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2026년 9월 25일 (금) 13:41 판

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76번째 줄:

3. As to the so-called slavery of the modern times, the government has imposed on slaves extremely harsh duties; and the people have mistreated them with extreme contempt. They were discriminated against as a separate clan, and segregated (ghettoized) into the their own villages. Until they were old and dying, slaves are not allowed to get married. It is indeed the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Jizi do this? I have heard Jizi's words that state: “(The king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat those solitary and defenseless people” and “be the parents of the populace and the king of all under heaven.” <ref> The passages come from "Great Plan" 洪範 chapter in ''The Book of Documents'' 尚書. 斂時五福，用敷錫厥庶民。and 無虐煢獨而畏高明. The translation is based on James Legge's translations.</ref>

3. As to the so-called slavery of the modern times, the government has imposed on slaves extremely harsh duties; and the people have mistreated them with extreme contempt. They were discriminated against as a separate clan, and segregated (ghettoized) into the their own villages. Until they were old and dying, slaves are not allowed to get married. It is indeed the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Jizi do this? I have heard Jizi's words that state: “(The king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat those solitary and defenseless people” and “be the parents of the populace and the king of all under heaven.” <ref> The passages come from "Great Plan" 洪範 chapter in ''The Book of Documents'' 尚書. 斂時五福，用敷錫厥庶民。and 無虐煢獨而畏高明. The translation is based on James Legge's translations.</ref>

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4. For this reason, I know all the more clearly that the institution of slavery did not originate from Jizi. Praise the Great King Sukjong who counseled with the court about the agonies of the masses and reduced the dues of males slaves to a half, and female slaves to a third. Praise the the Great King Yǒngjong, <ref> Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref> who, thereupon, scrutinized into numerous cases, and abolished the duties of female slaves and again reduced the tribute of male slaves to a third. However, the evil practices of capturing slaves by the internal bureau remained unchanged. <ref> Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is a short from of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.</ref> They forced slaves to confess by needling their skins, and caressed female slaves' breasts to examine their pregnancy. This has agitated villagers to the extent that hens and dogs could not be at peace.

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4. For this reason, I know all the more clearly that the institution of slavery did not originate from Jizi. Praise the Great King Sukjong who counseled with the court about the agonies of the masses and reduced the dues of males slaves to a half, and female slaves to a third. Praise the the Great King Yǒngjong, <ref> Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref> who, thereupon, scrutinized into numerous cases, and abolished the duties of female slaves and again reduced the tribute of male slaves to a third. However, the evil practices of capturing slaves by the internal bureau remained unchanged. <ref> Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is a short from of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.</ref> They forced slaves to confess by needling their skins, and touched female slaves' breasts to examine their pregnancy. This has agitated villagers to the extent that hens and dogs could not be at peace.

83번째 줄:

6. "Alas! Those defenseless people! What have they done wrong?  During the reign of my predecessor [King Chŏngjo, reign: 1776-1800], when the news of the virtuous decree especially banning the chasing and capturing of slaves was promulgated, the old and the young drummed and danced together in delight as the great benefits of the royal kindness extended to the faraway oceans [i.e. poor and isolated villages]. However, in the 14th year (1790) the Yŏngnam governor reported: “a slave from the internal bureau carried the skeleton of a body and appealed to the prefect of Hamyang." <ref> Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.</ref> The Sagely King commiserated and his mind was profoundly shaken, and ordered the (related) documents burned to ashes. He questioned the chief-magistrates of all the provinces, sent them the ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times. His absolute sincerity penetrated steels and stones, and his empathetic power moved even pigs and fish.

6. "Alas! Those defenseless people! What have they done wrong?  During the reign of my predecessor [King Chŏngjo, reign: 1776-1800], when the news of the virtuous decree especially banning the chasing and capturing of slaves was promulgated, the old and the young drummed and danced together in delight as the great benefits of the royal kindness extended to the faraway oceans [i.e. poor and isolated villages]. However, in the 14th year (1790) the Yŏngnam governor reported: “a slave from the internal bureau carried the skeleton of a body and appealed to the prefect of Hamyang." <ref> Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.</ref> The Sagely King commiserated and his mind was profoundly shaken, and ordered the (related) documents burned to ashes. He questioned the chief-magistrates of all the provinces, sent them the ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times. His absolute sincerity penetrated steels and stones, and his empathetic power moved even pigs and fish.

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7. As reports submitted by the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa) piled up at his desk,<ref> The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> the king became increasingly worried. The king grieved day and night to th extent of not being able to eat and sleep. In the Classics Mat lecture at the court, the king sincerely made royal instructions and repeatedly issued proclamations; however, the officials in charge were unable to put into effect the king’s well-meaning decrees. Although a few policies designed to lower burdens [on slaves] were implemented, <ref> referring to the reduction of taxes by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> the former king’s strong intention of giving universal favors has not yet been fully realized.  

