DH 교육용 위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

Instructions for the Secret Tally

2016-10-18T04:00:55Z

Hw강혁훤: 이름 오류

{{Primary Source Document
|Image = 밀부유서.JPG
|English = Instructions for the Secret Tally
|Chinese = 密符諭書
|Korean = 밀부유서
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[Instructions]]
|Author = King Sŏnjo
|Year = 1597
|Key Concepts= Imjin War, Yi Sunsin, Japan-Korea Relations, King Sŏnjo
|Translator = [[2016 Hanmun Workshop | Participants of 2016 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop Program]]
|Editor = [http://scholar.harvard.edu/kang Hyeok Hweon Kang], [[Lethbridge Orion|Orion Lethbridge]]
|Translation Year = 2016

}}

=='''Introduction'''==

<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang]]'''.
</div>

In 1592, a Japanese invasion of Korea set off the First Great East Asian War.<ref>There are various names for this war. In English scholarship, it has been commonly referred to as the Imjin War, Japanese invasions of Korea, Hideyoshi’s invasions or the First Great East Asian War.</ref> For seven years, this war engulfed the Korean peninsula and its waters with international conflict of rare precedent in world history. Engaging three belligerent states – Ming China, Chosŏn Korea, and a newly unified Japan – the war featured colossal armies, mass-produced firearms and foreign mercenaries. Fighting in this war was Yi Sunsin (李舜臣, 1545-1598), a famed military commander of Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) who led tide-turning victories against the Japanese navy.

At the outset of the war, the Chosŏn military was woefully unprepared, atrophied by long peace, factional strife and military neglect. On the other hand, forged in a century of war and armed with muskets, Japanese invaders blasted through Korean defenses and took the capital in less than three weeks. Among various factors that enabled the reversal of Japanese forces such as the advent of righteous armies and Ming aid troops, none was more crucial than the role of Yi Sunsin’s navy. His victories at sea helped thwart Japanese advances and unsettled the enemy’s military logistics by blocking their supply routes. Yi often led victories against the odds, enforcing strict military discipline, strategizing with utmost circumspection, and famously deploying turtle ships, an iron-clad with superior firepower and ramming capacity.

Despite his distinguished service, Yi was nevertheless framed and relieved of military command in 1597. At the time, misinformation by a Japanese double agent led King Sŏnjo (宣祖; r. 1567-1608) to order a risky ambush, and Yi was reprimanded and arrested when he hesitated to act on royal order. He was thus imprisoned and demoted to a rank-and-file soldier (白衣從軍). Soon thereafter, on 15 July 1597, the Japanese availed of Yi’s absence and launched a second invasion. At the Battle of Ch’ilch’ŏnnyang (漆川梁), the entire Chosŏn navy was nearly exterminated, save for a small detachment of twelve warships. On 23 July 1597, about a week after the crushing defeat, King Sŏnjo bestowed the following letter of instruction to Yi to remind him of the precarious military situation and reinstate him as regional naval commander (三道水軍統制使),<ref>As shown in the documents below, the literal translation of this title is, “Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang.” The regional navy commander served as the supreme commander for the entire Chosŏn navy, and would often be concurrently appointed as navy commander for one of the three provincial navies. The navy commanders of the two other provinces were under the command of the regional navy commander.</ref> the position of supreme commander for the Chosŏn navy.

Attached to the letter was also a royal instruction about the secret tally (密符諭書). Customarily, the tally was provided to provincial governors and military commanders who were entrusted with the armed forces of a particular region. The secret tally system was designed to enable the receiving official to dispatch troops swiftly and surreptitiously in case of urgent crises such as rebellions and invasions. As opposed to the more common “troop mobilizing tally” (發兵符), the secret tally was provided only to high-ranking officials and together with a royal instruction. According to procedure, the tally is broken in half, and the king would keep the left half whereas the official would receive the right half. In case of an emergency decree, a royal instruction would be sent down with the king’s tally, with which the official would match his half to confirm its authenticity.

=='''Primary Source Text'''==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"
! style="width:650px;" | English || style="width:250px;" | Classical Chinese
|-
| Instruction to Yi Sunsin, the navy commander of left Chŏlla province, concurrently the naval commander of three provinces - Chungch’ŏng, Chŏlla and Kyŏngsang.

My minister, you are entrusted with a region, and the responsibility that you bear is grave. For general matters such as dispatching troops, seizing the opportune moment, calming the people and restraining the enemy, you have established manuals for conduct.

[But] I am afraid there may be matters that I, the king, and you must handle independently. Without the secret tally, [this] would be impossible to carry out. Moreover, [we] cannot but take preventive measures against unexpected treachery.

If there is an emergency decree, match the tally [with the other half] to clear doubts, and then appropriately undertake the order. Thus, I grant you stamped tally no.7. My minister, you should receive this, and for this reason I instruct you.
||
喩全羅左道水軍節度使兼忠清全羅慶尚等三道水軍統制使李舜臣

卿受委一方, 體任非輕, 凢發兵應機, 安民制敵,一應常事, 自有舊章.

