"경주 석굴암 석굴"의 두 판 사이의 차이
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| + | '''Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju''' | ||
| + | This Buddhist grotto and its affiliated hermitage located on Tohamsan Mountain were established along with the nearby Bulguksa Temple in the mid-8th century during the Unified Silla period (668-935). It is located around 12 km to the northeast of the capital of the ancient Silla kingdom. The name Seokguram means “hermitage of the stone grotto,”but it was also formerly known as Seokbulsa, meaning “temple of the stone buddha.” | ||
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| + | According to legend in the ''Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms'' (Samguk yusa), the hermitage and its grotto was constructed between 751 and 774 by Kim Dae-seong, a high-ranking official of the Silla kingdom. It is said he founded this hermitage to honor the parents of his past life and founded Bulguksa Temple to honor the parents of his current life. | ||
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| + | The grotto faces southeast on the mountain slope at 750 m above sea level, with the East Sea visible in the distance. The grotto was artificially made by stacking hewn stones without mortar to create its main rotunda chamber and arched entrance chamber. In the center of the main chamber is a statue of a buddha seated on a lotus pedestal. This main buddha, measuring around 5 m in height with its pedestal, sits in the earth witness posture, which symbolizes the Buddha’s enlightenment underneath the Bodhi tree. Behind the main buddha on the wall of the grotto is the buddha’s halo. On the walls of the main chamber are relief carvings of Buddhist figures, above which are niches with statues. These carvings depict, from the center rear and moving outwards toward the front, Avalokitesvara (Bodhisattva of Compassion; center), the Buddha’s 10 principal disciples (five on each side), the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva of Great Conduct; left) and Manjusri (Bodhisattva of Wisdom and Insight; right), and the Hindu gods Bhrama (left) and Indra (right). On the flat walls in front of the rotunda are carvings of the Four Guardian Kings, while the entrance chamber features carvings of wrathful guardians who protect the teachings of the Buddha. | ||
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| + | During the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945), the Japanese authorities attempted to repair the grotto, which was partially collapsed. They dismantled the grotto, but '''reassembled it with some of the carvings in the wrong spots. Some of the stone sculptures went missing at this time.''' They failed to properly restore the traditional water drainage system, resulting in leakage, so they covered the grotto with over 1 m of cement, and then later with waterproof asphalt. This resulted in an accumulation of humidity and an inability to regulate the temperature within the grotto, leading to the build-up of moss and mold which began eroding the artwork. From 1962 to 1964, efforts were made to undo these negative effects by installing various systems to control temperature and humidity. The wooden structure in front of the grotto was added at this time. The grotto itself was later enclosed with glass to regulate the environment inside, and the grotto can no longer be entered by the public except on special occasions. | ||
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| + | Despite the partial damage, the artwork inside fortunately remains in good condition. As it is considered one of the most renowned Buddhist masterpieces of the Silla kingdom, Seokguram Grotto was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995 together with Bulguksa Temple. | ||
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| + | *https://www.donga.com/news//article/all/20010228/7655890/1 | ||
| + | *일제시대 실패된 보수에 대해 설명해야 할 것 같은데 지금은 너무 길어서 좀 줄이면 좋을 것 같아요. 그리고 이제 왜 안으로 못들어가는지 설명하기 위해서 쓰면 좋을 것 같아요. 국문 해설문 왜 이부분을 아예 언급 안하는지 모르겠어요. | ||
2020년 9월 30일 (수) 10:04 판
| 경주 석굴암 석굴 Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju |
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 경주 석굴암 석굴, 국가문화유산포털, 문화재청. |
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| 대표명칭 | 경주 석굴암 석굴 |
|---|---|
| 영문명칭 | Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju |
| 한자 | 慶州 石窟庵 石窟 |
| 주소 | 경북 경주시 불국로 873-243, 석굴암 (진현동) |
| 지정번호 | 국보 제24호 |
| 지정일 | 1962년 12월 20일 |
| 분류 | 유적건조물/종교신앙/불교/불전 |
| 시대 | 통일신라 |
| 수량/면적 | 1기 |
| 웹사이트 | 경주 석굴암 석굴, 국가문화유산포털, 문화재청. |
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해설문
국문
석굴암 석굴은 신라의 불교미술을 대표하는 건축물이자 조각이다. 경덕왕 10년(751)에 만들기 시작하여 혜공왕 10년(774) 완성한 석굴사원이다. 건립 당시에는 석불사라 불렀다. 신라 경덕왕 때 재상이었던 김대성(金大城, 700?~774)이 현생의 부모를 위해 불국사를, 전생의 부모를 위해 석불사를 건립하였다고 한다.
인도나 중국의 석굴 사원이 자연 암벽을 파고 들어가 만든 것과 달리 다듬은 돌을 쌓아 올려 만든 인공석굴이다. 우리나라 화강암은 단단해서 정으로 쪼아 석굴을 만드는 일이 불가능했기 때문에 돌을 쌓아 석굴을 만든 것이다.
