"Morning Calm v.2 no.7(1891 Jan.)"의 두 판 사이의 차이

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(새 문서: The Bishop's Letter. No. XII. DEAR FRIENDS, I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that all news of the Mission or of myself must make way this month for an explanation, and,...)
 
 
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Morning Calm v.1 no.1(1890 Jul.)과 내용이 같음
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The Bishop's Letter.
 
The Bishop's Letter.
 
No. XII.
 
No. XII.
  
DEAR FRIENDS,
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DEAR FRIENDS,
I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that all news of the Mission or of myself must make way this month for an explanation, and, perhaps, a justification, of the appearance of this letter as the first item in a monthly magazine.
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The circulation of these monthly letters-this, remember, is No. XII.-has been steadily increasing, and has now reached between 600 and 700. The letters have been privately printed and privately circulated. But those of you who have heard me speak on the subject of the foreign missions of the Church will bear me witness that I have ever been unwilling to receive your interest and sympathy on behalf of Korea alone, and have insisted on this mission to Korea being considered only as a part, and (humanly speaking) not a very important part either, of the whole of the foreign missionary work of the Church. We have many missionary societies, all doing good work. I feel, however, that I must contribute my little towards establish-ing these truths, which sooner or later everyone must acknowledge: (i.) that the work of foreign missions is the work of the whole Church, and not of any section of it; (ii.) that they who stay at home have every bit as hard and real work to do for foreign missions as they who go abroad; and (iii.) that the true measure of all work done for God-missionary or otherwise, at home or abroad, in British India or in Madagascar-is to be seen in the strict obedience wherewith the call of God is obeyed, and the reality of the sacrifice involved in that obedience.
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I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that all news of the Mission or of myself must make way this month for an explanation, and, perhaps, a justification, of the appearance of this letter as the first item in a monthly magazine. The circulation of these monthly letters-this, remember, is No. XII.-has been steadily increasing, and has now reached between 600 and 700. The letters have been privately printed and privately circulated. But those of you who have heard me speak on the subject of the foreign missions of the Church will bear me witness that I have ever been unwilling to receive your interest and sympathy on behalf of Korea alone, and have insisted on this mission to Korea being considered only as a part, and (humanly speaking) not a very important part either, of the whole of the foreign missionary work of the Church. We have many missionary societies, all doing good work. I feel, however, that I must contribute my little towards establish-ing these truths, which sooner or later everyone must acknowledge: (i.) that the work of foreign missions is the work of the whole Church, and not of any section of it; (ii.) that they who stay at home have every bit as hard and real work to do for foreign missions as they who go abroad; and (iii.) that the true measure of all work done for God-missionary or otherwise, at home or abroad, in British India or in Madagascar-is to be seen in the strict obedience wherewith the call of God is obeyed, and the reality of the sacrifice involved in that obedience.
 
By enlarging and publishing what has been a privately-printed monthly letter, I hope to make use of this interest in Korea for the benefit of the whole Church, and to exhibit in the pages of the Magazine some of the realities, the dangers, and difficulties of the mission work of the Church of England in all parts of the world.
 
By enlarging and publishing what has been a privately-printed monthly letter, I hope to make use of this interest in Korea for the benefit of the whole Church, and to exhibit in the pages of the Magazine some of the realities, the dangers, and difficulties of the mission work of the Church of England in all parts of the world.
 
By publishing the Magazine at one penny I hope to bring it within the reach of the poorest, on whom the future of our mission work so largely depends. It will be a great gain to England if the poor are induced to read about some of the realities-what they will regard as the realities-of the Church's mission life, and so to learn that it is the life, not of this or that Church society, but of the Church herself-that body of which they are members.
 
By publishing the Magazine at one penny I hope to bring it within the reach of the poorest, on whom the future of our mission work so largely depends. It will be a great gain to England if the poor are induced to read about some of the realities-what they will regard as the realities-of the Church's mission life, and so to learn that it is the life, not of this or that Church society, but of the Church herself-that body of which they are members.
Let me now say a few words in explanation of the title-page
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Let me now say a few words in explanation of the title-page of the Magazine-an explanation, however, which will scarcely be needed by my naval friends.
 
6 THE MORNING CALM. ________________________________________
 
of the Magazine-an explanation, however, which will scarcely be needed by my naval friends.
 
 
The centre of the missionary compass is Jerusalem-“Begin-ning at Jerusalem." To the Christian Jerusalem must ever be the “Middle Kingdom "-the centre of the world, the point of all-absorbing interest. But it is not so much the point to which, in memory, we go back, as the point from which we are ever going forward, in the power of the Holy Spirit, to accomplish that which God would have each one of us do to promote the kingdom of His dear Son upon earth.
 
The centre of the missionary compass is Jerusalem-“Begin-ning at Jerusalem." To the Christian Jerusalem must ever be the “Middle Kingdom "-the centre of the world, the point of all-absorbing interest. But it is not so much the point to which, in memory, we go back, as the point from which we are ever going forward, in the power of the Holy Spirit, to accomplish that which God would have each one of us do to promote the kingdom of His dear Son upon earth.
 
The north and south line of the missionary compass, there-fore, is the meridian of Jerusalem, the Christian's first meridian.
 
The north and south line of the missionary compass, there-fore, is the meridian of Jerusalem, the Christian's first meridian.
 
But Jerusalem is to be only the beginning of the work which was inaugurated on that Feast of Pentecost. “Ye shall be witnesses unto Me both in Jerusalem and in all Judæa and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth.” And so the Church has obeyed and is still obeying this Divine command. Look to the north and south, to the east and west, and see the nations of the world in their bearings from Jerusalem-the areas over which the Holy Spirit has worked or has yet to work through the members of Christ. There is no distinction made here, you see, between home and foreign missions. “There is one Spirit." You have England and China, France and Melanesia, Germany and Assyria, the United States of America and Manchuria. It is the work of the Church in the world to witness to the resurrection of the Son of God everywhere, "beginning at Jerusalem.”
 
But Jerusalem is to be only the beginning of the work which was inaugurated on that Feast of Pentecost. “Ye shall be witnesses unto Me both in Jerusalem and in all Judæa and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth.” And so the Church has obeyed and is still obeying this Divine command. Look to the north and south, to the east and west, and see the nations of the world in their bearings from Jerusalem-the areas over which the Holy Spirit has worked or has yet to work through the members of Christ. There is no distinction made here, you see, between home and foreign missions. “There is one Spirit." You have England and China, France and Melanesia, Germany and Assyria, the United States of America and Manchuria. It is the work of the Church in the world to witness to the resurrection of the Son of God everywhere, "beginning at Jerusalem.”
 
And to what does the needle of the missionary compass point? To the cross, or rather to Him who was "lifted up from the earth"-first on the cross to die, and then, "alive for ever-more," on the mount of Ascension to the right hand of God that He might draw all men unto Him. See how the Dove of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the compass looks towards the cross as though He would point all men to Christ. This is the office of the Holy Spirit: “He shall testify of Me.” “He shall glorify Me; for He shall receive of Mine, and shew it unto you."
 
And to what does the needle of the missionary compass point? To the cross, or rather to Him who was "lifted up from the earth"-first on the cross to die, and then, "alive for ever-more," on the mount of Ascension to the right hand of God that He might draw all men unto Him. See how the Dove of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the compass looks towards the cross as though He would point all men to Christ. This is the office of the Holy Spirit: “He shall testify of Me.” “He shall glorify Me; for He shall receive of Mine, and shew it unto you."
The mariner has great trouble with his compass. It is his means of safety, but it must first be corrected on account of magnetic influences, which are different in different parts of the earth. When these corrections are made the compass is an infallible guide. But until they are made no seaman would dream of trusting to his compass, which would only lead him to shipwreck. But the missionary's compass needs no correction
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The mariner has great trouble with his compass. It is his means of safety, but it must first be corrected on account of magnetic influences, which are different in different parts of the earth. When these corrections are made the compass is an infallible guide. But until they are made no seaman would dream of trusting to his compass, which would only lead him to shipwreck. But the missionary's compass needs no correction for variation or deviation. Its needle points always to "Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever," to that “good and perfect gift” of the Father, “with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning."
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THE MORNING CALM. 7________________________________________
 
for variation or deviation. Its needle points always to "Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever," to that “good and perfect gift” of the Father, “with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning."
 
 
And how does the Church go on from year to year, from age to age, witnessing to the resurrection of the Son of God? In hope. We are become heirs “according to the hope of eternal life." Buoyed up with this "sure and certain hope" we pursue our way, or, as St. Paul says, we use hope as "the anchor of the soul." The Church yearns to give to every soul for whom Christ has died this anchor. The anchor which has kept us from drifting will keep others. And so the Church works on in hope. And what motive urges the Church to her work? “The love of Christ.” Love of God and love of neighbour--that is to say, love to God manifested in love to man. Mission work which is not urged forward by the love of Christ is not worth a rush, however well organised, however well supported by money. Nay, even if the missionary himself "give his body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth him nothing."
 