慮或有予與卿, 獨断處置事, 非密符, 莫可施為, 且意外姦謀, 不可不預防.

如有非常之命, 合符無疑, 然後當就命故賜押第七符, 卿其受之故諭.
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang]]'''.
</div>

# How does King Sŏnjo present his own role in Yi Sunsin’s demotion and reinstatement? What wrong was done to Yi in the past per this instruction? What can you surmise about the relationship between Sŏnjo and Yi Sunsin? Is the king apologetic?
# Under what circumstances did the king write this instruction to Yi Sunsin? What do the documents above tell us about the military situation in 1597 at the outset of a second Japanese invasion?
# When the king laments the loss of Hansan Island, which battle is he referring to? Why was this battle so important?
# Is the king offering Yi Sunsin a carrot or a stick?

=='''Further Readings'''==

* Swope, Kenneth M. A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
* Yi Sunsin (1545-1598). Nanjung ilgi: war diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Translated by Ha Tae-hung; edited by Sohn Pow-key. Seoul, Korea: Yonsei University Press, 1977.
* Yu Sŏngnyong (1542–1607). The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598. Translated by Choi Byonghyon. Berkeley Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2002.

=='''References'''==
<references/>

[[Category:2016 Advanced Translation Group]]
[[Category:Royal Documents]]
[[Category:Yi Sunsin]]
[[Category:1597]]
[[Category: King Sŏnjo]]

2016 Hanmun Workshop

2016-10-03T16:32:16Z

Hw강혁훤:

{{Academic Program
|Image = Jangseogak.JPG
|English = 2016 Hanmun Workshop at Jangseogak Archives
|Korean = 2016년 장서각 한문 워크샵
|Summary = [http://jsg.aks.ac.kr/home/notify/noticeView.do?idx=188 2016 Hanmun Workshop at Jangseogak Archives]
|Start Date = 4 July 2016
|End Date = 22 July 2016
|Program Length = 3 weeks
|Benefits = Round-trip airfare (no more than 1,800 USD), tuition, board and lodging
|Location = [http://jsg.aks.ac.kr Jangseogak Archives] at the [http://www.aks.ac.kr/ Academy of Korean Studies]
|Website = http://jsg.aks.ac.kr
|Contact= hanmun@aks.ac.kr
|Key Participants= [[오영균|오영균 (吳英均, Young Kyun Oh)]], [[송재윤|송재윤 (宋在倫, Jaeyoon Song)]]
|Series = [[Hanmun Workshop]]
}}

==Introduction==

The [http://jsg.aks.ac.kr Jangseogak Archives] at the [http://www.aks.ac.kr/ Academy of Korean Studies] is offering a three-week intensive course on-campus from 4th July to 22nd July, 2016. Graduate students, young researchers, and professors of Korean (not excluding Chinese and Japanese) studies who have received at least two years of training in classical Chinese or completed comparable courses in Asian studies are welcome to apply.

The workshop will run for 6 hours everyday from Monday to Friday for three weeks (morning lectures and afternoon practicum for translation), and will also include opportunities to explore historic sites related to the reading materials addressed in the workshop.

The workshop aims at creating a global knowledge-building community of Korean studies. All lectures and discussions at the workshop will be conducted in English; at the same time, it will require translation of the original sources into English. Apart from the translation project, each participant will be obligated to write a no more than ten-to fifteen-page introductory article on one primary source of his/her own choice from a list of fifty texts derived from the Archives (to be completed within six months from the completion of the workshop). The fifty texts will be carefully selected by the scholars of the Archives in consideration of the participants’ expertise and interests.The authorship of each translated piece and article will be accredited to the individual contributor; however, both the translated sources and the introductory articles will belong to the public domain of Korean studies and be published online for academic purposes.

The Academy of Korean Studies will provide the participants with round-trip airfare (no more than 1,800 USD), tuition, and board and lodging. Graduate students are required to submit letters of recommendation from their advisors.

==Participants==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%"
! style="width:10%" | || style="width:45%" | [[2016 Hanmun Workshop (Intermediate)|Intermediate Training Group]] || style="width:45%" | [[2016 Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)|Advanced Translation Group]]
|-
| '''Instructor'''
|| [[오영균|오영균 (吳英均, Young Kyun Oh)]]
|| [[송재윤|송재윤 (宋在倫, Jaeyoon Song)]]
|-

| '''Students'''
||
[[Vadim Akulenko]],
[[Cheung Karwin Chi-on]],
[[Cho Monica Wonju]],
[[Choi Hyun Joo]],
[[Cosgrave Lucille Eve]],
[[Jasmin Kevin Axel]],
[[Mayahi Lya]],
[[Polak Aleksandra Maria]],
[[Sleziak Tomasz Michal]],
[[Soja Sylwia Maria]],
[[Sotirova Irina Vladimirova]],
[[Vojtiskova Marketa]],
||
[[Gehlmann Martin]],
[http://scholar.harvard.edu/kang Hyeok Hweon Kang],
[[Lee Sook Pyo]],
[[Lethbridge Orion]],
[[Liu Lidan]],
[[Östberg Sigfrid]],
[[Nathan Woolley]],
[[Jamie Jungmin Yoo]],

|-
| '''Resources'''
|| [http://digerati.aks.ac.kr/2016hanmun/Intermediate/Tutor/reader.pdf Intermediate Training Group]

