"(Translation) 成俔 文明論"의 두 판 사이의 차이

我國與中朝不類。我人讀書。有音布釋口訣。故人未易學。中朝所言皆文字。無音釋口訣。故其學易就。

Our country is different from the Central Dynasty (1). When people of our country study, we have to study [Classical Chinese texts] with Kugyŏl (2). This is why we do not learn easily. People of the Central Dynasty speak what they write and do not need Kugyŏl. That is why they learn easily.

我人奸巧多疑。常不信人。故人亦不信我。中朝人純厚無疑。雖與外人交賣。而不甚爭詰。

People of our country are treacherous and distrustful. We always do not believe in others. This is why people do not believe in me as well. People of the Central Dynasty are good-natured and trustful. Even when they trade with foreigners, they seldom quarrel with others.

我人雖臨小事輕躁喧鬧。故人多而不能就。中朝人靜默無言。人雖少而事易成。

Even when simply confronted with trivial matters, people of our country become agitated and vociferous easily. Therefore, we fail to achieve even with a large number of people. People of the Central Dynasty are reticent and do not speak much. Even when they have a small number of people, they could achieve.

我人多食飮。苟失一時。枵腹無所措。細民貸於富屋。猶糜費而不知節用。以至於困。貴者多列酒食而不知厭。

People of our country eat and drink a lot. We only focus on the present. If our stomach is empty, we do not know what to do. Petty commoners take loans to buy luxurious houses, but still they do not know thrift when they spend on food. They are therefore beleaguered by poverty. Rich people always hold feasts and banquets and never get tired of doing so.

若起軍兵。則飛輓過半。行者出數里之程。而輜重塞途。中朝人不多食。一時所食只一燒餠。猶可度朝夕。不必啖飯。軍卒掛乾粮於馬鞍。以備飢餒。行者雖千萬里之遠。只齎銀錢。求飯卽食。求酒卽飮。求馬卽騎。求僕卽率。居有宇而宿有婦。故無難行之處。

When our military go on an expedition, over half of the cohort are supply wagons. Every few li of journey, the wagons are so cumbersome that the whole army become stranded. People of the Central Dynasty do not eat much. Sometimes, they can just eat a flatbread and last for a day and night. They do not need to have rice. When hungry, their soldiers carry their rations in the saddles. Although they travel thousands of li, they only need to bring silver coins. When they ask for food, there is immediately food to eat. When they ask for alcohol, there is immediately alcohol to drink. When they ask for a horse, there is immediately a horse to ride. When they ask for a servant, there is immediately a servant to command. Every house they go to stay has a roof; every hostel they go to lodge has a married woman. Therefore, nowhere that they go is difficult.

我人居官者。有早飯朝飯晝飯。或有無時會飮。侵軼僕隷。務要盛饌。句小失差。必加鞭扑。中朝人居官者雖公卿大夫。其家美備。飯肉一器。送于其司而饋之。

Our officials eat in the morning, at noon and in the evening. Some of them drink all the time. They assault their servants and slaves and demand sumptuous meals. If the servants and slaves misspeak a word, they will be whipped and beaten. Although some officials of the Central Dynasty are from the ranks of chief ministers and grand masters, they only eat a plate of rice and meat prepared by their households and sent to their offices (3).

我人出使外方者。則官吏迎送于境。先備酒食。其入邑也。邀留數日。大開宴席。務祟沈酗。無日蘇醒。因此得疾而廢者無算。其送別也。張幙於佳山勝水之間。挽袖不放。終日不已。故拙者耗敗官資。而日就頹廢。能者多營助利。而因售己私。官家日蕭。吏民日瘁。而不勝其苦矣。

When our envoys go on foreign missions, local officials would go and welcome them at the borders [of their respective jurisdictions] with wine and food prepared. After they go into town, they would invite the envoys to stay for an extra few days, hold lavish banquets, and immerse themselves in drunkenness. They are never sober during the day; because of [their debauchery], countless of the envoys become ill and give up on their duties. When local officials see the envoys off, they camp before picturesque mountains and celebrated waters, holding on each other’s sleeves and not letting go for a whole day. Therefore, the obtuse squanders the official treasury and idle all day. The able siphons public fund to their self-benefits. As days go by, the government become destitute. Clerks and people are also worn out and cannot bear the bitterness of life.

