경주 양동마을

경주 양동마을 Yangdong Village, Gyeongju
대표명칭	경주 양동마을
영문명칭	Yangdong Village, Gyeongju
한자	慶州 良洞마을
주소	경상북도 경주시 강동면 양동마을길 134
지정(등록) 종목	국가민속문화재 제189호
지정(등록)일	1984년 12월 24일
분류	유적건조물/주거생활/주거건축/마을
시대	조선시대
수량/면적	474필지/969,115㎡
웹사이트	문화재청 국가문화유산포털

해설문

국문

이 마을은 조선시대 전통문화와 자연을 고스란히 간직하고 있는 한국 최대 규모의 전통마을이다. 경주손씨와 여주이씨를 중심으로 형성된 씨족마을로 500년이 넘는 전통을 가지고 있다. 양민공 손소(襄敏公 孫昭, 1433~1484)가 풍덕류씨와 혼인하여 처가가 있는 이곳에 들어온 것을 계기로 경주손씨가 양동마을에 뿌리를 내리게 되었다. 여주이씨는 찬성공 이번(贊成公 李蕃, 1463~1500)이 손소의 사위가 되면서 이 마을에 자리를 잡게 되었다. 조선 전기에는 이처럼 혼인한 신랑이 처가를 따라가서 사는 풍습이 있었다. 그동안 두 집안에서는 우재 손중돈(愚齋 孫仲暾, 1463~1529)과 회재 이언적(晦齋 李彦迪, 1491~1553) 등 많은 유학자를 배출하였다.

마을 앞으로는 안강평야가 넓게 펼쳐져 있으며, 설창산 산줄기에 마을이 들어선 모양새가 독특하고 아름답다. 산에서 뻗어내린 네 줄기의 능선과 골짜기를 따라 150여 채의 옛집들이 굽이굽이 들어서 있는데, 이 중에서는 임진왜란(壬辰倭亂, 1592~1598) 이전에 지어진 기와집이 네 채나 남아 있어 눈여겨 볼만하다. 집들은 대개 ‘ㅁ’자 모양인데, 이는 조선 중기 영남지방의 일반적인 가옥 형태이다. 다양한 가옥의 조화는 우리나라 전통역사마을의 생활모습을 잘 보여주고 있다.

마을 주변의 산, 들판, 강 등 아름다운 자연환경과 함께 ‘하늘의 별처럼 늘어서 있는 마을의 고택(星羅古宅)’은 진풍경이다. 양동마을은 전체가 국가민속문화재(1984), 세계문화유산(2010), 형산강팔경(2016)으로 선정되어 보전되고 있다.

영문

Yangdong Village is Korea’s largest historic village. It was established by two clans, the Gyeongju Son Clan and the Yeoju Yi Clan, during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

The two clans have lived in this village since the mid to late 15th century. Son So (1433-1484) from the Gyeongju Son Clan married a woman from the Pungdeok Ryu Clan and moved into this area, which was his wife’s hometown. Yi Beon (1463-1500) from the Yeoju Yi Clan came to this village when he married Son So’s daughter. Generally, the establishment of a clan village during the Joseon period was led by the eldest male descendant of a family. However, Yangdong Village is a unique example of a village formed by the traditional customs of the early Joseon period in which a man moved into his wife’s house after getting married. The head families of the two clans still live in this village, maintaining their family traditions. The village is well-known as the birthplace of Son Jung-don (1463-1529), a highly esteemed civil official, and Yi Eon-jeok (1491-1553), one of the most prominent Confucian scholars of the Joseon period.

