장서각위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:46:46Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭。

御製詩: 號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢。

右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family be waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Below is] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,

one night the bamboos of white color sprang.

Chastity so lofty and steadfast awed the world,

in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.

In the ancient River Sosang sorrows lingered,

year after year seen were red dots on bamboo.

The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,

there is no difference between past and present.

A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

Also refer to The Virtues of the Three Bonds [for the biography of Madam Seo].
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:44:24Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭。

御製詩:號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢。

右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family be waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Below is] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,

one night the bamboos of white color sprang.

Chastity so lofty and steadfast awed the world,

in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.

In the ancient times the sorrows never ceded,

year after year were seen red dots on bamboo.

The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,

there is no difference of past and present.

A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

Also refer to The Virtues of the Three Bonds [for the biography of Madam Seo].
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:42:29Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭。

御製詩:號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢。

右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family be waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Below is] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,

one night the bamboos of white color sprang.

Chastity so lofty and steadfast awed the world,

in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.

In the ancient times the sorrows never ceded,

year after year were seen red dots on bamboo.

The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,

There is no distinguishing the past and present.

A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

Also refer to The Virtues of the Three Bonds [for the biography of Madam Seo].
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:41:43Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭。

御製詩:號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢。

右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family be waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Below is] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,

one night the bamboos of white color sprang.

Chastity lofty and steadfast awed the world,

in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.

In the ancient times the sorrows never ceded,

year after year were seen red dots on bamboo.

The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,

There is no distinguishing the past and present.

A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

Also refer to The Virtues of the Three Bonds.
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:37:48Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family be waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Then he bestowed] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,

one night the bamboos of white color sprang.

Chastity lofty and steadfast awed the world,

in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.

In the ancient times the sorrows never ceded,

year after year were seen red dots on bamboo.

The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,

There is no distinguishing the past and present.

A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T16:36:10Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief beyond normative measure, every day she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day three stacks of white bamboo sprouted. In three years, it became seven to eight stacks. In 1438, King Sejong ordered that a painting of the white bamboo be presented, taxes for the family waived and a memorial arch be erected. [Then he bestowed] a poem of royal composition:

Holding on bamboo she wailed and shed tears,
one night the bamboos of white color sprang.
Chastity lofty and steadfast awed the world,
in the nine-gated palace the painting was seen.
In the ancient times the sorrows never ceded,
year after year were seen red dots on bamboo.
The world shall know when it comes to pure chastity,
There is no distinguishing the past and present.
A couple white sprouts newly sprang up.

|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2018-06-29T15:43:57Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 열녀서씨포죽도.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도(yŏllyŏ Sŏ Ssi p'ojukto)
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044206 李命基] (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young<br/>Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]])
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|* 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
파일:Yeonyeo clear.jpg|*烈女徐氏抱竹圖 열녀서씨포죽도(''열녀서씨포죽도'') (details)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖, 白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
Madam Seo is from Poong-gi. She is the daughter of military officer [Seo] Sadal. She married Do Unbong who was from the same town, but merely counting a year, the husband died. Devastated with grief, she completed the rites, and everyday she went to the bamboo forest behind the house, grabbed onto the bamboo and wept. Suddenly one day

|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-23T10:30:33Z

Youngkim: /* Introduction */

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves act as legal agents and sign economic contracts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this have been the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?
# Why do you think the yangban families and corporations of the Joseon dynasty had their slaves serve as their economic agents? Would it be possible to explain the practice from the perspective of neo-Confucianism?

