(Translation) 成俔文明論 - 편집 역사

2022년 2월 14일 (월) 12:41에 Lotus님의 편집

2022-02-14T12:41:08Z

2020년 6월 16일 (화) 08:22에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020-06-16T08:22:25Z

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020-06-08T08:31:18Z

‎Introduction

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020-06-08T08:26:45Z

‎Introduction

2020년 5월 15일 (금) 17:10에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020-05-15T17:10:22Z

2020년 4월 30일 (목) 11:41에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020-04-30T11:41:36Z

2020년 4월 30일 (목) 11:39에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020-04-30T11:39:13Z

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020-04-30T11:33:28Z

‎Introduction

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020-04-30T11:33:16Z

‎Introduction

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020-04-30T11:32:58Z

‎Introduction

@@ 100번째 줄: / 100번째 줄: @@
 |}
+<!--
 =='''Discussion Questions'''==
+#
@@ 107번째 줄: / 107번째 줄: @@
 =='''Further Readings'''==
-<!--
 <div style="color:#008080;">
 * View together with '''~~'''.
 </div>
--->
+*
+*
@@ 217번째 줄: / 217번째 줄: @@
 [[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
 [[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

@@ 6번째 줄: / 6번째 줄: @@
 |Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
 |Type =
-|Author = 成俔
+|Author = Sŏng Hyŏn 成俔
 |Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_GO_1306A_0090_000_0010_2004_001_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
 |Year = 1525

@@ 30번째 줄: / 30번째 줄: @@
 Notes:
-(1)	Sŏng Hyŏn visited Ming four times through private tours or on official missions in various capacities. He traveled to Ming in 1466 with his own brother, Sŏng Im 成任, in 1474 with his colleague Han Myŏnghŭi 韓明澮, in 1485 as the Envoy for the Thousand Autumn Mission 千秋使 (Mission to the Ming for the Crown Prince’s Birthday) and at last in 1488 as Envoy for Expressing Gratitude for Imperial Grace 謝恩使.
+(1)	Sŏng Hyŏn visited Ming four times through private tours or on official missions in various capacities. He traveled to Ming in 1466 with his own brother, Sŏng Im 成任, in 1474 with his colleague Han Myŏnghŭi 韓明澮, in 1485 as the Envoy for the Thousand Autumns Mission 千秋使 (Mission to the Ming for the Crown Prince’s Birthday) and at last in 1488 as Envoy for Expressing Gratitude for Imperial Grace 謝恩使.
 (2)	John Duncan, “Introduction to Yongjae ch’onghwa” (Handout received in Premodern/Early Modern History of Korea with Professor John Duncan, UCLA, Sept 2017), 4.

@@ 30번째 줄: / 30번째 줄: @@
 Notes:
-(1)	Sŏng Hyŏn visited Ming four times through private tours or on official missions in various capacities. He traveled to Ming in 1466 with his own brother, Sŏng Im 成任, in 1474 with his colleague Han Myŏnghŭi 韓明澮, in 1485 as the Envoy for the Thousand Autumn Mission 千秋使 (Mission to the Ming for the Crown Prince’s Birthday) and at last in 1488 as Envoy for Gratitude 謝恩使.
+(1)	Sŏng Hyŏn visited Ming four times through private tours or on official missions in various capacities. He traveled to Ming in 1466 with his own brother, Sŏng Im 成任, in 1474 with his colleague Han Myŏnghŭi 韓明澮, in 1485 as the Envoy for the Thousand Autumn Mission 千秋使 (Mission to the Ming for the Crown Prince’s Birthday) and at last in 1488 as Envoy for Expressing Gratitude for Imperial Grace 謝恩使.
 (2)	John Duncan, “Introduction to Yongjae ch’onghwa” (Handout received in Premodern/Early Modern History of Korea with Professor John Duncan, UCLA, Sept 2017), 4.

@@ 65번째 줄: / 65번째 줄: @@
 若起軍兵。則飛輓過半。行者出數里之程。而輜重塞途。中朝人不多食。一時所食只一燒餠。猶可度朝夕。不必啖飯。軍卒掛乾粮於馬鞍。以備飢餒。行者雖千萬里之遠。只齎銀錢。求飯卽食。求酒卽飮。求馬卽騎。求僕卽率。居有宇而宿有婦。故無難行之處。
 ||
-When our military go on an expedition, over half of the cohort are supply wagons. Every few li of journey, the wagons are so heavy that the whole army become stranded. People of the Central Dynasty do not eat much. Sometimes, they can just eat a flatbread and last for a day and night. They do not need to have rice. When hungry, their soldiers carry their rations in the saddles. Although they travel thousands of li, they only need to bring silver coins. When they ask for food, there is immediately food to eat. When they ask for alcohol, there is immediately alcohol to drink. When they ask for a horse, there is immediately a horse to ride. When they ask for a servant, there is immediately a servant to command.  Every house they go to stay has a roof; every hostel they go to lodge has a married woman. Therefore, nowhere that they go is difficult.
+When our military go on an expedition, over half of the cohort are supply wagons. Every few li of journey, the wagons are so cumbersome that the whole army become stranded. People of the Central Dynasty do not eat much. Sometimes, they can just eat a flatbread and last for a day and night. They do not need to have rice. When hungry, their soldiers carry their rations in the saddles. Although they travel thousands of li, they only need to bring silver coins. When they ask for food, there is immediately food to eat. When they ask for alcohol, there is immediately alcohol to drink. When they ask for a horse, there is immediately a horse to ride. When they ask for a servant, there is immediately a servant to command.  Every house they go to stay has a roof; every hostel they go to lodge has a married woman. Therefore, nowhere that they go is difficult.
 |-
+|

