연산군일기 Glossary

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  • 대렴(大殮) - the shrouded body was swathed with textiles and laid in the coffin

This ceremony (대렴 大殮 daeryeom, lit. “large mortuary preparation”) is held a day after the shrouding ceremony (soryeom), although in this case it is held three days later. The corpse is swathed with blankets which are secured to the body with a wide silk sheet. The swathed corpse is then placed in a coffin. The reason for waiting to hold this ceremony on the third day after a death is to ensure that the person has truly died. It is also a time for the surviving family to accept their beloved one's death, to prepare for the funeral, and to contact their relatives who live far away.[1]

The second ancestral rite (대상 大喪 daesang, lit. “large loss”) is offered on the second anniversary of the death of one’s parents. After this rite, the chief mourner can take off his mourning attire. This symbolizes the mourner returning to his ordinary routine.[2]

  • 도승법(度僧法) - law for certifying Buddhist monks

The law for certifying Buddhist monks (도승법 度僧法 doseungbeop) was a system of certification of Buddhist monks which began in late Goryeo period (918-1392) in order to limit the number of monks who were excused of labor tax so that the government could gain manpower. Through King Seongjong’s abolishment of this law, he made it so that no commoner could legally become a monk.

East Palace (동궁 東宮) refers to the quarters inside the larger palace complex in which the crown prince lives.

The Hall of Eastern Peace (동평관 東平館 Dongpyeonggwan) was where emissaries from Japan stayed when visiting Joseon. It was located in present-day Inhyeon-dong, Seoul, near Deoksu Middle School.

Sajik (사직 社稷) can refer to the Altar of Earth and Grain (사직단 社稷壇 sajikdan) or the Gods of Earth and Grain, but can also be used as a general term meaning the country.

  • 삼전(三殿) - three halls

This is a reference to to the queen and two queen dowagers.

  • 석전(夕奠) - evening offering ritual

According to ancient custom, the surviving family served the deceased by offering sacrificial food daily at dawn and dusk as if he or she were still alive. At each ritual, the progeny of the deceased wailed, stomped their feet, knelt and prostrated themselves. This ritual was performed until the day of burial.[3]

Seonjeongjeon Hall in Changdeokgung Palace served as the funeral hall (殯殿, 빈전, binjeon) for King Seongjong.

Mourning attire of unhemmed hemp (성복 成服 seongbok) is worn after the corpse has undergone daeryeom and is placed in the coffin; For royal funerals, the royal family changed into this attire on the sixth day after the death. There are five categories of mourning attire according to the wearer's social status and relationship to the deceased: mourning attire made of the roughest raw hemp cloth (chamchoe), hemmed mourning attire made of raw hemp cloth (jaechoe), and the three others (daegong, sogong, sima) are all made of boiled hemp cloth, but slightly different in their quality as well as the width of headbands and waistbands. The closer one's relationship to the dead, the rougher the cloth and wider the bands worn.[4]

During this ceremony (소렴 小殮 soryeom, lit. “small mortuary preparation”), the corpse is cleansed with scented boiled water and shrouded with nineteen layers of cloth, regardless of the deceased person's social status. Then, the shrouded body is covered with two blankets which are placed under and above the body. The purpose of this shrouding is to cherish the corpse and alleviate people's disgust towards the corpse.[5]

The first ancestral rite (소상 小喪 sosang, lit. “small loss”) is offered on the first anniversary of the death of one’s parents. After this rite, male mourners remove their headband and female mourners remove their waistband and change into other attire as a symbolical expression of their sadness becoming lighter. They also no longer wail every day and night as they had done for the previous year. From this day on, the chief mourner, usually the eldest son, can eat vegetables and fruit.[6]

The Water and Land Rite (수륙재 水陸齋 suryukjae) is a Buddhist ritual dating back to the Goryeo period (918-1392) which was performed to placate the spirits in water and on land. The National Water and Land Rite, with which the king served the people, was abolished in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty. This was one of the seven major national Buddhist rituals.

This step, called seup (습 襲), is the first step in the process of preparing the body for burial. After washing the body, the deceased is dressed in special burial attire.

  • 양계(兩界) - two military border districts

The two military border districts (양계 兩界 yanggye) refer to the northern and eastern military border districts which were special regional administrative areas serving as defensive barriers for the peninsula dating back to the Goryeo period (918-1392). The north district (북계 北界 bukgye) was comprised of Pyeongan-do Province, while the east district (동계 東界 donggye) was comprised of Hamgyeong-do and Gangwon-do Provinces.

The thatched mourning hut (여차 廬次 yeocha) is a temporary residence wherein the chief mourner resides during the funeral period. It is made of rice straw. This custom is practiced due to the Confucian idea that a son may not enjoy the comfort of his bed when his parents have passed away. In the case of a king's funeral, such a hut was built for the crown prince outside the main gate of the funeral hall. There were separate huts for princes and noble ladies. All the royal routines were conducted in front of this residence.

The secondary hall of Jongmyo Shrine.

Books that records the procedure of national events in detail including the preparation procedure and expense for an event. This was recorded as a reference for the next time event.

