(Translation) 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日李奴丁山明文 - 편집 역사

Jaeyoon.song: /* Original Script */

2019-04-02T14:34:55Z

‎Original Script

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:05에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:05:23Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:04에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:04:11Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:03에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:03:04Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:01에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:01:34Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:00에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:00:50Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:00에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T07:00:05Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 06:54에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T06:54:42Z

2018년 8월 25일 (토) 06:53에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-25T06:53:27Z

2018년 8월 9일 (목) 13:50에 Sanghoon Na님의 편집

2018-08-09T13:50:39Z

← 이전 판		2019년 4월 2일 (화) 14:34 판
55번째 줄:		55번째 줄:
	III-2. 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日李奴丁山前茂火明文		III-2. 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日李奴丁山前茂火明文

−	The bill of sale<ref> A bill of sale (''myeongmun'' 明文) was given to a buyer when a deal was concluded between two individuals privately before having a government’s warrant.</ref> for Jeongsan, slave of Yi [Naebeon],<ref> Slave Jeongsan is ~~carrying out~~ this ~~business for~~ his master Yi Naebeon (1703-1781). The ''yangban'' literati considered it inappropriate to be involved in business transactions themselves during the Joseon period.</ref> on the 15th day of the 4th month of the 15th year [1750] of Emperor Qianlong’s reign [1735-1796]	+	The bill of sale<ref> A bill of sale (''myeongmun'' 明文) was given to a buyer when a deal was concluded between two individuals privately before having a government’s warrant.</ref> for Jeongsan, slave of Yi [Naebeon],<ref> Slave Jeongsan is making this transaction on behalf of his master Yi Naebeon (1703-1781). The ''yangban'' literati considered it inappropriate to be involved in business transactions themselves during the Joseon period.</ref> on the 15th day of the 4th month of the 15th year [1750] of Emperor Qianlong’s reign [1735-1796]

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:05 판
65번째 줄:		65번째 줄:
	吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣		吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣

−	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, ''Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan'' (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the ''Qianzi wen''.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.	+	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is ''bu'' 負 (“burden”) or ''bu'' 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, ''Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan'' (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the ''Qianzi wen''.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:04 판
65번째 줄:		65번째 줄:
	吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣		吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣

−	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the ''Qianzi wen''.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.	+	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, ''Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan'' (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the ''Qianzi wen''.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:03 판
85번째 줄:		85번째 줄:
	筆執幼學金廷徽[署押]		筆執幼學金廷徽[署押]

−	Scribe: Scholar<ref> The characters for a “scholar” are ''yuhak'' 幼學, which literally means a “young learner” who did not pass the civil service examination yet. JaHyun K. Haboush translates it into a “student scholar” (Haboush, The Confucian Kingship in Korea, 90) and Eugene Y. Park renders it into a “degreeless scholar.” (Park, Between Dreams and Reality, 41).</ref> Kim Jeong-hwi [Signature]	+	Scribe: Scholar<ref> The characters for a “scholar” are ''yuhak'' 幼學, which literally means a “young learner” who did not pass the civil service examination yet. JaHyun K. Haboush translates it into a “student scholar” (Haboush, ''The Confucian Kingship in Korea'', 90) and Eugene Y. Park renders it into a “degreeless scholar.” (Park, ''Between Dreams and Reality'', 41).</ref> Kim Jeong-hwi [Signature]

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:01 판
65번째 줄:		65번째 줄:
	吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣		吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣

−	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.	+	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the ''Qianzi wen''.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 07:00 판
65번째 줄:		65번째 줄:
	吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣		吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣

−	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the yang<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.	+	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the ''yang''<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.