@@ 85번째 줄: / 85번째 줄: @@
 我國人物。奴婢居半。故雖名州鉅邑。而軍卒鮮少。中朝則人皆國人。戶皆精兵。雖小小僻邑。數萬之衆。可以猝辦。我人輕佻不定。民不畏吏。吏不畏士。士不畏大夫。大夫不畏公卿。上下相陵思相傾軋。中朝則下民畏吏如豺虎。吏畏公卿大夫如鬼神。公卿大夫畏上如天。故莅事則能就。出令則易從也。
 ||
-Half of people of our country are slaves. Thus, although there are well-known prefectures and enormous counties, few soldiers can be recruited. In the Central Dynasty, everyone is a citizen. And in every household, there is a crack trooper. Even a small and remote village has a few ten-thousands people to be recruited. People of our country are frivolous and ungovernable. Commoners do not fear government clerks. Clerks do not fear scholars. Scholars do not fear grand masters. Grand masters do not fear chief ministers. High and low overstep and struggle with each other. In contrast, in the Central Dynasty, commoners fear government clerks as if they are dholes and tigers. Clerks fear grand masters and chief ministers as if they are ghosts and gods. Grand masters and chief ministers fear the Emperor as if he is the Heaven. Therefore, they are able to govern and their orders are to be followed readily.
+Half of the people of our country are slaves. Thus, although there are well-known prefectures and enormous counties, few soldiers can be recruited. In the Central Dynasty, everyone is a citizen. And in every household, there is a crack trooper. Even a small and remote village has a few ten-thousands people to be recruited. People of our country are frivolous and ungovernable. Commoners do not fear government clerks. Clerks do not fear scholars. Scholars do not fear grand masters. Grand masters do not fear chief ministers. High and low overstep and struggle with each other. In contrast, in the Central Dynasty, commoners fear government clerks as if they are dholes and tigers. Clerks fear grand masters and chief ministers as if they are ghosts and gods. Grand masters and chief ministers fear the Emperor as if he is the Heaven. Therefore, they are able to govern and their orders are to be followed readily.
 |-
+|

@@ 75번째 줄: / 75번째 줄: @@
 我人出使外方者。則官吏迎送于境。先備酒食。其入邑也。邀留數日。大開宴席。務祟沈酗。無日蘇醒。因此得疾而廢者無算。其送別也。張幙於佳山勝水之間。挽袖不放。終日不已。故拙者耗敗官資。而日就頹廢。能者多營助利。而因售己私。官家日蕭。吏民日瘁。而不勝其苦矣。
 ||
-When our envoys go on foreign missions, local officials would go and welcome them at the borders with wine and food prepared. After they go into town, they would invite the envoys to stay for an extra few days, hold lavish banquets, and immerse themselves in drunkenness. They are never sober during the day; because of [their debauchery], countless of the envoys become ill and give up on their duties. When local officials see the envoys off, they camp before picturesque mountains and celebrated waters, holding on each other’s sleeves and not letting go for a whole day. Therefore, the obtuse squanders the official treasury and idle all day. The able siphons public fund to their self-benefits.  As days go by, the government become destitute. Clerks and people are also worn out and cannot bear the bitterness of life.
+When our envoys go on foreign missions, local officials would go and welcome them at the borders [of their respective jurisdictions] with wine and food prepared. After they go into town, they would invite the envoys to stay for an extra few days, hold lavish banquets, and immerse themselves in drunkenness. They are never sober during the day; because of [their debauchery], countless of the envoys become ill and give up on their duties. When local officials see the envoys off, they camp before picturesque mountains and celebrated waters, holding on each other’s sleeves and not letting go for a whole day. Therefore, the obtuse squanders the official treasury and idle all day. The able siphons public fund to their self-benefits.  As days go by, the government become destitute. Clerks and people are also worn out and cannot bear the bitterness of life.
 |-
+|