Sheltered by the forested Seolchangsan Mountain to the north and facing Hyeongsangang River to the south, the location of Yangdong Village has long been regarded as remarkably auspicious. The wide, open field to the west has served as the economic foundation of the village. The village consists of areas for farming, living, and conducting rituals. The farming land is near the entrance of the village. About 150 traditional Korean houses, commonly called hanok, are scattered along the valleys extending out of the mountain. The location of a house was determined according to the social status of its owner – upper-class houses on the higher places and servants’ houses on the lower places. Upper-class houses have a shrine dedicated to the family’s ancestor, a study hall, and a pavilion for studying and leisure. The houses in this village usually have a square layout, which is typical of houses built in the Gyeongsang-do area during the Joseon period.

Mucheomdang, Hyangdan, and Gwangajeong Houses are designated as Treasures No. 411, 412, and 442, respectively. There are 12 additional traditional houses designated as national folklore cultural heritage in this village. In 1984, the entire village was designated as a national folklore cultural heritage, and in 2010, the village was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in recognition of its preservation of the original spiritual legacy of the upper-class families of the Joseon period. Other historic places nearby the village include Yi Eon-jeok’s house called Dongnakdang (Treasure No. 413), and two Confucian academies, Oksanseowon (Historic Site No. 154) and Donggangseowon (Gyeongsangbuk-do Monument No. 114), which enshrine Yi Eon-jeok and Son Jung-don, respectively.

• 씨족 마을 -
• 모든 마을, 사위가 들어가서 여자가 경제적인 가족, 남자가 사회 직위 높은 가족, 가문의 정체성을 남자 후 손으로 형성된 것, 조선 후기 부터, 이언적, 손중연, 그의 후손을 장손을 계속해서
• 이 마을의 건축물들은 보물 또는... 이 외에도...
• 전통을 유치하려고 노력한 것이다, 근대 와서, 종손들... 이야기를 듣고, 제사 지내는 것, 후손들이 아직도 전통을 잘 지켜나간다.
• 이언적의 부인, 벼슬하고 돌아와서 양동을 돌아와야 되는데, 첩 사이 아들 하나, 아들 와서, 첩을 찾아서, 독락당으로 떠난다, 양자를 하여금, 적손이다, 무첨당 주인이 된 것이다, 서자와 가계를 이어가고, 경고하여 유치해가서, 손씨도, 유지하자, 여자의 스테이터스를 유지하려고...

린지의 수정안

Yangdong Village is Korea’s largest clan village. It is comprised of over 150 buildings built in the traditional Korean style, including houses, shrines, pavilions, study halls, and more. It was established in the late 15th century when men from the Gyeongju Son Clan and the Yeoju Yi Clan moved to the area. Not only are the origin story and layout of Yangdong Village highly representative of Korean clan villages, but the village residents, who are descendants of the Son and Yi patriarchs who first moved to this area, have continued to preserve the original spiritual legacy of upper-class families of the Joseon period by performing traditional rituals and customs until today. For these reasons, Yangdong Village, together with Hahoe Village in Andong, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010.

In the Joseon period (1392-1910), a clan village was established by a patriarch and typically continued by his male descendants according to primogeniture. As the number of descendants grew over the generations, some would move away and even establish their own clan villages, but the primary lineage of first-born males, called the "head family," would remain in the village which would serve as a home base for the clan's Confucian education and ancestral rituals. In the case of Yangdong Village, the "head families" of the village were established when Son So (1433-1484) of the Gyeongju Son Clan moved to this area upon his marriage to a woman from the Pungdeok Ryu Clan who lived in the village. Then, one of Son So's daughter's married Yi Beon (1463-1500) from the Yeoju Yi Clan. Yi Beon moved into the village of his new wife, just as his father-in-law Son So had done. This practice of grooms moving into the home of the bride was common in the early Joseon period. From here, the male descendants of Son So continued the family name via male primogeniture, as did the descendants of Yi Beon. The sons of these founding patriarchs went on to achieve great accomplishments and honor. Son Jung-don (1463-1529), the son of Son So, was a highly esteemed civil official, and his nephew Yi Eon-jeok (1491-1553), the son of Yi Beon, was one of the most prominent Confucian scholars of the Joseon period. The head families of these two lineages continue to live in Yangdong Village to this day, maintaining their family traditions.