@@ 1번째 줄: / 1번째 줄: @@
 {{Primary Source Document3
 |Image = 1750이노정산명문.jpg
-|English = Deed to Jeongsan, a slave of Yi [Naebeon], on the 15th day of the 4th month in 1750
+|English = Bill of Sale to Jeongsan, a slave of Yi [Naebeon], on the 15th day of the 4th month in 1750
 |Chinese = 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日 李奴 丁山 明文
 |Korean = 건륭십오년 경오 사월십오일 이노 정산 명문(''Geollyungsibonyeon gyeongo sawol siboil Ino Jeongsan Myeongmun'')
@@ 8번째 줄: / 8번째 줄: @@
 |Author = Slave Yi Subong in Gangneung 江陵 奴 李守鳳
 |Year = 1750
-|Key Concepts= slave, deed, female's inherited property
+|Key Concepts= bill of sale, slave, women's inherited property
 |Translator = [[2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2018 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
 |Editor = Sanghoon Na
@@ 55번째 줄: / 55번째 줄: @@
 III-2. 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日 李奴丁山前茂火明文
-The bill of sale<ref> A bill of sale (''myeongmun'' 明文) was given to a buyer when a deal was concluded between two individuals privately before having a government’s warrant.</ref> for Jeongsan, slave of Yi [Naebeon],<ref> Slave Jeongsan is carrying out this business for his master Yi Naebeon (1703-1781). The yangban literati considered it inappropriate to be involved in business transactions themselves during the Joseon period.</ref> on the 15th day of the 4th month of the 15th year [1750] of Emperor Qianlong’s reign [1735-1796]
+The bill of sale<ref> A bill of sale (''myeongmun'' 明文) was given to a buyer when a deal was concluded between two individuals privately before having a government’s warrant.</ref> for Jeongsan, slave of Yi [Naebeon],<ref> Slave Jeongsan is carrying out this business for his master Yi Naebeon (1703-1781). The ''yangban'' literati considered it inappropriate to be involved in business transactions themselves during the Joseon period.</ref> on the 15th day of the 4th month of the 15th year [1750] of Emperor Qianlong’s reign [1735-1796]

← 이전 판		2018년 8월 25일 (토) 06:54 판
65번째 줄:		65번째 줄:
	吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣		吾矣上典宅居在利川爲有如乎如此亂歲切迫要用所致以妻邊衿得爲有在江陵香湖伏在畓浦坪員豈字百六十四畓七卜一束百九十二畓七卜三束古馬谷養字六十三畓三卜 [山幕員慕字五十二畓八卜二束] 檢勿里員傷字百三十二畓八卜九束果豈字四十田三卜四束四十一田一卜二束四十四田一卜九束僉畓伍石田一石十斗落只庫乙上典主牌子導良放賣爲有矣

−	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is sok 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the yang<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> Seok 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.	+	My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref> received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is ''sok'' 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the yang<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> ''Seok'' 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.