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술 | 정우섭 | 열화당 | 2015
* 조선시대 노비와 토지 소유 방식 | 이정수 | 경북대학교 출판부 | 2006

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

파일:Samgang seossi.jpg

2017-07-21T00:45:24Z

Youngkim: Youngkim님이 파일:Samgang seossi.jpg의 새 판을 올렸습니다

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2017-07-21T00:42:37Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = Yeonyeo clear.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = 李命基 (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|I-2. 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1519
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖, 白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
(translation)
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2017-07-20T23:47:17Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = Yeonyeo clear.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = 李命基 (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|I-2. 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1742
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖, 白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
(translation)
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2017-07-20T23:46:04Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = Yeonyeo clear.jpg
|English = Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo
|Chinese = 烈女徐氏抱竹圖
|Korean = 열녀서씨포죽도
|Genre = Painting
|Type = Ink and Color on Paper
|Author = 李命基 (1756 - after 1802)
|Year = 1795
|Key Concepts= Biography of Exemplary Women, Auspicious Painting
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Kim Young]]
|Editor = Kim Young
|Translation Year = 2017

}}
<gallery>
파일:samgang_seossi.jpg|link=(Translation) 속삼강행실도|I-2. 속삼강행실도 속삼강행실도(''속삼강행실도'') 1742
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
徐氏豊基人, 郎將思達之女, 嫁同郡都雲峯, 纔數歲夫死,
哀毁過禮, 常日就堂後竹林, 抱竹號泣, 忽一日生白竹三叢, 三年至七八叢。正統戊午,
莊憲大王名圖, 白竹以進, 復戶旅閭, 御製詩,
號天抱竹涕汍瀾一夜新篁白數竿高節凜然驚世俗九重描上畵圖看
千古瀟湘怨不窮年年竹上見斑紅須知素節無今昔白笋新生一兩叢右見三綱行實。

||
(translation)
|}

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

2017 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)

2017-07-20T23:44:53Z

Youngkim:

=='''지도교수'''==
*[[송재윤 (宋在倫, Jaeyoon Song)|송재윤 (宋在倫, Jaeyoon Song)]]

=='''수강생'''==

{{(SHWJA) 위키 교실 Wiki Guide}}

=='''교재'''==

<div style="font-size:18px; font-weight:bold; color:#acd926;">
* 전체 리스트
</div>

=== '''Part I. Royal Documents''' ===

I-1. [[(Translation) 御製問業|“In King Yeongjo’s own writing, when asked of my enterprises” (“御製問業” from 『英祖大王』 [藏書閣, 2011] #15, p.140-141)]]

I-2. [[(Translation) 蕩平碑|蕩平碑 탕평비 (''Tangpyeongbi'') 1742]]

I-3. [[(Translation) 御製均役濬川卽予事業|御製均役濬川卽予事業 어제균역준천즉여사업(''Eoje Gyunyeokjuncheonjeugyeosaeop'') 1773]]

I-4. [[(Translation) 御製壹初|御製壹初 어제일초(''Eoje Ilcho'') 1774]]

I-5. [[(Translation) 御製垂綸吟|御製垂綸吟 어제수윤음(''Eoje Suyuneum'') 1774]]

I-6. [[(Translation) 御製廣蕩|御製廣蕩 어제광탕(''Eoje Gwangtang'') 1774]]

I-7. [[(Translation) 御製戒酒綸音|King Yeongjo’s Prohibition of Wine Drinking (御製戒酒綸音, 英祖 33年(1757))]]

I-8. [[(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音|King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves. ｢純祖實錄｣『朝鮮王朝實錄』2卷, 純祖 1年(1801) 1月 28日乙巳 (淸嘉慶 6年)]]

=== '''Part Ⅱ. Literati writings''' ===

II-1. [[(Translation) 陳時務箚|Ryu Seong-ryong’s Memorial on Current Affairs. “陳時務箚” 壬辰十一月。在定州。(『西厓集』 › 西厓先生文集卷之五)]]

II-2. [[(Translation) 哀絶陽|Jeong Yak-yong 丁若鏞 (1762-1836, Dasan): A male lamenting his self-imposed castration 哀絶陽 (1803)]]

II-3. [[(Translation) 茶山與黃裳書簡(夜能不痛否)|Dasan’s letter to his disciple Hwang Sang]]

II-4. [[(Translation) 聖學輯要修己正心章 (部分)|Vita Contemplativa]] vs. [[(Translation) 大學公議在明明德 (部分)|Vita Activa]] (Yulgok vs. Dasan)