And how does the Church go on from year to year, from age to age, witnessing to the resurrection of the Son of God? In hope. We are become heirs “according to the hope of eternal life." Buoyed up with this "sure and certain hope" we pursue our way, or, as St. Paul says, we use hope as "the anchor of the soul." The Church yearns to give to every soul for whom Christ has died this anchor. The anchor which has kept us from drifting will keep others. And so the Church works on in hope. And what motive urges the Church to her work? “The love of Christ.” Love of God and love of neighbour--that is to say, love to God manifested in love to man. Mission work which is not urged forward by the love of Christ is not worth a rush, however well organised, however well supported by money. Nay, even if the missionary himself "give his body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth him nothing."
 
Thus, "steadfast in faith, joyful through hope, and rooted in charity," the Church works outwards from Jerusalem to the utter-most parts of the earth. The cross, the anchor, the heart, emblems of those gifts with which God has enriched us! May they ever remind us, month by month, of the duty imposed on us all of being witnesses unto Him, not only in our own homes, but in all the world.
 
Thus, "steadfast in faith, joyful through hope, and rooted in charity," the Church works outwards from Jerusalem to the utter-most parts of the earth. The cross, the anchor, the heart, emblems of those gifts with which God has enriched us! May they ever remind us, month by month, of the duty imposed on us all of being witnesses unto Him, not only in our own homes, but in all the world.
 
Thanking you for having helped to make this Magazine possible, and trusting that it may be a means of giving a constant impetus to all good work done for God in the home and foreign mission-field of the Church of England, I am, my dear friends, always yours affectionately,
 
Thanking you for having helped to make this Magazine possible, and trusting that it may be a means of giving a constant impetus to all good work done for God in the home and foreign mission-field of the Church of England, I am, my dear friends, always yours affectionately,
* C. J. CORFE.
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C. J. CORFE.
korea.
 
IT is proposed in these papers, which will appear in every issue of the Magazine, to put together, with the aid of copious extracts, items of information, drawn from the various books and from the consular reports on Korea, such as shall answer the questions generally asked by those interested in the new mission of which Bishop Corfe is the head, and shall possibly inspire others with a wish to help in bringing to this remarkable and hitherto almost unknown country, both the material and the spiritual blessings of
 
  
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*Korea.
8 THE VORNING CALM. ________________________________________
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IT is proposed in these papers, which will appear in every issue of the Magazine, to put together, with the aid of copious extracts, items of information, drawn from the various books and from the consular reports on Korea, such as shall answer the questions generally asked by those interested in the new mission of which Bishop Corfe is the head, and shall possibly inspire others with a wish to help in bringing to this remarkable and hitherto almost unknown country, both the material and the spiritual blessings of the Christian faith which the brave Bishop will be the first to attempt to convey from England and the English Church to a diocese only a trifle smaller in area than England, Scotland, and Wales.
the Christian faith which the brave Bishop will be the first to attempt to convey from England and the English Church to a diocese only a trifle smaller in area than England, Scotland, and Wales.
 
 
W. G. Griffis, in the preface to his volume entitled “The Hermit Nation," says: -
 
W. G. Griffis, in the preface to his volume entitled “The Hermit Nation," says: -
 
"Some future writer, with more ability and space at com-mand than the undersigned, may discuss the question as to how far the opening of Korea to the commerce of the world has been the result of internal forces; the scholar, by his original research, may prepare the materials for a worthy history of Korea during the two or three thousand years of her history; the geologist or miner may determine the question as to how far the metallic wealth of Korea will affect the monetary equilibrium of the world ; the missionary has yet to prove the full power of Christianity upon the people, and before Korean paganism any form of the religion of Jesus, Roman, Greek, or Reformed, should be welcomed; while to the linguist, the man of science, and the political economist, the new country, opened by American diplomacy, presents problems of profound interest.
 
"Some future writer, with more ability and space at com-mand than the undersigned, may discuss the question as to how far the opening of Korea to the commerce of the world has been the result of internal forces; the scholar, by his original research, may prepare the materials for a worthy history of Korea during the two or three thousand years of her history; the geologist or miner may determine the question as to how far the metallic wealth of Korea will affect the monetary equilibrium of the world ; the missionary has yet to prove the full power of Christianity upon the people, and before Korean paganism any form of the religion of Jesus, Roman, Greek, or Reformed, should be welcomed; while to the linguist, the man of science, and the political economist, the new country, opened by American diplomacy, presents problems of profound interest.
“Korea has for centuries successfully carried out the policy of isolation. Instead of a peninsula, her rulers have striven to make her an inaccessible island, and insulate her from the shock of change. She has built, not a great wall of masonry, but a barrier of sea and river flood, of mountain and devastated land, of palisades and cordons of armed sentinels. Frost and snow, storm and winter, she hails as her allies. Not content with the sea-border, she desolates her shores, lest they tempt the mariner to land. Between her Chinese neighbour and herself she has placed a neutral space of unplanted, unoccupied land. This strip of forests and desolated plains, twenty leagues wide, stretches between Korea and Manchuria. To form it four cities and many villages were suppressed three centuries ago, and left in ruins..... For centuries only the wild beasts, fugitives from justice, and outlaws from both countries, have inhabited this fertile but forbidden territory..... Of late years the Chinese Government has respected the neutrality of this barrier less and less. . . . . Cho-sen, since acting the hermit policy of ancient Egypt and mediæval China, has preserved two loopholes at Fusan and Si-chin, the former on the sea towards Japan, and the latter in the north-west, on the Chinese border. What in time of peace is a needle's eye, is in time of war a floodgate for enemies. From the west, the invading armies of China have
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“Korea has for centuries successfully carried out the policy of isolation. Instead of a peninsula, her rulers have striven to make her an inaccessible island, and insulate her from the shock of change. She has built, not a great wall of masonry, but a barrier of sea and river flood, of mountain and devastated land, of palisades and cordons of armed sentinels. Frost and snow, storm and winter, she hails as her allies. Not content with the sea-border, she desolates her shores, lest they tempt the mariner to land. Between her Chinese neighbour and herself she has placed a neutral space of unplanted, unoccupied land. This strip of forests and desolated plains, twenty leagues wide, stretches between Korea and Manchuria. To form it four cities and many villages were suppressed three centuries ago, and left in ruins..... For centuries only the wild beasts, fugitives from justice, and outlaws from both countries, have inhabited this fertile but forbidden territory..... Of late years the Chinese Government has respected the neutrality of this barrier less and less. . . . . Cho-sen, since acting the hermit policy of ancient Egypt and mediæval China, has preserved two loopholes at Fusan and Si-chin, the former on the sea towards Japan, and the latter in the north-west, on the Chinese border. What in time of peace is a needle's eye, is in time of war a floodgate for enemies. From the west, the invading armies of China have again and again marched around over the Gulf of Liao Tung, and entered the peninsula to plunder and to conquer, while Chinese fleets from Shan-tung have over and over again arched their sails in the Yellow Sea to furl them again in Korean rivers. From the east, the Japanese have pushed across the sea to invade Korea as enemies, to help as allies against China, to levy tribute and go away enriched, or anon to send their grain-laden ships to their starving neighbours.
THE MORNING CALM. 9________________________________________
 
again and again marched around over the Gulf of Liao Tung, and entered the peninsula to plunder and to conquer, while Chinese fleets from Shan-tung have over and over again arched their sails in the Yellow Sea to furl them again in Korean rivers. From the east, the Japanese have pushed across the sea to invade Korea as enemies, to help as allies against China, to levy tribute and go away enriched, or anon to send their grain-laden ships to their starving neighbours.
 
 
"From a political point of view, the geographical position of this country is most unfortunate. Placed between two rival nations aliens in blood, temper, and policy, Cho-sen has been the rich grist between the upper and nether millstones of China and Japan. .... Nevertheless, Korea has always remained Korea, a separate country; and the people are Koreans, more allied to the Japanese than the Chinese, yet in language, politics, and social customs different from either."
 
"From a political point of view, the geographical position of this country is most unfortunate. Placed between two rival nations aliens in blood, temper, and policy, Cho-sen has been the rich grist between the upper and nether millstones of China and Japan. .... Nevertheless, Korea has always remained Korea, a separate country; and the people are Koreans, more allied to the Japanese than the Chinese, yet in language, politics, and social customs different from either."
 