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7. As reports submitted by the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa) piled up at his desk,<ref> The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> the king became increasingly worried. The king grieved day and night to the extent of not being able to eat and sleep. In the Classics Mat lecture at the court, the king sincerely made royal instructions and repeatedly issued proclamations; however, the officials in charge were unable to put into effect the king’s well-meaning decrees. Although a few policies designed to lower burdens [on slaves] were implemented, <ref> referring to the reduction of taxes by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> the former king’s strong intention of giving universal favors has not yet been fully realized.  

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8. To record the teachings of my predecessor: "the people were delighted even without the court music <ref> Literally, feathers and flutes which musicians used at court rituals and banquet.</ref> and grateful without high officials appointed<ref> Literally, carriages and garments, the image of a nobleman riding a carriage. </ref> because [the king] united the pure ''qi'' through ''yin'' and ''yang'', and managed the works of government with humaneness and righteousness. Therefore, [the king] offered a bowl of harmonious soup to pacify the spirits, <ref> With the help of the ministers who aided the governing.</ref> listened to the harmonious voices to balance his intentions, accepted harmonious suggestions to direct his governance, and assumed harmonious conduct to cultivate his virtues. Nowadays, people are named no (male slave) and bi (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are uncontrolled, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame, my mind cannot be at peace. The only way in which to pacify my mind lies in the reformation of slavery.  

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8. To record the teachings of my predecessor: "the people were delighted even without the court music <ref> Literally, feathers and flutes which musicians used at court rituals and banquet.</ref> and grateful without high officials appointed<ref> Literally, carriages and garments, the image of a nobleman riding a carriage. </ref> because [the king] united the pure ''qi'' through ''yin'' and ''yang'', and managed the works of government with humaneness and righteousness. Therefore, [the king] offered a bowl of harmonious soup to pacify the spirits, <ref> With the help of the ministers who aided the governing.</ref> listened to the harmonious voices to balance his intentions, accepted harmonious suggestions to direct his governance, and assumed harmonious conduct to cultivate his virtues. Nowadays, people are named no (male slave) and bi (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are uncontrolled, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame, my mind cannot be at peace. The only way to pacify my mind lies in the reformation of slavery.  

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9. This is what the court officials have heard with respect and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I ascend the throne and perform rituals, I moan out loud as I yearned for [my predecessor]. I must remember the great responsibilities of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the cornerstones of the vast foundation. Only by then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his enterprise. In terms of succeeding his will and carrying out his enterprise, nothing could be more urgent than slavery. What's more, when the king manages all people, there should be no differentiating between the noble and the base as well as between insiders and outsiders. They are equally the children of the King's; yet if we discern and divide them into ''no'' (male slaves) and ''bi''(female slaves), how could it be to regard them uniformly as ''dongpo''(lit. my brothers and sisters of the same womb)?  

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9. This is what the court officials have heard with respect and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I ascend the throne and perform rituals, I cry out loud, longing for [my predecessor]. I must remember the great responsibilities of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the cornerstones of the vast foundation. Only by then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his enterprise. In terms of succeeding his will and carrying out his enterprise, nothing could be more urgent than slavery. Moreover, when the king rules over all the people, there ought to be no distinction between the noble and the base as well as between insiders and outsiders. They are all equally the children of the King's; yet if we discern and divide them into ''no'' (male slaves) and ''bi''(female slaves), how could it be to regard them uniformly as ''dongpo (Ch. tongbao)''(lit. my brothers and sisters of the same womb)?  

10. I hereby allow the inner court slaves of 36,974, the government slaves of 29,093 to become commoners. I order the Ministries of Personnel to collect the registers of slaves and set them ablaze before the Gate of Sincere Transformation. <ref> Donhwa-mun 敦化門 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul. </ref>As to the tributes of slaves that are being used for the expenses, I set it as the standard rule that the military garrisons reimburse the amount. <ref>壯勇營 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784)</ref> Alas! How could I dare say that I have extended favors? I am only supplementing and elucidating the unrealized great enterprises undertaken by the late great king.

10. I hereby allow the inner court slaves of 36,974, the government slaves of 29,093 to become commoners. I order the Ministries of Personnel to collect the registers of slaves and set them ablaze before the Gate of Sincere Transformation. <ref> Donhwa-mun 敦化門 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul. </ref>As to the tributes of slaves that are being used for the expenses, I set it as the standard rule that the military garrisons reimburse the amount. <ref>壯勇營 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784)</ref> Alas! How could I dare say that I have extended favors? I am only supplementing and elucidating the unrealized great enterprises undertaken by the late great king.

장서각위키 - 최근 바뀜 [ko]

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

장서각위키 - 최근 바뀜 [ko]

(Translation) 純祖 1年 公奴婢制 革罷 綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音