II-5. [[(Translation) 茶山贈言帖|Dasan’s advice to a Buddhist Monk (Jahong 慈弘) 茶山의 贈言帖]]

II-6. [[(Translation) 文憲書院學規|The Regulations of the Munheon Academy “文憲書院學規”(『栗谷全書』) by Yi I 李珥, (1537-1584)]]

=== '''Part III. Old Documents (文書)''' ===

III-1. [[(Translation) 1494年李璦男妹和會文記|A Document of property division among the nine siblings including Yi Ae (1494) (李璦男妹和會文記, 1494)]]

III-2. [[(Translation) 1801年龍山書院首奴禹發自賣明文|A Document of Selling one’s person (自賣明文- 慶州崔氏貞武公宗宅)]]

III-3. [[(Translation) 1522年朴榮基土地賣買明文|A Document of a Slave Selling land to his master (盈德務安朴氏武毅公朴毅長(1555-1615) 宗宅)]]

III-4. [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|A Document of trading a slave with a horse (1614) (海南尹氏綠雨堂宗宅)]]

III-5. [[(Translation) 1614年招辭|A Statement of trading a slave with a horse (1614) (海南尹氏綠雨堂宗宅)]]

III-6. [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse (1614) (海南尹氏綠雨堂宗宅)]]

III-7. [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse (1614) (海南尹氏綠雨堂宗宅)]]

III-8. [[(Translation) 1758年賣妾文券 |A Document of Selling a Concubine (1758) (賣妾文券)]]

III-9. [[(Translation) 1583年李浚許通牒|A Document endorsing an son of a concubine (禮曹給帖)]]

III-10. [[(Translation) 1910年朴海溟賣夢明文|A Document of Selling a Dream (賣夢明文)]]

III-11. [[(Translation) 1509年永膺大君棄別夫人鄭氏許與文記|1509年永膺大君棄別夫人鄭氏許與文記]]

III-12. [[(Translation) 1669年金命說分財記|Record of Kim Myŏngyŏl's Property Distribution 1669年金命說分財記]]

III-13. [[(Translation) 1688年金璠分財記|Record of Kim Pŏn's Property Distribution 1688年金璠分財記]]

III-14. [[(Translation) 1493年鄭眉壽明文|Document of Chŏng Misu 1493年鄭眉壽明文 ]]

III-15. [[(Translation) 1509年鄭眉壽遺書|Chŏng Misu's Will 1509年鄭眉壽遺書 ]]

=== '''Part IV. Folk tales and Anecdotes ''' ===

IV-1. [[(Translation) 朴突夢傳|A tale of Pak Tolmong's life story]]

IV-2. [[(Translation) 薄命妾原情所志|A petition to the magistrate by a mistreated lady]]

=== '''Part V. Korean Buddhist Texts Excerpts ''' ===

V-1. [[(Translation) 蛇福不言|Sabok without Words]]

V-2. [[(Translation) 洛山二大聖|Two Buddhist Saints in Naksan]]

V-3. [[(Translation) 元曉傳|A Biography of Wŏnhyo]]

=== '''Part VI. Text translated by Students Project ''' ===

==== VI-0. [[(Translation) 健陵誌帖 |Sample : 健陵誌帖 translated by Jaeyoon Song]] ====

==== VI-1. [[(Translation) Text1|Text translated by Irina]] ====

==== VI-2. [[(Translation) Text2|烈女徐氏抱竹圖 (Chaste Woman Madam Seo Embraces Bamboo) translated by Kim Young]] ====

==== VI-3. [[(Translation) Text3|東史綱目序 translated by Masha]] ====

==== VI-4. [[(Translation) Text4|大東學會月報一號呂圭亨 by Jong Woo Park]] ====

[[섬네일 (Advanced)|섬네일]]
==== VI-5. [[Silsa Kusisŏl (Treatise on Seeking Truth from Facts, 實事求是說) by Kanghun Ahn]] ====