Injeongjeon Hall is the main throne hall of Changdeokgung Palace.

Janguisa Temple (장의사 藏義寺) is a Buddhist monastery said to have been founded in 659. During the early Joseon Dynasty, it became the representative temple of Hanyang, but was destroyed in 1506 by Yeonsangun. It was located to the northwest of Bukaksan Mountain on the site of present-day Segyeomjeong Elementary School.

Buddhist ritual halls (재궁 齋宮 jaegung) could be found in the vicinity of royal tombs and ritual facilities where ancestral rites were held. Such halls were under the jurisdiction of the Jongmyo Shrine and the National Confucian Academy (Seonggyungwan).

A royal coffin (재궁 梓宮 jaegung) is a coffin made for kings and queens. They were called jaegung because they were usually made from the Manchurian walnut (재 梓 jae) tree.

Jongmyo Shrine (종묘 宗廟) is the royal ancestral shrine of the Joseon Dynasty where the spirit tablets of deceased kings and their queens are kept and where the royal ancestral rites are held.

The royal coffin container (찬궁 欑宮 changung) is a large structure in the funeral hall in which the royal coffin was placed after the daeryeom..

  • 추천(追薦) - offering of a ritual to flatter the Buddha

This refers to chucheon (추천 追薦), a Buddhist blessing for the deceased.

This ritual (축수재 祝壽齋 chuksujae) is a Buddhist ritual praying for long life.

  • 칠칠일(七七日) - Forty-Ninth Day Ceremony

On the forty-ninth day after a death (칠칠일 七七日 chilchiril, lit. “seven-seven day”) a ritual is held for the deceased. It is at this time when a Water and Land Rite (a Buddhist ritual) would be held.

A posthumous biography of the late king (행장 行狀 haengjang) records detailed historical facts that will serve as a reference for his posthumous title and epitaph.

기관

  • 공조(工曹) - Ministry of Works
  • 국장도감(國葬都監) - Directorate of the State Funeral
  • 도감당상(都監堂上) - Directorate of the State Funeral
  • 봉상시(奉常寺) - Office of Sacrificial Rites
  • 사간원(司諫院) - Censorate
  • 사학(四學) - Four Schools
  • 사헌부(司憲府) - Office of the Inspector-General
  • 산릉도감(山陵都監) - Directorate of the Royal Tomb
  • 상서원(尙瑞院) - Office of Seals and ?
  • 성균관(成均館) - National Confucian Academy
  • 승정원(承政院) - Royal Secretariat
  • 시강원(侍講院) - Crown Prince Tutorial Office
  • 예문관(藝文館) - Office of Royal Decrees
  • 예조(禮曹) - Ministry of Rites
  • 의정부(議政府) - State Council
  • 이조(吏曹) - Ministry of Personnel
  • 중추부(中樞府) - Central Council / Office of Ministers without Portfolio
  • 호조(戶曹) - Ministry of Taxation
  • 홍문관(弘文館) - Office of Special Advisors

관직

  • 간심사(看審事) - manager
  • 군(君) - lord
  • 대간(臺諫) - censors
  • 대비(大妃) - dowager queen
  • 대왕대비(大王大妃) - grand queen dowager
  • 대제학(大提學) - director
  • 도감당상(都監堂上) - chief officer
  • 도승지(都承旨) - chief royal secretary
  • 보덕(輔德) - first tutor
  • 봉교(奉敎) - education administrator
  • 부수찬(副修撰) - junior sixth advisor
  • 부응교(副應敎) - junior fourth advisor
  • 부제학(副提學) - deputy director
  • 수상(首相) - state councilor
  • 수찬(修撰) - sixth advisor
  • 승지(承旨) - royal secretary
  • 시종(侍從) - royal chamberlain
  • 영의정(領議政) - chief state councilor
  • 영중추부사(領中樞府事) - first minister-without-portfolio
  • 왕대비(王大妃) - queen dowager
  • 우의정(右議政) - third state councilor
  • 유생(儒生) - [confucian] scholar
  • 응교(應敎) - fourth advisor
  • 장령(掌令) - third inspector
  • 전한(典翰) - third advisor
  • 정승(政丞) - state councilors
  • 정언(正言) - fourth censor
  • 정자(正字) - correcting editor
  • 제조(提調) - supervisor
  • 좌의정(左議政) - second state councilor
  • 좌찬성(左贊成) - fourth state councilor
  • 좌참찬(左參贊) - sixth state councilor
  • 중관(中官) - eunuch
  • 지사(知事) - administrator
  • 직제학(直提學) - second deputy director
  • 참판(參判) - vice minister
  • 태감(太監) - palace eunuch
  • 판서(判書) - minister
  • 폐비(廢妃) - deposed queen

주석

  1. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.134.
  2. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.144-145.
  3. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.136.
  4. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.135.
  5. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.131-132.
  6. ↑ 공병석, 『예기 상례의 인문관』, 학고방, 2013, p.141-142; 김시덕, 『한국의 상례문화: 한국 유교식 상례의 변화와 지속』, 민속원, 2012, p.154.
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