앞쪽의 입구가 되는 전실(前室)과 본존 불상을 모신 주실(主室), 이를 연결하는 통로로 구성되었다. 전실 바닥은 사각형이고, 주실은 원형이며 천정은 돔(dome) 모양이다. 전체 벽면에는 모두 40개의 조각상이 위계(位階)*에 맞게 배치되어 있는데, 감실(龕室)*에 봉안했던 2구가 없어 현재 38구가 남아있다. 네모난 전실에는 팔부신장상을, 통로에는 입구에 금강역사상과 사천왕상을 새겼다. 주실에는 원형으로 돌아가는 벽면에 천부상, 보살상, 십대제자상이 양쪽에 대칭되게 배치되었고, 제일 안쪽에는 십일면관음상이 있다. 주실의 벽과 천정 사이에 10개의 감실이 있고 감실마다 다양한 형상의 보살상을 안치했는데, 지금은 8구만 남아 있다. 둥근 주실의 중심에서 약간 뒤쪽으로 여래좌상을 봉안하였다. 앉은 대좌를 합치면 높이가 5m에 이르는 거대한 규모로 불상의 머리에서 나오는 빛을 상징하는 두광(頭光)은 별도로 만들어 뒷벽에 배치하였다. 불상을 바라볼 때 두광 안에 불상의 머리가 정확히 맞춰지는 지점이 불상을 바라보는 적절한 장소가 된다.
석굴암의 독창적이고 정밀한 설계와 조각상에 나타나는 원숙한 조각 기법과 사실적인 표현은 동아시아 불교조각에서 최고의 걸작품으로 손꼽힌다. 이러한 가치를 높게 평가하여 1995년 불국사와 함께 유네스코 세계문화유산 목록에 등재되었다.
- 위계(位階) : 벼슬의 품계나 지위, 계층의 등급
- 감실(龕室) : 불교·유교·가톨릭 등 종교에서 신위(神位) 및 작은 불상·초상, 또는 성체(聖體) 등을 모셔둔 곳
영문
Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju
This Buddhist grotto and its affiliated hermitage located on Tohamsan Mountain were established along with the nearby Bulguksa Temple in the mid-8th century during the Unified Silla period (668-935). It is located around 12 km to the northeast of the capital of the ancient Silla kingdom. The name Seokguram means “hermitage of the stone grotto,”but it was also formerly known as Seokbulsa, meaning “temple of the stone buddha.”
According to legend in the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk yusa), the hermitage and its grotto was constructed between 751 and 774 by Kim Dae-seong, a high-ranking official of the Silla kingdom. It is said he founded this hermitage to honor the parents of his past life and founded Bulguksa Temple to honor the parents of his current life.
The grotto faces southeast on the mountain slope at 750 m above sea level, with the East Sea visible in the distance. The grotto was artificially made by stacking hewn stones without mortar to create its main rotunda chamber and arched entrance chamber. In the center of the main chamber is a statue of a buddha seated on a lotus pedestal. This main buddha, measuring around 5 m in height with its pedestal, sits in the earth witness posture, which symbolizes the Buddha’s enlightenment underneath the Bodhi tree. Behind the main buddha on the wall of the grotto is the buddha’s halo. On the walls of the main chamber are relief carvings of Buddhist figures, above which are niches with statues. These carvings depict, from the center rear and moving outwards toward the front, Avalokitesvara (Bodhisattva of Compassion; center), the Buddha’s 10 principal disciples (five on each side), the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva of Great Conduct; left) and Manjusri (Bodhisattva of Wisdom and Insight; right), and the Hindu gods Bhrama (left) and Indra (right). On the flat walls in front of the rotunda are carvings of the Four Guardian Kings, while the entrance chamber features carvings of wrathful guardians who protect the teachings of the Buddha.
During the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945), the Japanese authorities attempted to repair the grotto, which was partially collapsed. They dismantled the grotto, but reassembled it with some of the carvings in the wrong spots. Some of the stone sculptures went missing at this time. They failed to properly restore the traditional water drainage system, resulting in leakage, so they covered the grotto with over 1 m of cement, and then later with waterproof asphalt. This resulted in an accumulation of humidity and an inability to regulate the temperature within the grotto, leading to the build-up of moss and mold which began eroding the artwork. From 1962 to 1964, efforts were made to undo these negative effects by installing various systems to control temperature and humidity. The wooden structure in front of the grotto was added at this time. The grotto itself was later enclosed with glass to regulate the environment inside, and the grotto can no longer be entered by the public except on special occasions.
Despite the partial damage, the artwork inside fortunately remains in good condition. As it is considered one of the most renowned Buddhist masterpieces of the Silla kingdom, Seokguram Grotto was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995 together with Bulguksa Temple.
- https://www.donga.com/news//article/all/20010228/7655890/1
- 일제시대 실패된 보수에 대해 설명해야 할 것 같은데 지금은 너무 길어서 좀 줄이면 좋을 것 같아요. 그리고 이제 왜 안으로 못들어가는지 설명하기 위해서 쓰면 좋을 것 같아요. 국문 해설문 왜 이부분을 아예 언급 안하는지 모르겠어요.