Since the publication of “The Hermit Nation," eight years ago, Korea has been making slow but steady progress. The Consular Report for 1885 speaks of an increase in the total trade of 44 per cent., and says : -
 
Since the publication of “The Hermit Nation," eight years ago, Korea has been making slow but steady progress. The Consular Report for 1885 speaks of an increase in the total trade of 44 per cent., and says : -
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"The absence of detailed returns for 1884 renders any fair comparison between the two years practically impossible ; but there can be no doubt that the increase in imports is due to a greater consumption of Manchester goods, grey shirtings alone amounting to 158,5331. This import must continue to develop, for, of the 8,000,000 of Korean popular-tion, fully 6,000,000 use nothing but Manchester goods..... Native manufactures are confined to grass-cloth, flax, and a little silk, for the bulk of the cotton grown in the country is utilised as wadding for winter garments. These are all made of shirtings, woollens or broadcloth being far too expensive for the ordinary Koreans to purchase. Silk piece-goods of Chinese and Japanese origin, kerosene from America, and aniline dyes from Germany, form the principal other articles of import. The chief exports are hides, rice, beans, seaweed, and dried fish. Copper is also exported from Yuensan, and the mines, if properly worked, are, by all accounts, capable of great development.
 
"The absence of detailed returns for 1884 renders any fair comparison between the two years practically impossible ; but there can be no doubt that the increase in imports is due to a greater consumption of Manchester goods, grey shirtings alone amounting to 158,5331. This import must continue to develop, for, of the 8,000,000 of Korean popular-tion, fully 6,000,000 use nothing but Manchester goods..... Native manufactures are confined to grass-cloth, flax, and a little silk, for the bulk of the cotton grown in the country is utilised as wadding for winter garments. These are all made of shirtings, woollens or broadcloth being far too expensive for the ordinary Koreans to purchase. Silk piece-goods of Chinese and Japanese origin, kerosene from America, and aniline dyes from Germany, form the principal other articles of import. The chief exports are hides, rice, beans, seaweed, and dried fish. Copper is also exported from Yuensan, and the mines, if properly worked, are, by all accounts, capable of great development.
“Korea is mostly mountainous, and there is little flat country. The agriculturists consequently find cultivation difficult. The population increases every day, however, and there is no other in-dustry for them to follow. It is well, therefore, to take precautions in time, and to remove the interdict (on trade) by sea, and thus extend the means of earning a livelihood; open up the mines, and thus provide for the wants of the country. This, being the
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“Korea is mostly mountainous, and there is little flat country. The agriculturists consequently find cultivation difficult. The population increases every day, however, and there is no other in-dustry for them to follow. It is well, therefore, to take precautions in time, and to remove the interdict (on trade) by sea, and thus extend the means of earning a livelihood; open up the mines, and thus provide for the wants of the country. This, being the means by which the country can be made rich and powerful, is a most urgent matter. I have travelled twenty days, and have seen more than ten mines. Copper and iron are mostly the produce of these mines, and there was clear evidence of the good quality of the ore. .. .. If these good mines are left to the working of the country people, who follow with reverence ancient methods, and never change their system of work, no profit will be seen..... The working of mines in Korea .... is even more difficult than it is in China. Railways are the only means of overcoming these difficulties..... When there is no coal in a country which produces the five metals (i.e., gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead), either the one must be transported to where the coal is, or the latter must be taken to the latter mines. . . . . But there is another factor which must be taken into consideration, viz., the annual production and sale of red ginseng. This is a Government monopoly, and is farmed out to a number of merchants attached to the annual overland Korean mission to China ; capital punishment is inflicted on any other person found trafficking in the article. This drug is very highly prized by the Chinese as a tonic. They have implicit faith in it; but it does not seem to agree with Europeans. The monopoly of it is said to be the King's perquisite, and a very lucrative one."
10                                                  THE MORNING CALM.
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"Once more there has to be recorded a steady and substan-tial progress in the trade of Korea, though, as might have been expected after such a very good year as 1887, it has not advanced with such great strides as were shown in the last report. ... The telegraph-line to Fusan was completed and opened to the public about the end of June. It is now in contemplation to construct a line to Yuensan, which, when completed, will even-tually be carried on to Kyêng-hewng, on the Russian frontier, and there connect with a line for Vladivostock. Work was carried on in the new Government mint at Söul in a spasmodic way during the year, and I have been given to understand that a good deal of the stamping machinery has been damaged. The working has resulted in the coining of a small quantity of copper money (about 3,000 dollars' worth), and of a still smaller quantity of silver dollars (1,000). It was rumoured that the copper money was to be put into circulation with the commencement of the present Korean year, but so far it has not made its appear-ance. .... An idea of the cumbrous nature of the coinage may be formed from the difficulty we found in having 24,000 cash sent to us from Soul. The money was packed on two ponies-a load of about 280 lbs. for each pony-and placed under the guard of two soldiers. They, however, turned back to Soul, and insisted on a Chinese going with them for their protection. Eventually they started, forming a cavalcade of six men and four ponies, the Chinese requiring a pony for himself and another for his baggage, and each pony being followed by a man. In spite of their number, the whole party were greatly alarmed at the danger of carrying this treasure, the value of which was little over £30."
means by which the country can be made rich and powerful, is a most urgent matter. I have travelled twenty days, and have seen more than ten mines. Copper and iron are mostly the produce of these mines, and there was clear evidence of the good quality of the ore. .. .. If these good mines are left to the working of the country people, who follow with reverence ancient methods, and never change their system of work, no profit will be seen..... The working of mines in Korea .... is even more difficult than it is in China. Railways are the only means of overcoming these difficulties..... When there is no coal in a country which produces the five metals (i.e., gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead), either the one must be transported to where the coal is, or the latter must be taken to the latter mines. . . . . But there is another factor which must be taken into consideration, viz., the annual production and sale of red ginseng. This is a Government monopoly, and is farmed out to a number of merchants attached to the annual overland Korean mission to China ; capital punishment is inflicted on any other person found trafficking in the article. This drug is very highly prized by the Chinese as a tonic. They have implicit faith in it; but it does not seem to agree with Europeans. The monopoly of it is said to be the King's perquisite, and a very lucrative one."
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"Once more there has to be recorded a steady and substan-tial progress in the trade of Korea, though, as might have been expected after such a very good year as 1887, it has not advanced with such great strides as were shown in the last report. ... The telegraph-line to Fusan was completed and opened to the public about the end of June. It is now in contemplation to construct a line to Yuensan, which, when completed, will even-tually be carried on to Kyêng-hewng, on the Russian frontier, and there connect with a line for Vladivostock. Work was carried on in the new Government mint at Söul in a spasmodic way during the year, and I have been given to understand that a good deal of the stamping machinery has been damaged. The working has resulted in the coining of a small quantity of copper money (about 3,000 dollars' worth), and of a still smaller quantity of silver dollars (1,000). It was rumoured that the copper money was to be put into circulation with the commencement of the present Korean year, but so far it has not made its appear-ance. .... An idea of the cumbrous nature of the coinage may be formed from the difficulty we found in having 24,000 cash sent to us from Soul. The money was packed on two ponies-a load of about 280 lbs. for each pony-and placed under the guard of two soldiers. They, however, turned back to Soul, and insisted
 
 
THE MORNING CALM. 11________________________________________
 
on a Chinese going with them for their protection. Eventually they started, forming a cavalcade of six men and four ponies, the Chinese requiring a pony for himself and another for his baggage, and each pony being followed by a man. In spite of their number, the whole party were greatly alarmed at the danger of carrying this treasure, the value of which was little over £30."
 
 
“The Koreans, notwithstanding their general poverty, are a remarkably well-clad people. They dress for the most part in white. . . . As compared with North China, the country seems at the same time poorer and better off. Great riches are, I should imagine, unknown, but the working-classes are apparently easier in their circumstances than the same class in China. .... I was told that there were a few Buddhist temples in the vicinity of Songdo ; but I saw none, and scarcely any appearance of religious observances. As for religion, ‘the Koreans have scarce any,' was the judgment of some shipwrecked Dutchmen who spent many years in Korea in the seventeenth century. Of the influence of superstition over the people constant evidence is seen in offerings to the spirits of the mountains in the shape of rags tied to branches of shrubs, heaps of stones at the tops of moun-tain ridges, long ropes hanging from trees, shrines two or three feet high placed by the roadside, and, most quaint of all, in thick planks set in the ground, with one face rudely hewn and painted to represent a human head, with teeth fiercely prominent. These figures are said to be intended to keep foes out of the villages, and thus protect the people from their spells and witchery. Beyond these few objects, and a small Buddhist temple near a fine figure of Buddha cut in the rock not far from the north gate of Soul, there was no trace of any religious feeling having any hold upon the people" (Various Consular Reports, 1882-1888).
 
