹隻西邊果實木十條釜壹鼎壹甕伍農
器斧穀伍石印.

財主父私奴卜萬[着名]

證保同生弟卜山[着名]

妹夫私奴內阝山[着名]

筆執鄭守溫[着名][署押]

|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# How does this document inform our understanding of slaves in early Chosŏn society?
# What does it tell us about the possibilities and limitations for some slaves?
# Would this document be representative? How can we interpret the meaning of such documents?
# This document concerns nobi, but what can it tell us generally about inheritance in the early Chosŏn period?
# How do you think Pongman could amass so much land and property?
# What can be said about the relationship between Pongman and his master?
# What does this tell us about the ways in which nobi-owners sought to control their nobi and their property?
# Slaves are properties of their masters. If slaves can have their own property, and have the freedom to distribute and receive properties from other slaves, how shall we understand the status of these slaves?
# It seems this slave is dividing up each of the fields he owned into shares to distribute them to his daughters (and his master). Why didn't he give one or two of the whole field to one child and give the rest to the other one?
# How does status or gender play a role in the distribution of property? Does this document follow the principle of equal distribution? Who among the two daughters gets more property?
# Pongman possesses significant property. How does the notion of a property-owning slave challenge preexisting conceptions of slaves and their economic lives? How much economic freedom do you think a slave like Pongman would have had in Chosŏn society?
# Compare Pongman with Makchông, another slave from the 16th century who held property (See Kichung Kim, 2003)
# How much and what types of property does the slave Bokman possess? How do you think he would have been able to obtain this property?
# How much property does Bokman own relative to the amounts of property owned by yangban?
# Why is Bokman able to give property in 5 locations to his daughters and property in only 2 locations to his master?Did Bokman write this document?
# What happened if a male slave married a female slave who belonged to another family lineage? If they produced children, who acquired the ownership of the kids?
# It looks like Pongman himself had a lot of property. As a slave, how could he obtain/accumulate it? Where did it come from?
# Why did he decide to allocate a certain share (一子息條) to his master?
# Do you think Bok-man’s attempt to distribute his wealth to his two daughters will help his descendants in the long run? Or will a big portion of his daughters’ inheritance eventually become part of their master’s property through various tributes and taxes?

=='''Further Readings'''==

http://yoksa.aks.ac.kr/jsp/bb/VolView.jsp?mode=&page=&fcs=f&cd=&gb=1&bb10no=B00000244&bb20no=B00000244T&keywords=&rowcount=10

=='''References'''==
<references/>

[[Category:Slave (Nobi)]]
[[Category:Inheritance Document]]
[[Category:Joseon/Chosŏn]]
[[Category:1540]]

2016-08-25T05:46:33Z

Lotus: Original Images 연계

[[파일:Back.png|right|thumb|[[2016 Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)|Main Page]]]]

=='''Introduction'''==

1690년 8월 2일에 숙종이 이담명(1646(인조 24)~1701(숙종 27))을 인견하고 발급한 교서이다. 이담명을 경상도관찰사에 임명하고, 아울러 관찰사의 겸직인 병마수군절도사와 순찰사, 그리고 대구부사로 임명하였다. 이담명의 임명은 1689년 서인이 몰락하고 남인이 정치적 실세로 등장한 기사환국과 맞물려 있으며, 당시 영남의 대흉년을 구휼하려는 의도를 가진 것으로 보인다. 교서는 국왕이 命令書, 訓諭書, 宣布文 등의 내용으로 발급하는 문서이다. 관찰사로 임명받으면, 교지라 불리는 관련 임명장과 교서, 밀부유서, 밀부를 발급받는다.

=='''Original Script'''==

1690년(숙종 16) 경상도관찰사이담명 교서

敎慶尙道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使巡察使大丘府使李聃命書

王若曰:

1.
制本末則有體牲之說;
均內外則有持衡之言.

萬里之遠而如泥在匀;
九重之邃而如燭照室.

遵周漢之遺意, 責重分釐;
取唐宋之成規, 計深迭補.

2.
爰畁荊門之鎖鑰,
暫輟璧府之圖書.

睠彼七十州之封疆,
乃是一千年之緜壤.