[[파일:Classical Chinese Intro1.pdf | Classical Chinese Intro 1]]

[[파일:Classical Chinese Intro2.pdf | Classical Chinese Intro 2]]
|| [http://digerati.aks.ac.kr/2016hanmun/Advanced/Tutor/Old_Documents_Joseon_Sources.pdf Old Documents - Joseon Sources]
|}

==Reading and Translation Assignments==

* [[2016 Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)| Advanced Class]]

* [[2016 Hanmun Workshop (Intermediate)| Intermediate Class]]

==Primary Source Documents and Final Translations==

* [[Primary Source Documents for Korean Studies]]

==References==

* [http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/gpks Gateway to Premodern Korean Studies]
* [http://db.itkc.or.kr/itkcdb/mainIndexIframe.jsp 한국고전종합DB]
* [http://db.itkc.or.kr/DCH/ 고전번역원 이체자 정보]
* [http://kostma.net 한국학자료센터]
* [http://archive.kostma.net 한국고문서자료관]
* [http://kostma.net/dic/dicMain.aspx?mT=C 이두용례사전]
* [http://digerati.aks.ac.kr:94/ 한국학 영문 용어용례사전]
* [http://people.aks.ac.kr/index.aks 한국역대인물]
* [http://encysillok.aks.ac.kr/ 조선왕조실록 사전]
* 이동철 교수님 특강 자료 1 [[파일:1601 한국학과 인터넷01.pdf]]
* 이동철 교수님 특강 자료 2 [[파일:16 01인터넷 한중연특강.pdf]]

[[Category:Hanmun Workshop]]

Certificate of Manumission for the House Slave

2016-10-03T16:31:05Z

Hw강혁훤:

{{Primary Source Document
|Image = 약가노인발문.JPG
|English = Certificate of Manumission for the House Slave
|Chinese = 約家奴善一契券, 約家奴仁發文
|Korean = 약가노선일계권, 약가노인발문
|Genre = [[Social Life and Economic Strategies]]
|Type = [[Record]]
|Author = [[Yi Hyeongsang]] (李衡祥, 1653-1733)
|Year =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2016 Hanmun Workshop | Participant of 2016 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop Program]]
|Editor = [[송재윤|Song Jaeyoon]], [http://scholar.harvard.edu/kang Hyeok Hweon Kang]
|Translation Year = 2016