==== VI-6. [[(Translation) 象院題語|象院題語 translated by Hu Jing]] ====

==== VI-7. [[(Translation) Text7|麗史提綱 translated by King Kwong Wong]] ====

==== VI-8. [[(Translation) 燕行錄節選 |燕行錄節選 translated by Zhijun Ren]] ====

==== VI-9. [[(Translation) Text9|竹溪誌院規 translated by Martin Gehlmann]] ====

==== VI-10. [[(Translation) 無衣子詩集 "茶泉"|無衣子詩集 "茶泉" translated by Youngsuk Park]] ====

==== VI-11. [[(Translation) Text11|Text translated by Student 11]] ====

==== VI-12. [[(Translation) Text12|Text translated by Student 12]] ====

==== VI-13. [[(Translation) Text13|Text translated by Student 13]] ====

==== VI-14. [[(Translation) Text14|Text translated by Student 14]] ====

{{(SHWJA) 참고자료 References}}

[[Category:2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

2017-07-20T22:27:28Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 순조1년윤음.png
|English = King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves
|Chinese =
|Korean =
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[ ]]
|Author = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=kwa_10101028_003 ｢純祖實錄｣『朝鮮王朝實錄』2卷, 純祖 1年(1801) 1月 28日乙巳 (淸嘉慶 6年)]
|Year = 1801
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音 | King Sunjo's Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves]] is a royal instruction to emancipate all public slaves registered at the court. It was published on the twenty-eighth day of the first month of 1801, the first year of King Sunjo's reign (1800-1834). Although the instruction was in appearance made by King Sunjo's order, in reality it was the decision of Queen Dowager Jeongsun (1745-1805) who was then practically in power. The instruction cited moral justifications for emancipating public slaves. In truth, however, there were complex economic and political reasons behind the verdict. Economically, keeping public slaves at the court had dismal effects on the state finances since many of the slaves either ran away or could not pay their due tributes to the state. Politically, the young Sunjo was only twelve-years old when he ascended the throne and had no real control over the court factionalism. Under such circumstances, factional disputes that continued from the previous King Jeongjo's reign aggravated. The emancipation of public slaves in 1801 is sometimes construed as an indirect result of factionalism. The instruction was composed not by King Sunjo or by Queen Dowager Jeongsun but by Yun Haengim, then the Chancellor of Royal College of Literature (Daejaehak).

At the time King Jeongjo died (1800) and King Sunjo ascended the throne, antagonism between two cliques--Sipa and Byeokpa--was intensifying. Sipa was a loose group of members who had been sympathetic to King Jeongjo's bipartisanship and other policies. Byeokpa was more firmly rooted in the conservaative Noron faction and strongly opposed both Sipa and King Jeongjo's bipartisan measures. Some of Byeokpa's key members were from the Queen Dowager Jeongsun's native family. Naturally, Byeokpa met its momentum to power when King Jeongjo died and the young Sunjo necessitated Queen Dowager Jeongsun's regency. In the second month of 1801, only a month after the decision to emancipate public slaves was announced, with Queen Dowager's approval Byeokpa effected a purge of Sipa under the pretext of condemning Catholicism--since many of the Sipa members were sympathetic toward Catholic faith. Due to the catholic persecution of 1801 (Sinyu bakhae), many of the Sipa members and other Catholic believers were either exiled or executed. Famously, Jeong Yakyong's older brother Jeong Yakjong, a baptized Catholic, was executed; and Jeong Yaoyong was sent on an exile to Gangjin. Yun Haengim, who actually composed King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves, also fall victim to the purge. A Sipa member and friend of Jeong Yakyong, Yun Haengim was accused by Byeokpa of believing in Catholicism and exiled to Sinjido. Briefly his exile was lifted and he became the Governor of Jeollado, but he was put in exile again in Sinjido where he was beheaded.