The location of Yangdong Village has long been regarded as remarkably auspicious. It has the ideal location for a village according to Korean feng shui (pungsu jiri), as it is located in a valley with a mountain, named Seolchangsan, to the north, and a river, named Hyeongsangang, to the south. To the west of the village is a wide, open field, which served as the economic foundation of the village. The layout of the houses in Yangdong Village also follow the typical pattern of clan villages, with the houses of low-class servants at the entrance to the village where there is easy access to the river and farm fields, and the houses of the upper-class, aristocratic clan members in the far back of the village, nestled safely under the forested mountain. In addition to spaces for farming and living, spaces for education, such as study halls, and for ancestral worship, such as shrines, also can be found in the village. The style of buildings in Yangdong Village are typical of the Gyeongsang-do region, including features such as elevated stone foundations and a square layout with a courtyard in the center.

Within Yangdong Village are over 20 officially designated cultural heritages, on both national and local levels. Before becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the entire village had been designated a national folklore cultural heritage. Other historic places nearby the village include Yi Eon-jeok’s house called Dongnakdang, and two Confucian academies, Oksanseowon and Donggangseowon, which honor Yi Eon-jeok and Son Jung-don, respectively.

영문 해설 내용

경주 양동마을은 조선시대 경주손씨와 여주이씨에 의해 형성된 한국 최대 규모의 전통 마을이다. 양동마을이 두 가문을 중심으로 하는 씨족마을을 형성하게 된 것은 15세기 중후반 경주손씨 가문의 손소가 풍덕류씨와 혼인하여 처가가 있던 이곳에 들어오고 여주이씨 가문의 이번이 손소의 사위가 되면서부터이다. 조선시대의 양반 마을은 보통 장손이 중심이 되어 집성촌을 이루지만, 양동마을은 남자가 처가를 따라가서 살던 조선 전기의 풍습으로 형성된 마을의 대표적인 사례이다. 이 마을에는 현재까지도 경주손씨와 여주이씨 종가가 전통을 유지하며 살고 있으며, 조선 전기의 문신인 손중돈과 조선 성리학의 대가인 이언적이 태어난 곳으로 유명하다.

양동마을은 북쪽에 설창산이 서 있고, 남쪽에는 형산강이 흐르며, 마을 서쪽에 마을의 경제적 토대였던 안강평야가 넓게 펼쳐져 있는 길지에 위치한다. 마을은 크게 농경지, 거주지, 의식공간으로 구성되어 있으며, 마을 입구에 경작지가 있고 경작지가 지나면 주거지가 나온다. 산에서 뻗어내린 골짜기를 따라 150여 채의 옛집들이 들어서 있고, 신분의 차이에 따라 지형이 높은 곳에는 양반의 가옥이 있고 낮은 곳에 하인들의 주택이 형성되어 있다. 양반 가옥 주변에는 조상의 위패를 모신 사당, 학문을 가르치던 서당, 학자들이 학문을 연마했던 정자와 정사 등이 있다. 양동마을의 전통 가옥은 대개 'ㅁ'자 모양인데, 이는 조선시대 영남지방의 일반적인 가옥 형태이다.

무첨당, 향단, 관가정은 대한민국의 보물로 지정되어 있으며 이외에도 12채의 전통가옥이 국가민속문화재로 지정되어 있다. 1984년에는 마을 전체가 국가민속문화재로 지정되었고, 2010년에는 조선시대 양반들이 살던 공간의 원형과 정신유산을 그대로 보존하고 있는 점을 인정받아 유네스코 세계유산에 등재되었다. 마을 주변의 명소로는 이언적이 거주하던 독락당(보물 제413호), 이언적을 배향한 옥산서원(사적 제154호), 손중돈을 배향한 동강서원(시도기념물 제114호) 등이 있다.