}}

=='''Primary Source Text'''==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"
! style="width:650px;" | English || style="width:250px;" | Classical Chinese
|-
|
'''Certificate of Manumission for the House Slave Sŏnil'''
<br/>
<br/>
The duty of a male slave is to selflessly offer loyalty, and the right of his owner is to repay service and reward merit. My slave Sŏnil is the offspring of the slave Yong Wŏnryang (龍元良) from Yesan [in Ch’ungch’ŏng Province], and is now 47 years of age. During the 36 years of his service to me, we had occasions both joyous and sad. Yet, not once did he harbor a deceitful heart, and his sincerity is praiseworthy in every way.
<br/>
When I was ill, he worried for me as one would for a father; and when he came upon meat, he cared for me like a filial son. Truly, this is something rarely seen or heard. Also, bandits in the ŭrhae year (1695) and the epidemic in the muin year (1698) were times of pressing danger. Facing matters of life and death, [Sŏnil] did not fear for his own life but only lamented that he would no longer see his owner. He begged to heaven like a fly [rubbing its hands], and [his acts] touched those around him.
<br/>
This story has already spread wide and far, becoming a famous tale in the southern provinces. This also stems from his nature, which is pure and constant. He toils at his duty day and night, and [his good deeds] cannot be exhaustively enumerated. I commend him greatly.
<br/>
Starting from this year, I shall specially manumit him to be a commoner. I shall also give him a stallion as the seed for his prosperity, for which I am now writing on the flipside to substantiate later considerations in accordance with law. If, at some point, my family members try to divide [and take] his property, this would be a deep shame for my household.
<br/>
From previous generations, [my ancestors] have used slaves at their convenience, [but] originally there were no contractual documents. I hereby use my own handwriting, which is no different from inscriptions on bronze and stone, to put my thoughts into words. Sŏnil above is to be given commoner status forever, and this is good and proper.
<br/>
<br/>
Cho Songnyŏn, [my] maternal grandson and the Jr 5-rank (朝散大夫) former pyŏlchwa (別坐), is the scrivener. [Signature]
||
'''約家奴善一契券'''
<br/>
<br/>
忘身獻忠。奴之分也。酬勞報功。主之權也。吾奴有善一。是槩禮山奴龍元良產。而年今四十七歲也。三十六年仰役之際。與共吉慶喪葬。而無一欺隱之心。有萬嘉尙之誠。
<br/>
當疾病則戀憂如父。得膳肴則孝養若子。此固耳目所罕。而乙亥逢賊。戊寅疑染。正是急遽危匀之頃也。死生在於面前。而不恤其命。惟以未見上典爲恨。蠅手籲天。感動傍人。
<br/>
此事傳播。已作湖嶺間故實。是又根於天性者素然。而宵晝竭意。勤於職事者。有不足毛擧也。余用嘉之。
<br/>
今年爲始。特爲放良。且給卜馬一匹。以爲營產之資。所當依法背頉。以憑後考。而同氣析產。亦吾家之所深恥也。
<br/>
粤自先代。隨便使喚而已。本無所成契券。況此親筆。無異金石。以此措辭。上項善一。永永許良。宜當。
<br/>
<br/>
筆執外孫朝散大夫前別坐趙松年[着名]
|-
|
'''Certificate of Manumission for the House Slaves Inbal et al.'''
<br/>
<br/>
The slaves Ch’ŏnik (天翼) and company of Chŏlla have been passed down [in our family] for eight or nine generations. They did not dare conceal themselves forever, so last year they compiled a roster and submitted it themselves. Over the last two years, they have come three times, staying each time for several months, asking that their whole family be redeemed by paying [their outstanding dues]. Now, the number of their names listed in the register is not small. According to what they say, if the elderly, young, men and women are all included, then number should exceed several hundred. The family came and sincerely begged [before me].
<br/>
If I were to allow this, I would be lifted out of poverty and our family would be enriched. But I know that the law code states that “if an incident is from sixty years ago, the right to a hearing expires.” The ways of heaven may change slightly in thirty years and greatly in sixty years. This is moreover true of people, and of wealth. I have adjudicated disputes in nine localities, and I always attached importance to the statutes of limitations, for in my mind I know this to be proper. The current matter has come down from the distant past, and they too should be well aware of this. Although they returned of their own accord asking for redemption, we have not looked into this for 60 years.
<br/>
Now, if I were to [take them back as] slaves, then the public and the private, my sentiment and the law, would be separated into two. If my lifelong conduct were to change suddenly for the sake of profit, I would be forever ashamed. Even if I had great wealth (“thousand quadrigas and ten-thousand ''sŏm'' of rice”), how could I treasure them? Needless to say, it is all the more unbearable knowing that in their midst are also scholars and military officials.
<br/>
Last year, I specially manumitted five slaves to commoner status also for this reason. Thinking of that now, only manumitting five implies I am mistreating the rest. This is stopping when the job is only half done. If I do something unprincipled, then wealth is not as good as poverty. I have thus discussed this with my children and [we agreed] to the manumission of all slaves. Based on this certificate (牌旨), a document will be composed and issued, so as to protect this family from the encroachment of my descendants. This is good and proper.
||
'''約家奴仁發文'''
<br/>
<br/>
湖南奴天翼等。本自八九世傳來。渠亦不敢終隱。昨年名錄。亦自書以納。到今二年之內。三度來現。每留數月。願爲合族盡贖。今其名數不少。且以渠等所告言之。則老弱男女幷計。殆過累百。方血誠來乞。
<br/>
許之則吾貧可拔。吾家可饒。但念法典曰。“事在六十年前。勿許聽理。” 且天道三十年一小變。六十年一大變。況於人乎。況於財乎。吾於九邑決訟。每以年限爲重者。心知其的當也。此旣久遠傳來。故渠等亦甚明知。雖自歸而請贖。其實六十年未探者也。
<br/>
今若奴之。則公與私。情與法。判而爲二。平生所行。見利倏變。吾心生死而愧矣。千駟萬鍾。亦何可貴也。況其中又有儒生將官。尤所不忍。
<br/>
昨年五奴之特爲放良者。亦以此也。到今思之。只許五良。獨賤其餘。則正所謂半上落下。取旣非理。則富不如貧。議于子女。盡數放良。依此牌旨。成文斜給。俾免後孫更侵之患。宜當。
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==

# Was Korea a slave society? What constitutes a slave or a slave society? Is nobi a slave?
# Why is slavery not discussed in Korean historiography as much?
# How does the idea of a land-owning slave or an outside-resident slave different from the slaves we are familiar with?
# How might you compare the nobi system with slavery institutions from elsewhere in the world? Is the nobi system qualitatively different from, for example, American slavery? Is it appropriate or useful to compare the two? Is it problematic to use universalizing analytic categories such as slavery to frame research?
# What does this document tell us about the position and mobility of slaves in Choson society? Who is determining for us how to understand this case? To what extent does this document appear as formulaic rhetoric? Can we ever know a slave’s opinion?
# Why would a male slave want his family to be reincorporated into his master’s family after 60 years of “freedom” (fending for themselves without paying tribute to the master)? What is the main driving force behind Yi Hyŏngsang’s manumission of slaves? How do the two cases differ in this regard? What is his attitude towards wealth, as suggested in the second document?