“The Koreans, notwithstanding their general poverty, are a remarkably well-clad people. They dress for the most part in white. . . . As compared with North China, the country seems at the same time poorer and better off. Great riches are, I should imagine, unknown, but the working-classes are apparently easier in their circumstances than the same class in China. .... I was told that there were a few Buddhist temples in the vicinity of Songdo ; but I saw none, and scarcely any appearance of religious observances. As for religion, ‘the Koreans have scarce any,' was the judgment of some shipwrecked Dutchmen who spent many years in Korea in the seventeenth century. Of the influence of superstition over the people constant evidence is seen in offerings to the spirits of the mountains in the shape of rags tied to branches of shrubs, heaps of stones at the tops of moun-tain ridges, long ropes hanging from trees, shrines two or three feet high placed by the roadside, and, most quaint of all, in thick planks set in the ground, with one face rudely hewn and painted to represent a human head, with teeth fiercely prominent. These figures are said to be intended to keep foes out of the villages, and thus protect the people from their spells and witchery. Beyond these few objects, and a small Buddhist temple near a fine figure of Buddha cut in the rock not far from the north gate of Soul, there was no trace of any religious feeling having any hold upon the people" (Various Consular Reports, 1882-1888).
 
Three centuries ago Buddhism was the established faith, but now Buddhist priests and temples are prohibited within the walled towns. The educated classes hold the Confucian philo-sophy. Some brief notice of the terrible prevalence of sickness and disease in Korea must not be omitted ; it is chiefly owing to the total ignorance of medical science and of the simplest laws of sanitation, and to the filth in which the people live. Cholera, small-pox, and typhoid rage ; on this account the most prominent feature in Bishop Corfe's mission, especially in its beginnings-while ignorance of the two languages needed (Chinese and Korean) renders it impossible for him and his companions to preach or teach is-to be the work of the hospitals and dispensaries he hopes to open as quickly as possible.
 
Three centuries ago Buddhism was the established faith, but now Buddhist priests and temples are prohibited within the walled towns. The educated classes hold the Confucian philo-sophy. Some brief notice of the terrible prevalence of sickness and disease in Korea must not be omitted ; it is chiefly owing to the total ignorance of medical science and of the simplest laws of sanitation, and to the filth in which the people live. Cholera, small-pox, and typhoid rage ; on this account the most prominent feature in Bishop Corfe's mission, especially in its beginnings-while ignorance of the two languages needed (Chinese and Korean) renders it impossible for him and his companions to preach or teach is-to be the work of the hospitals and dispensaries he hopes to open as quickly as possible.
+
 
12 THE MORNING CALM. ________________________________________
 
 
Accounts of the climate, natural scenery, past history and political constitution of Korea, and the character and habits of its people, will follow in the ensuing numbers. We close now with a brief extract from Griffis's “The Hermit Nation” in answer to many queries: -
 
Accounts of the climate, natural scenery, past history and political constitution of Korea, and the character and habits of its people, will follow in the ensuing numbers. We close now with a brief extract from Griffis's “The Hermit Nation” in answer to many queries: -
 
“The European name, Korea, is derived from the Japanese term Korai (Chinese, Kaoli), the name of another State in the peninsula rival to Shinra. It was also the official title of the nation from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. The Portuguese, who were the first navigators of the Yellow Sea, brought the name to Europe, calling the country Corie ; whence the English Korea. The French Jesuits at Peking Gallicised this into Corée. Following the genius of their language, they call it La Corée. . . . . Hence has arisen the curious designation, used even by English writers, of this peninsula as 'the Korea.' But what is good French in this case is very bad English, and we should no more say 'the Korea' than the Germany' or 'the England.'.... The native name of the country is Cho-sen (morning calm, or fresh morn-ing). .... The Chinese call it Tungkwo (Eastern Kingdom), and the Manchius Sol-ho or Solbo."
 
“The European name, Korea, is derived from the Japanese term Korai (Chinese, Kaoli), the name of another State in the peninsula rival to Shinra. It was also the official title of the nation from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. The Portuguese, who were the first navigators of the Yellow Sea, brought the name to Europe, calling the country Corie ; whence the English Korea. The French Jesuits at Peking Gallicised this into Corée. Following the genius of their language, they call it La Corée. . . . . Hence has arisen the curious designation, used even by English writers, of this peninsula as 'the Korea.' But what is good French in this case is very bad English, and we should no more say 'the Korea' than the Germany' or 'the England.'.... The native name of the country is Cho-sen (morning calm, or fresh morn-ing). .... The Chinese call it Tungkwo (Eastern Kingdom), and the Manchius Sol-ho or Solbo."
 
The Association of Prayer and work for korea.
 
The Association of Prayer and work for korea.
AT Addington, a few days after his consecration, the Archbishop took Dr. Corfe to see the Parish Church; in it they knelt down, and his Grace repeated the three collects for Good Friday. The Bishop always feels that there the Association of Prayer and Work for Korea first began. In its first form it was known as the Association for Intercessory Prayer. Later on it was more definitely organised under its present title. A General Secretary was found, and many of the Bishop's friends and persons inter-ested in the Mission have undertaken to be Local Secretaries, their duties being to ask their friends to pray for the Mission, or to forward any money they may receive to the General Secretary. The rules of the Association are very simple: (i.) To remember foreign missions, especially the Mission to Korea, daily in their prayers (this rule does not involve the use of any special collect); and (ii.) to help the Mission in other ways, either by (I) subscribing, (2) collecting, (3) working, (4) writing, (5) taking in the Monthly Paper, or (6) interesting others; so that a wide choice is afforded to all kinds of willing helpers. Copies of the Association rules or of other leaflets can be had on application to the General Secretary, or to either of the Local Secretaries, whose names will
+
AT Addington, a few days after his consecration, the Archbishop took Dr. Corfe to see the Parish Church; in it they knelt down, and his Grace repeated the three collects for Good Friday. The Bishop always feels that there the Association of Prayer and Work for Korea first began. In its first form it was known as the Association for Intercessory Prayer. Later on it was more definitely organised under its present title. A General Secretary was found, and many of the Bishop's friends and persons inter-ested in the Mission have undertaken to be Local Secretaries, their duties being to ask their friends to pray for the Mission, or to forward any money they may receive to the General Secretary. The rules of the Association are very simple: (i.) To remember foreign missions, especially the Mission to Korea, daily in their prayers (this rule does not involve the use of any special collect); and (ii.) to help the Mission in other ways, either by (I) subscribing, (2) collecting, (3) working, (4) writing, (5) taking in the Monthly Paper, or (6) interesting others; so that a wide choice is afforded to all kinds of willing helpers. Copies of the Association rules or of other leaflets can be had on application to the General Secretary, or to either of the Local Secretaries, whose names will be found printed in another part of the Magazine, and who wil always be glad to receive and acknowledge both names of mem-bers and subscriptions and donations to the Mission.
 
THE MORNING CALM. 13________________________________________
 
be found printed in another part of the Magazine, and who wil always be glad to receive and acknowledge both names of mem-bers and subscriptions and donations to the Mission.
 
 
Friends of the Mission who are kindly acting as Local Secre-taries, but who do not find their names printed in the list owing to their not having yet communicated with the General Secretary, are asked to be good enough to do so, that their names and addresses may be inserted, and that she may be able to write to them, if necessary.
 
Friends of the Mission who are kindly acting as Local Secre-taries, but who do not find their names printed in the list owing to their not having yet communicated with the General Secretary, are asked to be good enough to do so, that their names and addresses may be inserted, and that she may be able to write to them, if necessary.
 
It is the Bishop's wish that all money contributed by officers and men of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines should be devoted to the Naval Fund for Hospitals, unless otherwise specified by the contributors.
 
It is the Bishop's wish that all money contributed by officers and men of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines should be devoted to the Naval Fund for Hospitals, unless otherwise specified by the contributors.
 
Local Secretaries on board ship are asked to remember that their foremost duty will be to ask their shipmates and men to pray for the Mission, and to forward names of those willing to join the Association to the General Secretary. Also, they are asked to receive and forward to the Publishers orders for the Magazine. It is hoped that they will spread information about the H.N.F., and will send any money they can collect to the Rev. J. B. HARBORD, 150 Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
 
Local Secretaries on board ship are asked to remember that their foremost duty will be to ask their shipmates and men to pray for the Mission, and to forward names of those willing to join the Association to the General Secretary. Also, they are asked to receive and forward to the Publishers orders for the Magazine. It is hoped that they will spread information about the H.N.F., and will send any money they can collect to the Rev. J. B. HARBORD, 150 Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
Fund for poor korean Children.
+
 
 +
*Fund for poor Korean Children.
 
We are glad in this first issue of our Magazine to be able to announce that already some children, as well as their elders, have been interested in the cause of their less favoured brothers and sisters in the far East, and have shown their sympathy in a substantial manner by sending subscriptions, of which we append a list. We trust that this announcement may stir other children to do likewise, so that by the time the Bishop is able to begin his active work in Korea, and when he finds some little child, perhaps, suffering and in need, he may have at hand a fund, gathered from the contributions. of our English children, with which to provide for it.
 
We are glad in this first issue of our Magazine to be able to announce that already some children, as well as their elders, have been interested in the cause of their less favoured brothers and sisters in the far East, and have shown their sympathy in a substantial manner by sending subscriptions, of which we append a list. We trust that this announcement may stir other children to do likewise, so that by the time the Bishop is able to begin his active work in Korea, and when he finds some little child, perhaps, suffering and in need, he may have at hand a fund, gathered from the contributions. of our English children, with which to provide for it.
 