Although Byeokpa was mostly opposed to King Jeongjo, who had wanted to abolish slavery but could not achieve it in his reign, ironically it was Byeokpa and Queen Dowager Jeongsun who implemented the emancipation of public slaves in 1801 following King Jeongjo's death. In order to solidify their political power, it would have been necessary for Byeokpa to drastically reform the mal-functioning slave system to increase state revenue and preempt social unrest. Furthermore, Jeong Yakyong, the stellar figure of practical learning (silhak) who was beloved by King Jeongjo, was resolutely opposed to abolishing slavery. On the contrary, Jeong Yakyong insisted on increasing the number of slaves to rectify social hierarchies based on the neo-Confucian ideals. But Jeong Yakyong may have been an anomaly since most other late-Joseon intellectuals who pursued practical learning were against slavery. It is unclear whether Yun Haengim, who wrote this document, was personally for or against the abolishment. As a person selected to draft the instruction, he may have been sympathetic to the cause; at the same time, as a friend of Jeong Yakyong and a member of Sipa, it is also possible that Yun Haengim personally did not espouse the abolition. In that case, Yun Haengim would have composed the instruction because he was the Chancellor of Royal College of Literature, whose duties included drafting King's edicts and instructions.

=='''Original Script'''==

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○綸音, 若曰:

1. 予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。

2. 我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

3. 若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

4. 予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

5. 於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕。

6. 唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。’ 聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。

8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

10. 內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民, 仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外。其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉? 特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

11. 自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬, 守其墳墓, 婚姻以時, 生齒日息, 稼穡不愆, 嬉遊謳歌。用副予體先朝子視之苦心。【大提學尹行恁製。】
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1. I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow (omitted). <ref>Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.
</ref> The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Master Zhu's exposition goes like this: "Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, 'When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.'”

2. The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country),<ref>The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.</ref> he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan. <ref>Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents))</ref> With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

3. As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(The king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”<ref>The passages come from "Great Plan" 洪範 chapter in ''The Book of Documents'' 尚書. 斂時五福，用敷錫厥庶民。and 無虐煢獨而畏高明. The translation is based on James Legge translation "The Chinese Classics"</ref>

4. For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

5. As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentation, looking at each other in astonishment and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselves from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. [It is more abhorrent that] the bureaucrats show up at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tiger. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to do the labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.

6. "Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.<ref>This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).</ref> Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."<ref>Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.</ref> His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

7. Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.

8. According to the instructions of my predecessor,<ref>King Jeongjo</ref> which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,<ref>Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.</ref> and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people<ref>Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.</ref> were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup<ref>With the help of the ministers who aided the governing.</ref> to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."

9. This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

10. 36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave freedom to all of them. All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned them in front of gate Donhwa.<ref>Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.</ref> Expenses that were taken from the slaves among their dues, I decreed to make into a standard format to substitute with military force.<ref>壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784)</ref> Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous? The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

11. From now on, It will succeed for ten thousand years, their houses and land will be peaceful. people would protect their tomb sites, marry in a timely manner, give birth to children, do not have bad harvest, and sing and play in pleasure. Please support my efforts which I model after my predecessor who wanted to see slaves as his children.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【Composed by Yoon Haengim, Chancellor of Royal College of Literature】
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=='''Discussion Questions'''==
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=='''Further Readings'''==

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=='''References'''==
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=='''Translation'''==

==='''Instructor : Jaeyoon Song'''===
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==='''Student 1 : (Jinsook You)'''===
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予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。
I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow. (omitted)1) The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Zhu zi’s exposition goes like this: Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, “When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.”

1) Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.

==='''Student 2 : Martin'''===
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我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

In our country all court and public offices have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this started with Kija. I say that it is not like this. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established eight articles of instruction. The intention of the eight articles is the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

Food and basic commodities are primary, this means to nourish the lives. The minister of crime is in charge of prohibitions, this means to stop chaos. Using these eight policies to educate the people of the east, but the people of the east were ignorant and only knew this as the eight articles, but not as the eight policies. Thieves are to be divested and registered to become slaves; this is one of the eight articles. The upholding of these laws of punishment for the future with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics, together form the outer and inner.