=='''Further Readings'''==
* Ellen Salem. “The Landowning Slave.” Korea Journal 16:4 (April 1976): 27-34.
* Ellen Salem. “Slavery in Medieval Korea.” Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, (1978).
* Ellen Salem. “The Utilization of Slave Labor in the Koryŏ Period; 918-1392.” Papers of the 1st International Conference on Korean Studies, 1980: 630-642.
* Kim Hyong-in, “Rural Slavery in Antebellum South Carolina and Early Chosŏn Korea,” Ph.D dissertation, University of New Mexico, 1990.
* Palais, James B. “Slavery and Slave Society in the Koryŏ Period,” Journal of Korean Studies 5 (1984): 173-90.
* Rhee Young-hoon and Yang Donghyu. “Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States.”
* Kim, Chong Sun. “Slavery in Silla and its Sociological and Economic Implications.” in Andrew G. Nahm, ed., Traditional Korea: Theory and Practice (1974): 29–43.
* Kim Kichung. “Unheard Voices: The Life of the Nobi in O Hwi-mun’s Swaemirok.” Korean Studies 27 (2003): 10–37.
* “Case 3. Yi Pong-dol: A Defiant Slave Challenges His Overlord with Death (Anŭi, Kyŏngsang Province, 1842).” In Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim, Wrongful Deaths: Selected Inquest Records from Nineteenth-Century Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014), 55–61.
* Kim, Joy Sung-hee, “Representing Slavery. Class and Status in Late Chosŏn-Korea,” Ph.D dissertation, Columbia University, 2004.

=='''References'''==

[[Category:2016 Advanced Translation Group]]
[[Category:Social Life and Economic Strategies]]

Instructions for the Secret Tally

2016-10-03T16:28:59Z

Hw강혁훤:

{{Primary Source Document
|Image = 밀부유서.JPG
|English = Instructions for the Secret Tally
|Chinese = 密符諭書
|Korean = 밀부유서
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[Instructions]]
|Author = King Sŏnjo
|Year = 1597
|Key Concepts= Imjin War, Yi Sunsin, Japan-Korea Relations, King Sŏnjo
|Translator = [[2016 Hanmun Workshop | Participants of 2016 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop Program]]
|Editor = [[Lethbridge Orion|Orion Lethbridge]], Heok Hweon Kang
|Translation Year = 2016

}}

=='''Introduction'''==

<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang]]'''.
</div>

In 1592, a Japanese invasion of Korea set off the First Great East Asian War.<ref>There are various names for this war. In English scholarship, it has been commonly referred to as the Imjin War, Japanese invasions of Korea, Hideyoshi’s invasions or the First Great East Asian War.</ref> For seven years, this war engulfed the Korean peninsula and its waters with international conflict of rare precedent in world history. Engaging three belligerent states – Ming China, Chosŏn Korea, and a newly unified Japan – the war featured colossal armies, mass-produced firearms and foreign mercenaries. Fighting in this war was Yi Sunsin (李舜臣, 1545-1598), a famed military commander of Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) who led tide-turning victories against the Japanese navy.

At the outset of the war, the Chosŏn military was woefully unprepared, atrophied by long peace, factional strife and military neglect. On the other hand, forged in a century of war and armed with muskets, Japanese invaders blasted through Korean defenses and took the capital in less than three weeks. Among various factors that enabled the reversal of Japanese forces such as the advent of righteous armies and Ming aid troops, none was more crucial than the role of Yi Sunsin’s navy. His victories at sea helped thwart Japanese advances and unsettled the enemy’s military logistics by blocking their supply routes. Yi often led victories against the odds, enforcing strict military discipline, strategizing with utmost circumspection, and famously deploying turtle ships, an iron-clad with superior firepower and ramming capacity.

Despite his distinguished service, Yi was nevertheless framed and relieved of military command in 1597. At the time, misinformation by a Japanese double agent led King Sŏnjo (宣祖; r. 1567-1608) to order a risky ambush, and Yi was reprimanded and arrested when he hesitated to act on royal order. He was thus imprisoned and demoted to a rank-and-file soldier (白衣從軍). Soon thereafter, on 15 July 1597, the Japanese availed of Yi’s absence and launched a second invasion. At the Battle of Ch’ilch’ŏnnyang (漆川梁), the entire Chosŏn navy was nearly exterminated, save for a small detachment of twelve warships. On 23 July 1597, about a week after the crushing defeat, King Sŏnjo bestowed the following letter of instruction to Yi to remind him of the precarious military situation and reinstate him as regional naval commander (三道水軍統制使),<ref>As shown in the documents below, the literal translation of this title is, “Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang.” The regional navy commander served as the supreme commander for the entire Chosŏn navy, and would often be concurrently appointed as navy commander for one of the three provincial navies. The navy commanders of the two other provinces were under the command of the regional navy commander.</ref> the position of supreme commander for the Chosŏn navy.