@@ 53번째 줄: / 53번째 줄: @@
 (translation)
-乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日 李奴丁山前茂火明文
+The bill of sale<ref> A bill of sale (''myeongmun'' 明文) was given to a buyer when a deal was concluded between two individuals privately before having a government’s warrant.</ref> for Jeongsan, slave of Yi [Naebeon],<ref> Slave Jeongsan is carrying out this business for his master Yi Naebeon (1703-1781). The yangban literati considered it inappropriate to be involved in business transactions themselves during the Joseon period.</ref> on the 15th day of the 4th month of the 15th year [1750] of Emperor Qianlong’s reign [1735-1796]
-−
 右明文爲臥乎事叱段
-The document mentioned on the right is as follows:
+The purpose of the present bill of sale is as follows:<ref> The literal translation of this sentence would be “The bill of sale mentioned on the right is as follows.” There are two explanations on the usage of ''wu'' 右 (“right”): one is that it refers to the word “bill of sale” 明文 written vertically on the right side. The other is that it suggests the document placed in a ruler’s right side which he was supposed to deal with first. Thus, wu 右 means the present document, which is based on ''A Clear Distinction of Styles'' (''Wenti mingbian'' 文體明辨). See Kim Seong-gap, “Joseonsidae myeongmun e gwanhan munseohakjeok yeon-gu 朝鮮時代 明文에 관한 文書學的 硏究,” (Ph.D. Diss., The Graduate School of Korean Studies, 2009), 66-7.</ref>
-今年爲始鎭長耕食爲遣
+My master [Mr. Song] lives in Icheon<ref> This is presumed to be Icheon in Gyeonggi province.</ref> and the famine is so severe this year.<ref> This was a typical statement of contracts because it was forbidden for people to sell their inherited lands at their disposal in the Rank Land Law (''gwajeonbeop'' 科田法). However, in the sixth year of King Sejong’s reign, it was allowed in such urgent situations as providing for the funeral and burial of their parents, repaying their outstanding debts, or escaping from the grinding poverty. See ''Veritable Records of King Sejong'', Year 6 (1424), Month 3, Day 23, Entry 3. (available at http://esillok.history.go.kr/front/index.do). Thereafter, people usually started with plausible excuses when they wrote this kind of document.</ref> Thus, out of sheer necessity, I<ref> This refers to Mr. Song’s male slave Yi Subong. He is carrying out this business on behalf of his master.</ref>  received a letter of authorization<ref> A letter of authorization (''baeja'' 牌子) was used to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.</ref> and sold his wife’s inherited property located at Lake Hyang in Gangneung: the 164th rice paddy of the ''gi''<ref>''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character in the ''Qianzi wen'' 千字文 (''Thousand Character Classics''), which is used to refer to the location of the land.</ref> land on Popyeong Plain, producing seven loads<ref> The character for “load” is bu 負 (“burden”) or bu 卜 (“Korean A-frame carrier”), which is the amount of crop yields that a man could carry on his back with the A-frame carrier. Korean land measurement for taxation also used a measure of productive capability (''gyeolbu'' 結負) expressed in surface area. See James B. Lewis, Frontier Contact Between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London: RoutledegeCurzon, 2003), 30.</ref> and a bundle<ref> The character for “bundle” is sok 束 (“bind”), which is the amount of rice plants. A handful of rice plants are called one pa 把 (“to grasp”). Ten handfuls (''pa'') of rice plants make one bundle (''sok'').</ref> of grain; the 192nd rice paddy [of the ''gi'' land], producing seven loads and three bundles of grain; the 63rd rice paddy of the yang<ref> ''Yang'' 養 is the 156th character in the Qianzi wen.</ref> land at Goma Valley, producing three loads of grain; [the 52nd rice paddy of the ''mo''<ref> ''Mo'' 慕 is the 162nd character.</ref> land on Sanmak Plain]<ref> There is a circle drawn around this rice paddy in the original document, which meant to be deleted. It was not supposed to be sold.</ref>; the 132nd rice paddy of the ''sang''<ref> ''Sang'' 傷 is the 160th character.</ref> land on Geommulli Plain, producing eight loads and nine bundles of grain; the 40th farm field of the ''gi''<ref> ''Gi'' 豈 is the 157th character.</ref> land, producing three loads and four bundles of grain; the 41st farm field [of the ''gi'' land], producing one load and two bundles of grain; the 44th farm field [of the gi land], producing one load and nine bundles of grain. In total, they are five ''seok''<ref> Seok 石 (''seom'' in vernacular Korean) refers to ''seomjigi'' 石落只, which is the amount of land on which one ''seom'' (180 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied at different regions. It is approximately 1500-3000 ''pyeong'' (4,950-9,900 square meters) for rice paddies and 1000 ''pyeong'' (3,300 square meters) for dry fields.</ref> of rice paddy and one ''seok'' and ten ''durakji''<ref> ''Durakji'' 斗落只 or ''durak'' 斗落 (''majigi'' in vernacular Korean) is the amount of land on which one ''mal'' (18 liters) could be planted as seed. The size of land has varied in different regions. It is approximately 150-300 ''pyeong'' (495-990 square meters) for rice paddies and 100 ''pyeong'' (330 square meters) for dry fields. See James Palais, ''Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions'' (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996), 364.</ref> of farm field.
-幸日後良或有上典主子孫族類雜談隅是去乙等 持此文牌子告 官卞正印
+''nyang'' of coin is agreed between us as a set price. I accept the amount and sell the property in perpetuity to [Jeongsan’s] master mentioned on the previous line. [However,] the original document<ref> This refers to the document of property distribution given to Mr. Song’s wife.</ref> cannot be given because the record of my master’s other lands and slaves is also included in it. From this year on, you may cultivate crops for good. By any chance, should there be room for a dispute at a later date among my master’s children, take this document with the letter of authorization and report to the authorities for justice in this matter.
 田畓主江陵奴李守鳳[手寸]
-The owner of the paddies and fields: Slave Yi Subong in Gangneung [Signature of Finger Joint]
+The owner of the rice paddies and farm fields: Slave Yi Subong in Gangneung [Signature of Finger Joint]
 證人 私奴金參孫[署押]
-Witness: Private Slave Kim Chamson [Signature]
+Witness: Private Male Slave Kim Chamson [Signature]
 筆執 幼學 金廷徽[署押]
-Scribe: Scholar Kim Jeong’hwi [Signature]
+Scribe: Scholar<ref> The characters for a “scholar” are ''yuhak'' 幼學, which literally means a “young learner” who did not pass the civil service examination yet. JaHyun K. Haboush translates it into a “student scholar” (Haboush, The Confucian Kingship in Korea, 90) and Eugene Y. Park renders it into a “degreeless scholar.” (Park, Between Dreams and Reality, 41).</ref> Kim Jeong-hwi [Signature]

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(Translation) 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日 李奴 丁山 明文 - 편집 역사

Jaeyoon.song: /* Original Script */

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(Translation) 乾隆十五年庚午四月十五日李奴丁山明文 - 편집 역사