1. Referencing the Sage Kija 箕子 who is said to have left the Zhou-Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. As written in the Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents) Kija proposed ideas of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou-Dynasty summarized as the Great Plan 洪範

----------------------------------------
Edited by SJY:

我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

1. The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", ''Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents)'')

==='''Student 3 : (Zhijun Ren)'''===
----
若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(the king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”1

1. 《周书·洪范》“皇极：皇建其有极。敛时五福，用敷锡厥庶民。惟时厥庶民于汝极。锡汝保极：凡厥庶民，无有淫朋，人无有比德，惟皇作极。凡厥庶民，有猷有为有守，汝则念之。不协于极，不罹于咎，皇则受之。而康而色，曰：‘予攸好德。’汝则锡之福。时人斯其惟皇之极。无虐茕独而畏高明，人之有能有为，使羞其行，而邦其昌。凡厥正人，既富方谷，汝弗能使有好于而家，时人斯其辜。于其无好德，汝虽锡之福，其作汝用咎。无偏无陂，遵王之义；无有作好，遵王之道；无有作恶，尊王之路。无偏无党，王道荡荡；无党无偏，王道平平；无反无侧，王道正直。会其有极，归其有极。曰：皇，极之敷言，是彝是训，于帝其训，凡厥庶民，极之敷言，是训是行，以近天子之光。曰：天子作民父母，以为天下王。”

==='''Student 4 : (King Kwong Wong)'''===
----
予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.(?)</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

<references />

==='''Student 5 : (Hu Jing)'''===
----
於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕

As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentaion, looking at each other astonishedly and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselve from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. （It is more abhorret that）the bureaucrats call at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tigher. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.
<references />

==='''Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
----
唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

"Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.1) Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."2) His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

1) This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).

2) Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.

==='''Student 7 : (Jong Woo Park)'''===
----
7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。
Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.
<references />

==='''Student 8 : (Masha)'''===
----
8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"<br />

According to the instructions of my predecessor,1 which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,2 and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people3 were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup4 to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."<br />

1. King Jeongjo<br />

2. Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.<br />

3. Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.<br />

4. With the help of the ministers who aided the governing?

==='''Student 9 : (Kim Young)'''===
----

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

==='''Student 10 : (Irina)'''===
----

內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民.

36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave them all a freedom.

仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外.

All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned in front of gate Donhwa-mun (1).

其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。

??? The funds of slavery I substituted with military force. ??? (2)

於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉?

Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous?

特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

(1) Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.

(2) 壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784). ...

==='''Student 11 : (Dohee jeong)'''===
----

自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬,
From now on, It will succeed during ten million years and then there will be made peaceful the house and the farm.

守其墳墓,
The people would keep tomb.

婚姻以時,
The people will marry at a well timed.

生齒日息, 稼穡不愆,
The people have not a bad harvest in their daily life.

嬉遊謳歌
So they pleasurably sing and play

用副予體先朝子視之苦心。
Come up to my expectations, which I model the late king who desire to intend the slave like son.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【written by Haengim Yoon in first academician】

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

=='''Further Readings'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[http://kadhlab103.com/wiki/index.php/어제경민음 (Korean text) King Yeongjo’s Admonition for the People” (Eoje gyeongmineum 御製警民音, 1762)]'''
* View together with '''[[정조 윤음 번역|(Translation) King Jeongjo, “Royal dictum to encourage farming” (Gweonnong yuneum 勸農綸音, 1781)]]'''
* View together with '''[http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01777219 윤행임尹行恁(1762~1801)의 정치 활동과 학문 성향 Yoon Haeng-im(尹行恁)’s Political Activities and Academic Views]'''