長江通海, 洞庭之大難侔;
峻嶺撐空棧道之險堪倂.
吳楚之地形足恃,
鄒魯之天性可徵.

江山養豪, 自古萃名世之輩;
絃誦成習, 至今多需時之才.

3.
惟其爲一國之仰資, 物衆而地大,
是以比八路而最劇,

務殷而政煩, 凋瘵已多,
若爲敗局之收拾,
恬嬉轉甚, 誠難改絃而更張.

况當遍野之無秋,
擧將塡壑之在夕!

爲民父母, 可不盡施濟之方;
救我烝黎, 亶在揀承宣之任.

4.
惟卿父有是子, 君願爲臣,
佩家訓則稟木鐸於孔門;
服官箴而受金科於鄭相.

一翁二季, 雋時望於天曹;
四世百年, 赫家聲於翰苑.

忽慘炎岡之火烈,
尙幸覆巢之卵完.

5.
小人之禍滔天, 忍言忠貞之冤恨;
君子之過如月, 篤念老成之典刑.

嵇紹有父之風, 姿宛覩於龍質;
竇儀見君之日, 身不離於螭頭.

唯推不違親之忠,
以盡無隱君之義.

6.
感萬言呼籲之疏, 何待撾鼔而聞;
憐三上便養之章, 擬許奉檄之願.

始見寢於湖臬, 蓋出儒臣之言;
逮持難於嶺藩, 繼有冢宰之啓.

雖緣李虛中之高行, 不宜外居;
第非趙閱道之雅名, 莫可西委.

7.
且時勢有緩急之異,
而才力貴甘適之宜,

故廟議之僉諧,
亦予意之先定.

玆授卿慶尙道觀察使, 兼兵馬水軍節度使，廵察使，大邱府使.

卿其深惟委任之重, 永懷時事之艱.

捄火暇問丈人, 只應焦頭而爛額.
無麵難爲巧婦, 何以刮龜而成氈!

無尺寸之膚不愛焉, 獨樂孰如於衆樂.

8.
得升斗之水庶活矣,
民飢實同於己飢;
疏中條陳, 已得其梗槩,
去後區畫, 可行以便宜.

如欲徐保竆氓,
莫若先去貪吏.

念一路殆盡於接倭,
而萬姓重困於簽丁.

危厲熏心,或恐渤海之佩犢;
艱虞溢目,宜集澤畔之飛鴻.

9.
至於詰戎之方, 誠合未雨而掇土,
若其作士之道, 亦須及時而滋蘭.
其餘卿必周知, 此外予不多誥.

10.
於戲!

爵比元侯, 耀使星而北拱;
班猶亞保, 瞰卿月而南臨.

玉節前頭, 已拂斑爛之服;
棠舍側畔, 佇開晝錦之堂.

益勉移孝之忠, 庶凝報政之績.

當喜怒憂樂之際而未見客氣,
固知辦事之無疑;
處煩擾悤迫之中而自有主形,
可想理劇而有裕.

予則深望, 卿其往欽!
故玆敎示, 想宜知悉

康熙二十九年八月初二日

=='''참고자료'''==

*[http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=MH&url=/itkcdb/text/nodeViewIframe.jsp?bizName=MH&seojiId=kc_mh_b271&gunchaId=&muncheId=&finId=&NodeId=&setid=754933&Pos=0&TotalCount=1&searchUrl=ok Yi Dam-myeong (1646-1701), life, connections and works]
*[http://archive.kostma.net/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XA.1690.1111-20101008.B063a_092_00001_XXX Original Images]

=='''번역'''==
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng|전체]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Gehlmann Martin|Gehlmann Martin]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Kang Hyeokhweon|Kang Hyeokhweon]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Lee Sook Pyo|Lee Sook Pyo]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Lethbridge Orion|Lethbridge Orion]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Liu Lidan|Liu Lidan]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Östberg Sigfrid|Östberg Sigfrid]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Woolley Nathan Ben|Woolley Nathan Ben]]
*[[경상도관찰사 이담명 교서_Eng#Yoo Jamie Jungmin|Yoo Jamie Jungmin]]

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