May we not hope, and shall we not pray, that the time may not be far distant when some of these now heathen children shall be received into the congregation of Christ's flock, and become in very deed brothers and sisters in the faith and love of our Lord of our own children who are trying to help them, and who in so trying are really ministering to Him who said, " Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these: My brethren, ye have done it unto Me."
 
May we not hope, and shall we not pray, that the time may not be far distant when some of these now heathen children shall be received into the congregation of Christ's flock, and become in very deed brothers and sisters in the faith and love of our Lord of our own children who are trying to help them, and who in so trying are really ministering to Him who said, " Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these: My brethren, ye have done it unto Me."
+
 
14 THE MORNING CALM. ________________________________________
 
 
The Bishop specially begs "that parents and others whose children are interested in Korea will take care to give them money-boxes, and not place the children's money with their own donations to the Mission, so that the little ones may always have the wants of the children in Korea to spur them on."
 
The Bishop specially begs "that parents and others whose children are interested in Korea will take care to give them money-boxes, and not place the children's money with their own donations to the Mission, so that the little ones may always have the wants of the children in Korea to spur them on."
 
CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED UP TO JUNE 6, 1890.
 
CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED UP TO JUNE 6, 1890.
89번째 줄: 74번째 줄:
 
It is intended that an article shall appear every month, under this title, dealing with the work done in the missions of the English Church throughout the world ; for by a fuller know-ledge of what is being done our readers will be enabled to be more fully in touch with the work itself.
 
It is intended that an article shall appear every month, under this title, dealing with the work done in the missions of the English Church throughout the world ; for by a fuller know-ledge of what is being done our readers will be enabled to be more fully in touch with the work itself.
 
Never was there a time when the possibilities of missionary enterprise were greater than they are to-day. There is an abundance of zeal for the good of the human race, which only requires to be directed into more fitting channels in order to bring about a greater amount of actual good. This is often accompanied by a willing acceptance of the highest personal risk and a renunciation of innocent recreation which show how widespread is the spirit of self-sacrifice. And every day is showing more conclusively that the problems, national and international, of this or of every other age, can only be solved by and through the Faith of Christ : so that all the real, vigorous life, which is the brightest feature of this nineteenth century of busy commercialism and shoddy prosperity, is full of potential missionary zeal.
 
Never was there a time when the possibilities of missionary enterprise were greater than they are to-day. There is an abundance of zeal for the good of the human race, which only requires to be directed into more fitting channels in order to bring about a greater amount of actual good. This is often accompanied by a willing acceptance of the highest personal risk and a renunciation of innocent recreation which show how widespread is the spirit of self-sacrifice. And every day is showing more conclusively that the problems, national and international, of this or of every other age, can only be solved by and through the Faith of Christ : so that all the real, vigorous life, which is the brightest feature of this nineteenth century of busy commercialism and shoddy prosperity, is full of potential missionary zeal.
+
 
THE MORNING CALM. 15________________________________________
 
 
And yet most of our readers must have noticed and deplored the tone of half-contemptuous toleration which is too generally adopted towards missions, even among well-informed Church-men. An appeal on behalf of a famine-stricken land, of a great hospital, of a great exploring expedition, will meet with a generous response in quarters where little or nothing will be given for the Church's work among the heathen. Sometimes, indeed, this results from a more or less vague idea that "it is better to let men serve God in their own way”; sometimes from the complete ignorance of all the higher principles of Christianity and all the blacker parts of heathenism, which shows itself in the sententious statement that “a good heathen is better than an average Christian." And sometimes, again, it results from the failure to realise how slow and gradual a work the conversion of a nation must necessarily be, at least judged by the standard of the events of everyday life.
 
And yet most of our readers must have noticed and deplored the tone of half-contemptuous toleration which is too generally adopted towards missions, even among well-informed Church-men. An appeal on behalf of a famine-stricken land, of a great hospital, of a great exploring expedition, will meet with a generous response in quarters where little or nothing will be given for the Church's work among the heathen. Sometimes, indeed, this results from a more or less vague idea that "it is better to let men serve God in their own way”; sometimes from the complete ignorance of all the higher principles of Christianity and all the blacker parts of heathenism, which shows itself in the sententious statement that “a good heathen is better than an average Christian." And sometimes, again, it results from the failure to realise how slow and gradual a work the conversion of a nation must necessarily be, at least judged by the standard of the events of everyday life.
 
But this tone of antagonism to missionary work, as well as the vague and deprecating tone of many of its supporters, is far more usually the result of want of information. The average Englishman's idea of missions is a survival of the time when it was deliberately held that an inferior class of men were good enough for such work. And when allowance is made for the distortion and exaggeration produced even in this by lapse of time, it is not to be wondered at that he cares nothing for them. Nowadays, to be sure, he knows that very good work has been done by Patteson and Hannington, and is still being done ; but he has drifted out of his feeling of fellowship in such work. The object of the “Spirit of Missions" is to spread information on the subject, for the missions of to-day have no enemy so great as ignorance.
 
But this tone of antagonism to missionary work, as well as the vague and deprecating tone of many of its supporters, is far more usually the result of want of information. The average Englishman's idea of missions is a survival of the time when it was deliberately held that an inferior class of men were good enough for such work. And when allowance is made for the distortion and exaggeration produced even in this by lapse of time, it is not to be wondered at that he cares nothing for them. Nowadays, to be sure, he knows that very good work has been done by Patteson and Hannington, and is still being done ; but he has drifted out of his feeling of fellowship in such work. The object of the “Spirit of Missions" is to spread information on the subject, for the missions of to-day have no enemy so great as ignorance.
 +
 
For the mission-field has its pioneers and explorers, its states-men and generals, more heroic than those of any other field, and their work is not less valuable from the point of view of civilisation. Our admiration goes forth enthusiastically at the thought of a great work of exploration like that which has recently been carried out with such success by Mr. Stanley. But it is little known that works of exploration quite as difficult and quite as valuable in their degree have been carried out.
 
For the mission-field has its pioneers and explorers, its states-men and generals, more heroic than those of any other field, and their work is not less valuable from the point of view of civilisation. Our admiration goes forth enthusiastically at the thought of a great work of exploration like that which has recently been carried out with such success by Mr. Stanley. But it is little known that works of exploration quite as difficult and quite as valuable in their degree have been carried out.
 
[A great deal of matter has been crowded out for want of space, and we are compelled to postpone the insertion of the Rev. J. B. Harbord's report on Naval Fund, Miss Wilson's report on the Education Fund, the List of Members of the Associa-tion, and an article entitled “The Church's Marching Orders."]
 
[A great deal of matter has been crowded out for want of space, and we are compelled to postpone the insertion of the Rev. J. B. Harbord's report on Naval Fund, Miss Wilson's report on the Education Fund, the List of Members of the Associa-tion, and an article entitled “The Church's Marching Orders."]
  
+
Missionary Thanksgivings and Jntercessions.
 
________________________________________Missionary Thanksgivings and Jntercessions.
 
 
Psalm ii. 8.-—" Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance."
 
Psalm ii. 8.-—" Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance."
 
GENERAL.
 
GENERAL.
118번째 줄: 101번째 줄:
 
Subjects for thanksgiving and intercession should be sent to the Rev. G. R. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, THE PALACE, ELY.
 
Subjects for thanksgiving and intercession should be sent to the Rev. G. R. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, THE PALACE, ELY.
  
 
________________________________________
 
 
DONATIONS SENT TO S.P.G. (KOREA SPECIAL FUND), PER THE BISHOT.
 
DONATIONS SENT TO S.P.G. (KOREA SPECIAL FUND), PER THE BISHOT.
 
ODA
 
ODA

2021년 6월 12일 (토) 22:46 기준 최신판

Morning Calm v.1 no.1(1890 Jul.)과 내용이 같음

The Bishop's Letter. No. XII.