Attached to the letter was also a royal instruction about the secret tally (密符諭書). Customarily, the tally was provided to provincial governors and military commanders who were entrusted with the armed forces of a particular region. The secret tally system was designed to enable the receiving official to dispatch troops swiftly and surreptitiously in case of urgent crises such as rebellions and invasions. As opposed to the more common “troop mobilizing tally” (發兵符), the secret tally was provided only to high-ranking officials and together with a royal instruction. According to procedure, the tally is broken in half, and the king would keep the left half whereas the official would receive the right half. In case of an emergency decree, a royal instruction would be sent down with the king’s tally, with which the official would match his half to confirm its authenticity.

=='''Primary Source Text'''==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"
! style="width:650px;" | English || style="width:250px;" | Classical Chinese
|-
| Instruction to Yi Sunsin, the navy commander of left Chŏlla province, concurrently the naval commander of three provinces - Chungch’ŏng, Chŏlla and Kyŏngsang.

My minister, you are entrusted with a region, and the responsibility that you bear is grave. For general matters such as dispatching troops, seizing the opportune moment, calming the people and restraining the enemy, you have established manuals for conduct.

[But] I am afraid there may be matters that I, the king, and you must handle independently. Without the secret tally, [this] would be impossible to carry out. Moreover, [we] cannot but take preventive measures against unexpected treachery.

If there is an emergency decree, match the tally [with the other half] to clear doubts, and then appropriately undertake the order. Thus, I grant you stamped tally no.7. My minister, you should receive this, and for this reason I instruct you.
||
喩全羅左道水軍節度使兼忠清全羅慶尚等三道水軍統制使李舜臣

卿受委一方, 體任非輕, 凢發兵應機, 安民制敵,一應常事, 自有舊章.

慮或有予與卿, 獨断處置事, 非密符, 莫可施為, 且意外姦謀, 不可不預防.

如有非常之命, 合符無疑, 然後當就命故賜押第七符, 卿其受之故諭.
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang]]'''.
</div>

# How does King Sŏnjo present his own role in Yi Sunsin’s demotion and reinstatement? What wrong was done to Yi in the past per this instruction? What can you surmise about the relationship between Sŏnjo and Yi Sunsin? Is the king apologetic?
# Under what circumstances did the king write this instruction to Yi Sunsin? What do the documents above tell us about the military situation in 1597 at the outset of a second Japanese invasion?
# When the king laments the loss of Hansan Island, which battle is he referring to? Why was this battle so important?
# Is the king offering Yi Sunsin a carrot or a stick?

=='''Further Readings'''==

* Swope, Kenneth M. A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
* Yi Sunsin (1545-1598). Nanjung ilgi: war diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Translated by Ha Tae-hung; edited by Sohn Pow-key. Seoul, Korea: Yonsei University Press, 1977.
* Yu Sŏngnyong (1542–1607). The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598. Translated by Choi Byonghyon. Berkeley Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2002.

=='''References'''==
<references/>

[[Category:2016 Advanced Translation Group]]
[[Category:Royal Documents]]
[[Category:Yi Sunsin]]
[[Category:1597]]
[[Category: King Sŏnjo]]

Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang

2016-10-03T16:27:27Z

Hw강혁훤: 영문 이름 오류 수정.

{{Primary Source Document
|Image = YiSunsin gyoseo.jpg
|English = Decree Appointing Yi Sunsin to Concurrently Hold the Position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang
|Chinese = 敎兼忠淸全羅慶尙等三道水軍統制使李舜臣書
|Korean = 교 겸총청전나경상등삼도수군통제사 이순신서
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[Decree]]
|Author = [[King Sŏnjo]]
|Year = [[1597]]
|Key Concepts= Imjin War, Yi Sunsin, Japan-Korea Relations
|Translator = [[2016 Hanmun Workshop | Participants of 2016 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop Program]]
|Editor = [http://scholar.harvard.edu/kang Hyeok Hweon Kang], [[Lethbridge Orion|Orion Lethbridge]]
|Translation Year = 2016

}}

=='''Introduction'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Instructions for the Secret Tally]]'''.
</div>

In 1592, a Japanese invasion of Korea set off the First Great East Asian War.<ref>There are various names for this war. In English scholarship, it has been commonly referred to as the Imjin War, Japanese invasions of Korea, Hideyoshi’s invasions or the First Great East Asian War.</ref> For seven years, this war engulfed the Korean peninsula and its waters with international conflict of rare precedent in world history. Engaging three belligerent states – Ming China, Chosŏn Korea, and a newly unified Japan – the war featured colossal armies, mass-produced firearms and foreign mercenaries. Fighting in this war was Yi Sunsin (李舜臣, 1545-1598), a famed military commander of Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) who led tide-turning victories against the Japanese navy.