@@ 21번째 줄: / 21번째 줄: @@
 =='''Introduction'''==
 “On Civilization” written by Sŏng Hyŏn 成俔 is a social commentary essay that was compiled into the now well-known literary collection called Yongjae ch’onghwa 慵齋叢話 or in English Comprehensive Commentaries of Yongjae (a translation preferred by John Duncan of UCLA). The essay is a Sŏng’s discussion of how his country compared to “the Great Ming” in terms of government, society, people, culture and many other aspects. Not only does the essay provide historians valuable and richly detailed account of how a fifteenth century person thought of his country in relation to others, it also contains many Sŏng’s whimsical depictions of everyday life of the Chosŏn people which make the essay a fun read even for the most causal readers.
 Sŏng Hyŏn was a prominent official in fifteen-century Chosŏn, who eventually rose to the key position of Censor-General 大司諫, Inspector-General大司憲, and Minister of Rites禮曹判書. Sŏng would an apt candidate to write about the Ming, a destination he has frequented as many as four times in his life (1). During his first such trip, on which he went with his older brother Sŏng Im 成任 in 1474, he even composed enough poems about his travel to compile a collection called The Sightseeing Records 觀光錄. Also, Sŏng was often one of the designated Chosŏn officials responsible for hosting and entertaining official visitors from the Ming (2). For historians reading “On Civilization” as a source, Sŏng’s extensive contact with the Ming would prove to be both a boon and a bane at the same time. On one hand, his familiarity with the subject assures readers Sŏng knew what he was writing about but, on the other hand, it could constitue a driving force in steering Sŏng away from objectivity in his depiction. Therefore, it is advisable to keep a keen eye on what is fact and what is opinion when reading “On Civilization.”

← 이전 판		2020년 4월 30일 (목) 11:32 판
20번째 줄:		20번째 줄:

	=='''Introduction'''==		=='''Introduction'''==
		+	“On Civilization” written by Sŏng Hyŏn 成俔 is a social commentary essay that was compiled into the now well-known literary collection called Yongjae ch’onghwa 慵齋叢話 or in English Comprehensive Commentaries of Yongjae (a translation preferred by John Duncan of UCLA). The essay is a Sŏng’s discussion of how his country compared to “the Great Ming” in terms of government, society, people, culture and many other aspects. Not only does the essay provide historians valuable and richly detailed account of how a fifteenth century person thought of his country in relation to others, it also contains many Sŏng’s whimsical depictions of everyday life of the Chosŏn people which make the essay a fun read even for the most causal readers.
		+	Sŏng Hyŏn was a prominent official in fifteen-century Chosŏn, who eventually rose to the key position of Censor-General 大司諫, Inspector-General大司憲, and Minister of Rites禮曹判書. Sŏng would an apt candidate to write about the Ming, a destination he has frequented as many as four times in his life (1). During his first such trip, on which he went with his older brother Sŏng Im 成任 in 1474, he even composed enough poems about his travel to compile a collection called The Sightseeing Records 觀光錄. Also, Sŏng was often one of the designated Chosŏn officials responsible for hosting and entertaining official visitors from the Ming (2). For historians reading “On Civilization” as a source, Sŏng’s extensive contact with the Ming would prove to be both a boon and a bane at the same time. On one hand, his familiarity with the subject assures readers Sŏng knew what he was writing about but, on the other hand, it could constitue a driving force in steering Sŏng away from objectivity in his depiction. Therefore, it is advisable to keep a keen eye on what is fact and what is opinion when reading “On Civilization.”

		+	“On Civilization” was one of the many entertaining pieces that Sŏng wrote for the literary collection Yongjae ch’onghwa. Yongjae ch’onghwa, which was named after Sŏng’s cognomen Yongjae 慵齋, belongs to the genre of literary miscellany, generally defined as a compilation of anecdotes, literary criticism, curious tales, and causal writings on various subjects. And Yongjae ch’onghwa is itself a gold mine of most amusing materials about 14th and 15th century Chosŏn, including officials’ affairs with kisaeng 妓生entertainers, strange customs of government offices, curious tales about commoners, and many others. Because of the relatively informal nature of the genre, Yongjae ch’onghwa serves as an excellent alternative to the usually bland and dry history of Chosŏn narrated by court-centered official sources, such as the often Veritable Records of the Chosŏn Dynasty 朝鮮王朝實錄, and also offers what these official sources lack – the insight into how people actually lived and thought at their time (3). For anyone interested in a socio-cultural history of Korea, Yongjae ch’onghwa would be an apposite source to consult.

		+
		+
		+	Notes:
		+
		+	(1) Sŏng Hyŏn visited Ming four times through private tours or on official missions in various capacities. He traveled to Ming in 1466 with his own brother, Sŏng Im 成任, in 1474 with his colleague Han Myŏnghŭi 韓明澮, in 1485 as the Envoy for the Thousand Autumn Mission 千秋使 (Mission to the Ming for the Crown Prince’s Birthday) and at last in 1488 as Envoy for Gratitude 謝恩使.
		+	(2) John Duncan, “Introduction to Yongjae ch’onghwa” (Handout received in Premodern/Early Modern History of Korea with Professor John Duncan, UCLA, Sept 2017), 4.
		+	(3) John Duncan, “Introduction to Yongjae ch’onghwa,” 1-2.

	=='''Original Script'''==		=='''Original Script'''==

(Translation) 成俔 文明論 - 편집 역사

2022년 2월 14일 (월) 12:41에 Lotus님의 편집

2020년 6월 16일 (화) 08:22에 Samscnp님의 편집

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

2020년 5월 15일 (금) 17:10에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020년 4월 30일 (목) 11:41에 Samscnp님의 편집

2020년 4월 30일 (목) 11:39에 Samscnp님의 편집

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

Samscnp: /* Introduction */

(Translation) 成俔文明論 - 편집 역사