DEAR FRIENDS,

I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that all news of the Mission or of myself must make way this month for an explanation, and, perhaps, a justification, of the appearance of this letter as the first item in a monthly magazine. The circulation of these monthly letters-this, remember, is No. XII.-has been steadily increasing, and has now reached between 600 and 700. The letters have been privately printed and privately circulated. But those of you who have heard me speak on the subject of the foreign missions of the Church will bear me witness that I have ever been unwilling to receive your interest and sympathy on behalf of Korea alone, and have insisted on this mission to Korea being considered only as a part, and (humanly speaking) not a very important part either, of the whole of the foreign missionary work of the Church. We have many missionary societies, all doing good work. I feel, however, that I must contribute my little towards establish-ing these truths, which sooner or later everyone must acknowledge: (i.) that the work of foreign missions is the work of the whole Church, and not of any section of it; (ii.) that they who stay at home have every bit as hard and real work to do for foreign missions as they who go abroad; and (iii.) that the true measure of all work done for God-missionary or otherwise, at home or abroad, in British India or in Madagascar-is to be seen in the strict obedience wherewith the call of God is obeyed, and the reality of the sacrifice involved in that obedience. By enlarging and publishing what has been a privately-printed monthly letter, I hope to make use of this interest in Korea for the benefit of the whole Church, and to exhibit in the pages of the Magazine some of the realities, the dangers, and difficulties of the mission work of the Church of England in all parts of the world. By publishing the Magazine at one penny I hope to bring it within the reach of the poorest, on whom the future of our mission work so largely depends. It will be a great gain to England if the poor are induced to read about some of the realities-what they will regard as the realities-of the Church's mission life, and so to learn that it is the life, not of this or that Church society, but of the Church herself-that body of which they are members. Let me now say a few words in explanation of the title-page of the Magazine-an explanation, however, which will scarcely be needed by my naval friends. The centre of the missionary compass is Jerusalem-“Begin-ning at Jerusalem." To the Christian Jerusalem must ever be the “Middle Kingdom "-the centre of the world, the point of all-absorbing interest. But it is not so much the point to which, in memory, we go back, as the point from which we are ever going forward, in the power of the Holy Spirit, to accomplish that which God would have each one of us do to promote the kingdom of His dear Son upon earth. The north and south line of the missionary compass, there-fore, is the meridian of Jerusalem, the Christian's first meridian. But Jerusalem is to be only the beginning of the work which was inaugurated on that Feast of Pentecost. “Ye shall be witnesses unto Me both in Jerusalem and in all Judæa and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth.” And so the Church has obeyed and is still obeying this Divine command. Look to the north and south, to the east and west, and see the nations of the world in their bearings from Jerusalem-the areas over which the Holy Spirit has worked or has yet to work through the members of Christ. There is no distinction made here, you see, between home and foreign missions. “There is one Spirit." You have England and China, France and Melanesia, Germany and Assyria, the United States of America and Manchuria. It is the work of the Church in the world to witness to the resurrection of the Son of God everywhere, "beginning at Jerusalem.” And to what does the needle of the missionary compass point? To the cross, or rather to Him who was "lifted up from the earth"-first on the cross to die, and then, "alive for ever-more," on the mount of Ascension to the right hand of God that He might draw all men unto Him. See how the Dove of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the compass looks towards the cross as though He would point all men to Christ. This is the office of the Holy Spirit: “He shall testify of Me.” “He shall glorify Me; for He shall receive of Mine, and shew it unto you." The mariner has great trouble with his compass. It is his means of safety, but it must first be corrected on account of magnetic influences, which are different in different parts of the earth. When these corrections are made the compass is an infallible guide. But until they are made no seaman would dream of trusting to his compass, which would only lead him to shipwreck. But the missionary's compass needs no correction for variation or deviation. Its needle points always to "Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever," to that “good and perfect gift” of the Father, “with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning."

And how does the Church go on from year to year, from age to age, witnessing to the resurrection of the Son of God? In hope. We are become heirs “according to the hope of eternal life." Buoyed up with this "sure and certain hope" we pursue our way, or, as St. Paul says, we use hope as "the anchor of the soul." The Church yearns to give to every soul for whom Christ has died this anchor. The anchor which has kept us from drifting will keep others. And so the Church works on in hope. And what motive urges the Church to her work? “The love of Christ.” Love of God and love of neighbour--that is to say, love to God manifested in love to man. Mission work which is not urged forward by the love of Christ is not worth a rush, however well organised, however well supported by money. Nay, even if the missionary himself "give his body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth him nothing." Thus, "steadfast in faith, joyful through hope, and rooted in charity," the Church works outwards from Jerusalem to the utter-most parts of the earth. The cross, the anchor, the heart, emblems of those gifts with which God has enriched us! May they ever remind us, month by month, of the duty imposed on us all of being witnesses unto Him, not only in our own homes, but in all the world. Thanking you for having helped to make this Magazine possible, and trusting that it may be a means of giving a constant impetus to all good work done for God in the home and foreign mission-field of the Church of England, I am, my dear friends, always yours affectionately, C. J. CORFE.

  • Korea.

IT is proposed in these papers, which will appear in every issue of the Magazine, to put together, with the aid of copious extracts, items of information, drawn from the various books and from the consular reports on Korea, such as shall answer the questions generally asked by those interested in the new mission of which Bishop Corfe is the head, and shall possibly inspire others with a wish to help in bringing to this remarkable and hitherto almost unknown country, both the material and the spiritual blessings of the Christian faith which the brave Bishop will be the first to attempt to convey from England and the English Church to a diocese only a trifle smaller in area than England, Scotland, and Wales. W. G. Griffis, in the preface to his volume entitled “The Hermit Nation," says: - "Some future writer, with more ability and space at com-mand than the undersigned, may discuss the question as to how far the opening of Korea to the commerce of the world has been the result of internal forces; the scholar, by his original research, may prepare the materials for a worthy history of Korea during the two or three thousand years of her history; the geologist or miner may determine the question as to how far the metallic wealth of Korea will affect the monetary equilibrium of the world ; the missionary has yet to prove the full power of Christianity upon the people, and before Korean paganism any form of the religion of Jesus, Roman, Greek, or Reformed, should be welcomed; while to the linguist, the man of science, and the political economist, the new country, opened by American diplomacy, presents problems of profound interest.

“Korea has for centuries successfully carried out the policy of isolation. Instead of a peninsula, her rulers have striven to make her an inaccessible island, and insulate her from the shock of change. She has built, not a great wall of masonry, but a barrier of sea and river flood, of mountain and devastated land, of palisades and cordons of armed sentinels. Frost and snow, storm and winter, she hails as her allies. Not content with the sea-border, she desolates her shores, lest they tempt the mariner to land. Between her Chinese neighbour and herself she has placed a neutral space of unplanted, unoccupied land. This strip of forests and desolated plains, twenty leagues wide, stretches between Korea and Manchuria. To form it four cities and many villages were suppressed three centuries ago, and left in ruins..... For centuries only the wild beasts, fugitives from justice, and outlaws from both countries, have inhabited this fertile but forbidden territory..... Of late years the Chinese Government has respected the neutrality of this barrier less and less. . . . . Cho-sen, since acting the hermit policy of ancient Egypt and mediæval China, has preserved two loopholes at Fusan and Si-chin, the former on the sea towards Japan, and the latter in the north-west, on the Chinese border. What in time of peace is a needle's eye, is in time of war a floodgate for enemies. From the west, the invading armies of China have again and again marched around over the Gulf of Liao Tung, and entered the peninsula to plunder and to conquer, while Chinese fleets from Shan-tung have over and over again arched their sails in the Yellow Sea to furl them again in Korean rivers. From the east, the Japanese have pushed across the sea to invade Korea as enemies, to help as allies against China, to levy tribute and go away enriched, or anon to send their grain-laden ships to their starving neighbours. "From a political point of view, the geographical position of this country is most unfortunate. Placed between two rival nations aliens in blood, temper, and policy, Cho-sen has been the rich grist between the upper and nether millstones of China and Japan. .... Nevertheless, Korea has always remained Korea, a separate country; and the people are Koreans, more allied to the Japanese than the Chinese, yet in language, politics, and social customs different from either." Since the publication of “The Hermit Nation," eight years ago, Korea has been making slow but steady progress. The Consular Report for 1885 speaks of an increase in the total trade of 44 per cent., and says : -

"The absence of detailed returns for 1884 renders any fair comparison between the two years practically impossible ; but there can be no doubt that the increase in imports is due to a greater consumption of Manchester goods, grey shirtings alone amounting to 158,5331. This import must continue to develop, for, of the 8,000,000 of Korean popular-tion, fully 6,000,000 use nothing but Manchester goods..... Native manufactures are confined to grass-cloth, flax, and a little silk, for the bulk of the cotton grown in the country is utilised as wadding for winter garments. These are all made of shirtings, woollens or broadcloth being far too expensive for the ordinary Koreans to purchase. Silk piece-goods of Chinese and Japanese origin, kerosene from America, and aniline dyes from Germany, form the principal other articles of import. The chief exports are hides, rice, beans, seaweed, and dried fish. Copper is also exported from Yuensan, and the mines, if properly worked, are, by all accounts, capable of great development.