At the outset of the war, the Chosŏn military was woefully unprepared, atrophied by long peace, factional strife and military neglect. On the other hand, forged in a century of war and armed with muskets, Japanese invaders blasted through Korean defenses and took the capital in less than three weeks. Among various factors that enabled the reversal of Japanese forces such as the advent of righteous armies and Ming aid troops, none was more crucial than the role of Yi Sunsin’s navy. His victories at sea helped thwart Japanese advances and unsettled the enemy’s military logistics by blocking their supply routes. Yi often led victories against the odds, enforcing strict military discipline, strategizing with utmost circumspection, and famously deploying turtle ships, an iron-clad with superior firepower and ramming capacity.

Despite his distinguished service, Yi was nevertheless framed and relieved of military command in 1597. At the time, misinformation by a Japanese double agent led King Sŏnjo (宣祖; r. 1567-1608) to order a risky ambush, and Yi was reprimanded and arrested when he hesitated to act on royal order. He was thus imprisoned and demoted to a rank-and-file soldier (白衣從軍). Soon thereafter, on 15 July 1597, the Japanese availed of Yi’s absence and launched a second invasion. At the Battle of Ch’ilch’ŏnnyang (漆川梁), the entire Chosŏn navy was nearly exterminated, save for a small detachment of twelve warships. On 23 July 1597, about a week after the crushing defeat, King Sŏnjo bestowed the following letter of instruction to Yi to remind him of the precarious military situation and reinstate him as regional naval commander (三道水軍統制使),<ref>As shown in the documents below, the literal translation of this title is, “Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang.” The regional navy commander served as the supreme commander for the entire Chosŏn navy, and would often be concurrently appointed as navy commander for one of the three provincial navies. The navy commanders of the two other provinces were under the command of the regional navy commander.</ref> the position of supreme commander for the Chosŏn navy.

Attached to the letter was also a royal instruction about the secret tally (密符諭書). Customarily, the tally was provided to provincial governors and military commanders who were entrusted with the armed forces of a particular region. The secret tally system was designed to enable the receiving official to dispatch troops swiftly and surreptitiously in case of urgent crises such as rebellions and invasions. As opposed to the more common “troop mobilizing tally” (發兵符), the secret tally was provided only to high-ranking officials and together with a royal instruction. According to procedure, the tally is broken in half, and the king would keep the left half whereas the official would receive the right half. In case of an emergency decree, a royal instruction would be sent down with the king’s tally, with which the official would match his half to confirm its authenticity.

=='''Primary Source Text'''==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"
! style="width:650px;" | English || style="width:250px;" | Classical Chinese
|-
| The king says thus: Alas! The only thing that the dynasty can depend on to protect it is the navy. But heaven has not yet relented in bringing calamity [to the dynasty]. The [enemy’s] vicious spears blazed again, and overcame the great navy of the three provinces in just one battle. After this, who will reinforce the defenses in the coastal regions? Hansan Island is already lost; what does the enemy have to fear?<ref>Hansan Island閑山, on the southern end of the Korean peninsula, was a location of great tactical importance. It was the place where Yi Sunshin led one of his most renowned naval victories in 1592. However, after Yi was framed and relieved of command, Hansan Island fell to Japanese hands after the Battle of Ch’ilch’ŏnnyang (漆川梁), when the entire Chosŏn navy was nearly exterminated, save for a small detachment of twelve warships.</ref>

Facing this immediate crisis, hard-pressed day and night, the [only] strategy before us is to summon the scattered [forces] together, assemble the warships, and quickly retake a position of strategic importance, quietly consolidating one major stronghold. Then, the fleeing masses would know where they can return to, and the encroaching enemy might be stopped. If the one who bears the responsibility [for this task] does not have authority, benevolence, intelligence, and fortitude, such that he will be obeyed by all, then how could he bear this task?

My minister, you gained a splendid reputation even before the day you assumed high military office, and since your meritorious exploits in the great victory of the Imjin year [1592], the military situation on the frontiers has depended on you for being as firm as the Great Wall. But in recent times, due to the schemes of another,<ref>This likely refers to Won Kyun (元均, 1540-1597), a Chosŏn navy commander who had personal conflicts with Yi Sunshin and contributed to Yi’s removal from office. By the time of the Battle of Ch’ilch’ŏnnyang, Won Kyun had replaced Yi as the regional naval commander.</ref> you have been removed from office and made to bear the punishment of law. [The effects of this] have extended to the humiliation of today’s defeat. What can I say? What can I say?