中朝人出使者。萬騎前導。節鉞輝煌。可謂盛矣。其入邑也。官吏拜于堂下。使人入房。只啖豚蹄糲飯。與伴從同宿一榻。明日卽行。官吏出五里之外。餞三杯而送之。官吏欲修人情。私備酒食。稱下程而饋之。故使不留連。官無費物。而州縣常足也。

When envoys of the Central Dynasty go on foreign missions, ten thousand horsemen lead the way with splendid pennants and battle-axes. It is such a grandiose view. When they go into town, local clerks and officials prostrate before the hall and usher the envoys to their rooms. The envoys only eat pig trotters and plain rice and sleep with their followers in the same bed. The next day, they immediately set off without delay. To see the envoys off, local clerks and officials only go 5 li out of town and have three tea cups of drink (4). If some clerks and officials want to cultivate a relationship with the envoys and bring their own food and alcohol, the envoys would say they would come back for them. Therefore, the envoys never linger around and the officials never waste resources. This is why the prefectures and counties are always plentiful.

我國人物。奴婢居半。故雖名州鉅邑。而軍卒鮮少。中朝則人皆國人。戶皆精兵。雖小小僻邑。數萬之衆。可以猝辦。我人輕佻不定。民不畏吏。吏不畏士。士不畏大夫。大夫不畏公卿。上下相陵思相傾軋。中朝則下民畏吏如豺虎。吏畏公卿大夫如鬼神。公卿大夫畏上如天。故莅事則能就。出令則易從也。

Half of the people of our country are slaves. Thus, although there are well-known prefectures and enormous counties, few soldiers can be recruited. In the Central Dynasty, everyone is a citizen. And in every household, there is a crack trooper. Even a small and remote village has a few ten-thousands people to be recruited. People of our country are frivolous and ungovernable. Commoners do not fear government clerks. Clerks do not fear scholars. Scholars do not fear grand masters. Grand masters do not fear chief ministers. High and low overstep and struggle with each other. In contrast, in the Central Dynasty, commoners fear government clerks as if they are dholes and tigers. Clerks fear grand masters and chief ministers as if they are ghosts and gods. Grand masters and chief ministers fear the Emperor as if he is the Heaven. Therefore, they are able to govern and their orders are to be followed readily.

(1) The phrase “中朝” in the original text might be best translated as “The Central Dynasty” here. It is tempting to simply translate the phrase as “China” or “the Central Kingdom.” But there are two reasons discouraging me from doing so. First, “China” is a modern neologism, so to use the term is to run into the danger of anachronism. Second, “the Central Kingdom” is usually translated from the term “中國.” And the word “kingdom” normally refers to 王國 in Chinese. However, in the original text, the author did not use 國 and instead employ 中朝 to describe the political entity/community west of his own country. Considering that the issues of nationhood and formation of nationalism are highly contested subjects still in, especially East Asian, historiography, the author’s choice could be telling and thus I decide to simply literally translate the term as “the Central Dynasty” and let historians decide the significance of a 16th century person using such language.

(2) Kugyŏl 口訣 is a system for rendering Classical Chinese texts into understandable Korean. It was commonly used by Korean scholars during the Choson Dynasty. In Kugyŏl, additional markers or words are inserted into a text written in Classical Chinese in order to help Korean readers better comprehend the text. These markers or words are usually Korean grammatical particles added between Chinese phrases.

(3) I rely my translations of official titles on Charles Hucker’s A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. While I am aware that Korean and Chinese official titles are different, I take that Sŏng was referring to a hierarchy of Confucian society/officialdom, which originated in China, rather than actual official positions in Choson Korea. The term 公卿 in the original document does not correspond to any actual official title in Hucker’s dictionary. But the title 卿 is generally used, particularized with prefixes, for eminent officials and translated as “Chief Minister.” I understand the phrase 公 here is simply a prefix attached to the title 卿 for the purpose of honorification. The most direct translation for公卿, therefore, would be “Honorable Chief Minister.” For simplicity, I simply write “Chief Minister” in the translated text. The term 大夫 is commonly translated as “Grand Masters.”

(4) It is a tradition in East Asia to farewell someone with three cups of wine.