“Korea is mostly mountainous, and there is little flat country. The agriculturists consequently find cultivation difficult. The population increases every day, however, and there is no other in-dustry for them to follow. It is well, therefore, to take precautions in time, and to remove the interdict (on trade) by sea, and thus extend the means of earning a livelihood; open up the mines, and thus provide for the wants of the country. This, being the means by which the country can be made rich and powerful, is a most urgent matter. I have travelled twenty days, and have seen more than ten mines. Copper and iron are mostly the produce of these mines, and there was clear evidence of the good quality of the ore. .. .. If these good mines are left to the working of the country people, who follow with reverence ancient methods, and never change their system of work, no profit will be seen..... The working of mines in Korea .... is even more difficult than it is in China. Railways are the only means of overcoming these difficulties..... When there is no coal in a country which produces the five metals (i.e., gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead), either the one must be transported to where the coal is, or the latter must be taken to the latter mines. . . . . But there is another factor which must be taken into consideration, viz., the annual production and sale of red ginseng. This is a Government monopoly, and is farmed out to a number of merchants attached to the annual overland Korean mission to China ; capital punishment is inflicted on any other person found trafficking in the article. This drug is very highly prized by the Chinese as a tonic. They have implicit faith in it; but it does not seem to agree with Europeans. The monopoly of it is said to be the King's perquisite, and a very lucrative one."

"Once more there has to be recorded a steady and substan-tial progress in the trade of Korea, though, as might have been expected after such a very good year as 1887, it has not advanced with such great strides as were shown in the last report. ... The telegraph-line to Fusan was completed and opened to the public about the end of June. It is now in contemplation to construct a line to Yuensan, which, when completed, will even-tually be carried on to Kyêng-hewng, on the Russian frontier, and there connect with a line for Vladivostock. Work was carried on in the new Government mint at Söul in a spasmodic way during the year, and I have been given to understand that a good deal of the stamping machinery has been damaged. The working has resulted in the coining of a small quantity of copper money (about 3,000 dollars' worth), and of a still smaller quantity of silver dollars (1,000). It was rumoured that the copper money was to be put into circulation with the commencement of the present Korean year, but so far it has not made its appear-ance. .... An idea of the cumbrous nature of the coinage may be formed from the difficulty we found in having 24,000 cash sent to us from Soul. The money was packed on two ponies-a load of about 280 lbs. for each pony-and placed under the guard of two soldiers. They, however, turned back to Soul, and insisted on a Chinese going with them for their protection. Eventually they started, forming a cavalcade of six men and four ponies, the Chinese requiring a pony for himself and another for his baggage, and each pony being followed by a man. In spite of their number, the whole party were greatly alarmed at the danger of carrying this treasure, the value of which was little over £30."

“The Koreans, notwithstanding their general poverty, are a remarkably well-clad people. They dress for the most part in white. . . . As compared with North China, the country seems at the same time poorer and better off. Great riches are, I should imagine, unknown, but the working-classes are apparently easier in their circumstances than the same class in China. .... I was told that there were a few Buddhist temples in the vicinity of Songdo ; but I saw none, and scarcely any appearance of religious observances. As for religion, ‘the Koreans have scarce any,' was the judgment of some shipwrecked Dutchmen who spent many years in Korea in the seventeenth century. Of the influence of superstition over the people constant evidence is seen in offerings to the spirits of the mountains in the shape of rags tied to branches of shrubs, heaps of stones at the tops of moun-tain ridges, long ropes hanging from trees, shrines two or three feet high placed by the roadside, and, most quaint of all, in thick planks set in the ground, with one face rudely hewn and painted to represent a human head, with teeth fiercely prominent. These figures are said to be intended to keep foes out of the villages, and thus protect the people from their spells and witchery. Beyond these few objects, and a small Buddhist temple near a fine figure of Buddha cut in the rock not far from the north gate of Soul, there was no trace of any religious feeling having any hold upon the people" (Various Consular Reports, 1882-1888). Three centuries ago Buddhism was the established faith, but now Buddhist priests and temples are prohibited within the walled towns. The educated classes hold the Confucian philo-sophy. Some brief notice of the terrible prevalence of sickness and disease in Korea must not be omitted ; it is chiefly owing to the total ignorance of medical science and of the simplest laws of sanitation, and to the filth in which the people live. Cholera, small-pox, and typhoid rage ; on this account the most prominent feature in Bishop Corfe's mission, especially in its beginnings-while ignorance of the two languages needed (Chinese and Korean) renders it impossible for him and his companions to preach or teach is-to be the work of the hospitals and dispensaries he hopes to open as quickly as possible.

Accounts of the climate, natural scenery, past history and political constitution of Korea, and the character and habits of its people, will follow in the ensuing numbers. We close now with a brief extract from Griffis's “The Hermit Nation” in answer to many queries: - “The European name, Korea, is derived from the Japanese term Korai (Chinese, Kaoli), the name of another State in the peninsula rival to Shinra. It was also the official title of the nation from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. The Portuguese, who were the first navigators of the Yellow Sea, brought the name to Europe, calling the country Corie ; whence the English Korea. The French Jesuits at Peking Gallicised this into Corée. Following the genius of their language, they call it La Corée. . . . . Hence has arisen the curious designation, used even by English writers, of this peninsula as 'the Korea.' But what is good French in this case is very bad English, and we should no more say 'the Korea' than the Germany' or 'the England.'.... The native name of the country is Cho-sen (morning calm, or fresh morn-ing). .... The Chinese call it Tungkwo (Eastern Kingdom), and the Manchius Sol-ho or Solbo." The Association of Prayer and work for korea. AT Addington, a few days after his consecration, the Archbishop took Dr. Corfe to see the Parish Church; in it they knelt down, and his Grace repeated the three collects for Good Friday. The Bishop always feels that there the Association of Prayer and Work for Korea first began. In its first form it was known as the Association for Intercessory Prayer. Later on it was more definitely organised under its present title. A General Secretary was found, and many of the Bishop's friends and persons inter-ested in the Mission have undertaken to be Local Secretaries, their duties being to ask their friends to pray for the Mission, or to forward any money they may receive to the General Secretary. The rules of the Association are very simple: (i.) To remember foreign missions, especially the Mission to Korea, daily in their prayers (this rule does not involve the use of any special collect); and (ii.) to help the Mission in other ways, either by (I) subscribing, (2) collecting, (3) working, (4) writing, (5) taking in the Monthly Paper, or (6) interesting others; so that a wide choice is afforded to all kinds of willing helpers. Copies of the Association rules or of other leaflets can be had on application to the General Secretary, or to either of the Local Secretaries, whose names will be found printed in another part of the Magazine, and who wil always be glad to receive and acknowledge both names of mem-bers and subscriptions and donations to the Mission. Friends of the Mission who are kindly acting as Local Secre-taries, but who do not find their names printed in the list owing to their not having yet communicated with the General Secretary, are asked to be good enough to do so, that their names and addresses may be inserted, and that she may be able to write to them, if necessary. It is the Bishop's wish that all money contributed by officers and men of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines should be devoted to the Naval Fund for Hospitals, unless otherwise specified by the contributors. Local Secretaries on board ship are asked to remember that their foremost duty will be to ask their shipmates and men to pray for the Mission, and to forward names of those willing to join the Association to the General Secretary. Also, they are asked to receive and forward to the Publishers orders for the Magazine. It is hoped that they will spread information about the H.N.F., and will send any money they can collect to the Rev. J. B. HARBORD, 150 Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.

  • Fund for poor Korean Children.

We are glad in this first issue of our Magazine to be able to announce that already some children, as well as their elders, have been interested in the cause of their less favoured brothers and sisters in the far East, and have shown their sympathy in a substantial manner by sending subscriptions, of which we append a list. We trust that this announcement may stir other children to do likewise, so that by the time the Bishop is able to begin his active work in Korea, and when he finds some little child, perhaps, suffering and in need, he may have at hand a fund, gathered from the contributions. of our English children, with which to provide for it. May we not hope, and shall we not pray, that the time may not be far distant when some of these now heathen children shall be received into the congregation of Christ's flock, and become in very deed brothers and sisters in the faith and love of our Lord of our own children who are trying to help them, and who in so trying are really ministering to Him who said, " Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these: My brethren, ye have done it unto Me."

The Bishop specially begs "that parents and others whose children are interested in Korea will take care to give them money-boxes, and not place the children's money with their own donations to the Mission, so that the little ones may always have the wants of the children in Korea to spur them on." CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED UP TO JUNE 6, 1890.

Margaret and Geoffrey Lyttelton .. ... .. 0 2 1 Girls of Seamen and Marines' Orphanage, Portsmouth ... 3 13 85 Children of the Guild of the Holy Child, Bovey Tracey ... I I 3 Children's Service, St. Nicholas, Gosforth.... Cuthbert, 2s. 6.; Muriel, id. ; Molly, 6d., Cotesworth 0 Dora York .. . ... ... 007 Georgie Wannell ...... 0 0 6 The children at Lancing College, per Mr. Richards ... OIO 0 A Little Girl at Stoke Newington ... Margaret Falwasser (Collected by)... Poppy... In Memory of J. B. F., a Dear Child o 90 £6 18 2 Also, from one of the Portsmouth Orphans, a tiny coin, given to the Bishop himself. VICTORIA H. GOODENOUGH, Secretary, Hampton Court Palace. The Spirit of Missions. It is intended that an article shall appear every month, under this title, dealing with the work done in the missions of the English Church throughout the world ; for by a fuller know-ledge of what is being done our readers will be enabled to be more fully in touch with the work itself. Never was there a time when the possibilities of missionary enterprise were greater than they are to-day. There is an abundance of zeal for the good of the human race, which only requires to be directed into more fitting channels in order to bring about a greater amount of actual good. This is often accompanied by a willing acceptance of the highest personal risk and a renunciation of innocent recreation which show how widespread is the spirit of self-sacrifice. And every day is showing more conclusively that the problems, national and international, of this or of every other age, can only be solved by and through the Faith of Christ : so that all the real, vigorous life, which is the brightest feature of this nineteenth century of busy commercialism and shoddy prosperity, is full of potential missionary zeal.