Now, I am specifically raising you from mourning garb, and elevating you from commoner status.<ref>Yi Sunshin’s mother had died earlier that year, and was in mourning. Typically, while in mourning one could not hold office. ‘Commoner status’ is literally written as ‘white robes’ 白衣, which refers to a demoted official.</ref> I reinstate you to concurrently hold the position of Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, and Kyŏngsang.
From today, first rally and placate [the troops], search out those who have scattered, and unite and build up the naval forces, so as to advance and take control of the situation.

If you make the army rise as one, the minds of the people, which have become scattered, will be at ease once more, and the enemy, hearing that we are fully equipped, will not dare to indulge in wanton destruction again. You must attend to this.
From the naval commanders and below, all must be disciplined. Anyone who breaks with military regulation should be punished, uniformly and in accordance with the law.

You have already proven your selfless sacrifice for the state and [ability to] read the flow of battle. How could I dare presume to instruct you on this? Indeed, as when Lu Kang rebuilt the defenses on the river in order to fully execute his duty,<ref>Lu Kang陸抗 (226-274 C.E) was a famed military general who served the state of Wu and is celebrated for his good judgement, upright conduct, and intelligent military tactics in defense of Wu, though he also opposed unnecessary military aggression on the part of his ruler Sun Hao 孫皓 (Sanguozhi vol. 58). </ref> and Wang Xun emerged from the criminal registers to successfully cleanse [the realm],<ref>There are multiple historical figures named Wang Xun 王遜, but they do not appear to match the description of someone ‘rising from the criminal register’ in this text. There was a Wang Xun 王遜 (d. 325 C.E) known for his great accomplishments who lived during the Jin dynasty (Jinshu vol. 81). He does not seem to have any connection to criminal behavior. (His biography in the Jinshu is immediately followed by that of a military official of the Jin dynasty, Cai Bao 蔡豹, who appears to have had a more colorful life experience. Is this possibly the confusion?) Wang Jian 王儉 also had a younger brother of the name Xun, who was criminalized, and regarded as far from the conduct of his elder brother. There is also the possibility that the decree refers to Wang Xun, governor of Henan during the reign of Emperor Wu/Sima Yan, who is said to have strictly enforced prohibitions about recruiting clients, which may relate to the mention of ‘registers’ here.</ref> a loyal and righteous heart can fulfil [a sovereign’s wish] for [the] salvation [of the people]. For this reason I make the appointment. Be mindful of it.

On the 23rd day of the 9th month in the 25thyear of the reign of Wanli

||
王若曰嗚呼國家之所倚以爲保障者惟在於舟師而天未悔禍兇鋒再熾遂使三道大軍盡於一戰之下此後近海城邑誰復屛蔽而閑山已失賊何所憚

燒眉之急迫於朝夕目下之策惟當召聚散亡收合船艦急據要害去處儼然作一大營則流逋之衆知有所歸方張之賊亦庶幾乎式遏而膺是責者非有威惠智幹素見服於內外則曷能勝斯任哉

惟卿聲名早著於超授閫寄之日功業再振於壬辰大捷之後邊上軍情恃爲長城之固而頃者遆卿之職俾從戴罪之律者亦出於人謀不臧而致今日敗衂之辱也尙何言哉尙何言哉

今特起卿于墨衰拔卿于白衣授以兼忠淸全羅慶尙等三道水軍統制使

卿於至之日先行招撫搜訪流散團作海營進扼形勢

使軍聲一振則已散之民心可以復安而賊亦聞我有備不敢再肆猖獗卿其勖之哉

水使以下並節制之其有臨機失律者一以軍法斷之

若卿殉國忘身相機進退在於已試之能予曷敢多誥於戲陸抗再鎭河上克盡制置之道王遜出自罪籍能成掃蕩之功益堅忠義之心庶副求濟之望故玆敎示想宜知悉

萬曆二十五年七月二十三日
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[[Instructions for the Secret Tally]]'''.
</div>

# How does King Sŏnjo present his own role in Yi Sunsin’s demotion and reinstatement? What wrong was done to Yi in the past per this instruction? What can you surmise about the relationship between Sŏnjo and Yi Sunsin? Is the king apologetic?
# Under what circumstances did the king write this instruction to Yi Sunsin? What do the documents above tell us about the military situation in 1597 at the outset of a second Japanese invasion?
# When the king laments the loss of Hansan Island, which battle is he referring to? Why was this battle so important?
# Is the king offering Yi Sunsin a carrot or a stick?

=='''Further Readings'''==

* Swope, Kenneth M. A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
* Yi Sunsin (1545-1598). Nanjung ilgi: war diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Translated by Ha Tae-hung; edited by Sohn Pow-key. Seoul, Korea: Yonsei University Press, 1977.
* Yu Sŏngnyong (1542–1607). The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598. Translated by Choi Byonghyon. Berkeley Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2002.

=='''References'''==
<references/>

[[Category:2016 Advanced Translation Group]]
[[Category:Royal Documents]]
[[Category:1597]]
[[Category:Yi Sunsin]]