And yet most of our readers must have noticed and deplored the tone of half-contemptuous toleration which is too generally adopted towards missions, even among well-informed Church-men. An appeal on behalf of a famine-stricken land, of a great hospital, of a great exploring expedition, will meet with a generous response in quarters where little or nothing will be given for the Church's work among the heathen. Sometimes, indeed, this results from a more or less vague idea that "it is better to let men serve God in their own way”; sometimes from the complete ignorance of all the higher principles of Christianity and all the blacker parts of heathenism, which shows itself in the sententious statement that “a good heathen is better than an average Christian." And sometimes, again, it results from the failure to realise how slow and gradual a work the conversion of a nation must necessarily be, at least judged by the standard of the events of everyday life. But this tone of antagonism to missionary work, as well as the vague and deprecating tone of many of its supporters, is far more usually the result of want of information. The average Englishman's idea of missions is a survival of the time when it was deliberately held that an inferior class of men were good enough for such work. And when allowance is made for the distortion and exaggeration produced even in this by lapse of time, it is not to be wondered at that he cares nothing for them. Nowadays, to be sure, he knows that very good work has been done by Patteson and Hannington, and is still being done ; but he has drifted out of his feeling of fellowship in such work. The object of the “Spirit of Missions" is to spread information on the subject, for the missions of to-day have no enemy so great as ignorance.

For the mission-field has its pioneers and explorers, its states-men and generals, more heroic than those of any other field, and their work is not less valuable from the point of view of civilisation. Our admiration goes forth enthusiastically at the thought of a great work of exploration like that which has recently been carried out with such success by Mr. Stanley. But it is little known that works of exploration quite as difficult and quite as valuable in their degree have been carried out. [A great deal of matter has been crowded out for want of space, and we are compelled to postpone the insertion of the Rev. J. B. Harbord's report on Naval Fund, Miss Wilson's report on the Education Fund, the List of Members of the Associa-tion, and an article entitled “The Church's Marching Orders."]

Missionary Thanksgivings and Jntercessions. Psalm ii. 8.-—" Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance." GENERAL. THANKSGIVING for (a) 66 volunteers (19 priests) sent out by the C.M.S. during the past year; (b) increase of ladies for mission work; (c) liberal offerings (£5,000 anonymous, and others) in connection with the C.M.S. anniversary. INTERCESSION for (a) increased zeal amongst us for the spread of the Gospel ; (b) many priests for mission work; (c) greater liberality on the part of the wealthy. AFRICA, EAST AND CENTRAL. THANKSGIVING for (a) ordination of Cecil Majaliwa, the first native priest (on feast of Conversion of St. Paul, 1890); (b) biessing on the work during a period of much anxiety. INTERCESSIONS for (a) illumination and guidance of Cecil Majaliwa ; (b) Kiungani Theological College, where Archdeacon Jones-Bateman is preparing native candidates for Holy Orders ; (c) for many priests to carry forward the work of the C.A. Mis-sion ; (d) that the European nations extending their influence over Africa may bring with them the Gospel of the grace of God. EASTERN EQUATORIAL. THANKSGIVING for fourteen years of devoted labour of Alexander Mackey, called to his rest last April. INTERCESSION for (a) Bishop Tucker, consecrated on St. Mark's Day, and now arriving at Uganda ; (b) kingdom of Uganda and the priests there in much danger. SOUTH AFRICA. INTERCESSIONS for (a) a faithful priest for vacant bishopric of Zululand ; (b) blessing on anniversary services of Maritzburg Mission Association. INDIA. THANKSGIVING for formation of new diocese of Chota Nagpore. INTERCESSIONS for (a) Bishop of Nagpore (consecrated March 23); (b) efforts of Bishop of Madras in evangelising the State of Hyderabad, containing a heathen population of 10,000,000 souls; (c) for the priests of the Oxford Mission at Calcutta, and Cambridge Mission at Delhi. KOREA. INTERCESSIONS for (a) Bishop Corfe, special grace, wisdom and strength in leading the first English mission ; (b) that priests zealous for the work may offer themselves; (c) the Magazine, that it may be the means of stirring up deeper interest in mission work; (d) the preparation of Korea for the Gospel message. Subjects for thanksgiving and intercession should be sent to the Rev. G. R. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, THE PALACE, ELY.

DONATIONS SENT TO S.P.G. (KOREA SPECIAL FUND), PER THE BISHOT. ODA OIO u oow 6 O OO ON our 5 o 0 £ s. d. - Rev. H. Stobbart Wykeham Rev. W. Rudge, Bassett ... 0 5 0 Rise, Totteridge ... ... 100 Miss Evans, Kilburn ... ... 3 O o Rev. J. Outram Marshall, Per Rev. Canon Prothero, Kilburn ... ... ... 0 5 0 Whippingham ... Miss Smith, Watlington ... Tio Rev. H. A. Keates, Malvern Mrs. Codrington, Tunbridge Link ... Wells... ... 5 5 0 Per Rev. A. A. Cachemaille. Per Rev. Archer G. Hunter, Oldham *** * 3 18 Epsom 2 20 Mrs. Ettrick 010 Mrs. Dormer Whitmarsh, Little Rev. R. W. Fiske, Stockton hampton ... Rectory Mrs. M. A. Lee, Colneyn Bay, Commander Sir H. A. Ogle, North Wales ... *** ... 0 15 0 Bart., R.N. ... 5 0 0 Miss Matthey, Ascot ... Rev. J. Winter, Ledbury . O 10 0 Per Miss Day (anon.) ... o 10 0 Leamington Clerical Society, per Mrs. Coombes, Oxford Rev. T. Rivington ... 20o Miss Chilton, Wrexham St. Peter's, Streatham, per Rev. Mrs. Bottomley, Liscard A. B. Dickinson ... ... 5 I 4 Miss Mainwaring, Weymouth... I C. Seaforth, Esq., Ealing ... 2 10 O Miss Ekin, Weymouth... W, F. G. Spranger, Esq., Miss Robson, West Kensington Southampton... ... 5 oo Mrs. Henry Simpson ... ... The Right Rev. Lord Bishop Miss Bowles, Oxford ... .. of Reading ... ... 5 00 A Friend ... Rev. R. H. Codrington, D.D., E. L., per Church Times ... Wadhurst ... Rev. R. Jermyn Cooper, Scarbro' I 10 Per Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Drawing Room Meeting, per Salisbury ... ... 19 20 Mrs. Wilshere, Cambridge Miss Corfe, Salisbury ... ... 5 0 0 (for Dispensary) .... .., 276 Rev. R. Whitefoord, Salisbury 2 2 0 Rev. T. P. and Col. Methuen, Mrs. Williams, Worthing ... 0 15 0 Bath ... ... ... 10 oo Per Sale of Work, Rev. A. Welsh, Rev. E. S. Murray, Rugeley ... 1 1 0 Harewood ... ... ... Rev. R. Hayes, Londonderry 500 Rev. R. A. Byrde, Honiton ... 3 3 O Miss Anson, Arundel ... ... Offertory, per Rev. M. Stevens, Mrs. McCrea, Mentone 50 O Winslow ... I oo Mrs. Roberts, per Mrs. McCrea Miss Matthey (Easter offering) 0 Rev. C. L. Bird, Chollerton ... Rev. S. S. Keddle, Bridport ... I Mrs. Mann, Sevenoaks IO 0 Patients, &c., St. Michael's Per Church Times ... Home, Axbridge ... Mrs. Jacobson, Chester o A. Trevor Crispin, Esq., LadPer Rev. Gordon Deedes, brooke Gardens ... ... 10 0 0 Grantham ... Ι Ι Ι Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Truro 3 00 Mrs. Pocock, Parkstone 5o Mrs. Watson, Bovey Tracey ... 1 Mrs. and Miss Wheatley, Oxford 2 oo Offertory, per Rev. A. L. Jukes, Mrs. Hall, Worthing... St. Bartholomew's, Dover ... 7 6 4 Lieut. J. Startin, R.N. Lady Burrell, West Grinstead... 10 0 0 Mrs. and Miss Christian, Alresford ... ... I10 0 £226 17 6 non OOOOOOooooo -OWOO-01-ö ö oő a ē a un OOOOOOOOOO000000

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