</div>

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

2017-07-20T22:25:05Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 순조1년윤음.png
|English = King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves
|Chinese =
|Korean =
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[ ]]
|Author = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=kwa_10101028_003 ｢純祖實錄｣『朝鮮王朝實錄』2卷, 純祖 1年(1801) 1月 28日乙巳 (淸嘉慶 6年)]
|Year = 1801
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音 | King Sunjo's Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves]] is a royal instruction to emancipate all public slaves registered at the court. It was published on the twenty-eighth day of the first month of 1801, the first year of King Sunjo's reign (1800-1834). Although the instruction was in appearance made by King Sunjo's order, in reality it was the decision of Queen Dowager Jeongsun (1745-1805) who was then practically in power. The instruction cited moral justifications for emancipating public slaves. In truth, however, there were complex economic and political reasons behind the verdict. Economically, keeping public slaves at the court had dismal effects on the state finances since many of the slaves either ran away or could not pay their due tributes to the state. Politically, the young Sunjo was only twelve-years old when he ascended the throne and had no real control over the court factionalism. Under such circumstances, factional disputes that continued from the previous King Jeongjo's reign aggravated. The emancipation of public slaves in 1801 is sometimes construed as an indirect result of factionalism. The instruction was composed not by King Sunjo or Queen Dowager Jeongsun but by Yun Haengim, then the Chancellor of Royal College of Literature (Daejaehak).

At the time King Jeongjo died (1800) and King Sunjo ascended the throne, antagonism between two cliques--Sipa and Byeokpa--was intensifying. Sipa was a loose group of members who had been sympathetic to King Jeongjo's bipartisanship and other policies. Byeokpa was more firmly rooted in the conservaative Noron faction and strongly opposed both Sipa and King Jeongjo's bipartisan measures. Some of Byeokpa's key members were from the Queen Dowager Jeongsun's native family. Naturally, Byeokpa met its momentum to power when King Jeongjo died and the young Sunjo necessitated Queen Dowager Jeongsun's regency. In the second month of 1801, only a month after the decision to emancipate public slaves was announced, with Queen Dowager's approval Byeokpa effected a purge of Sipa under the pretext of condemning Catholicism--since many of the Sipa members were sympathetic toward Catholic faith. Due to the catholic persecution of 1801 (Sinyu bakhae), many of the Sipa members and other Catholic believers were either exiled or executed. Famously, Jeong Yakyong's older brother Jeong Yakjong, a baptized Catholic, was executed; and Jeong Yaoyong was sent on an exile to Gangjin. Yun Haengim, who actually composed King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves, also fall victim to the purge. A Sipa member and friend of Jeong Yakyong, Yun Haengim was accused by Byeokpa of believing in Catholicism and exiled to Sinjido. Briefly his exile was lifted and he became the Governor of Jeollado, but he was put in exile again in Sinjido where he was beheaded.

Although Byeokpa was mostly opposed to King Jeongjo, who had wanted to abolish slavery but could not achieve it in his reign, ironically it was Byeokpa and Queen Dowager Jeongsun who implemented the emancipation of public slaves in 1801 following King Jeongjo's death. In order to solidify their political power, it would have been necessary for Byeokpa to drastically reform the mal-functioning slave system to increase state revenue and preempt social unrest. Furthermore, Jeong Yakyong, the stellar figure of practical learning (silhak) who was beloved by King Jeongjo, was resolutely opposed to abolishing slavery. On the contrary, Jeong Yakyong insisted on increasing the number of slaves to rectify social hierarchies based on the neo-Confucian ideals. But Jeong Yakyong may have been an anomaly since most other late-Joseon intellectuals who pursued practical learning were against slavery. It is unclear whether Yun Haengim, who wrote this document, was personally for or against the abolishment. As a person selected to draft the instruction, he may have been sympathetic to the cause; at the same time, as a friend of Jeong Yakyong and a member of Sipa, it is also possible that Yun Haengim personally did not espouse the abolition. In that case, Yun Haengim would have composed the instruction because he was the Chancellor of Royal College of Literature, whose duties included drafting King's edicts and instructions.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
○綸音, 若曰:

1. 予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。

2. 我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

3. 若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

4. 予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

5. 於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕。

6. 唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。’ 聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。

8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

10. 內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民, 仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外。其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉? 特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

11. 自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬, 守其墳墓, 婚姻以時, 生齒日息, 稼穡不愆, 嬉遊謳歌。用副予體先朝子視之苦心。【大提學尹行恁製。】
||

1. I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow (omitted). <ref>Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.
</ref> The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Master Zhu's exposition goes like this: "Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, 'When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.'”

2. The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country),<ref>The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.</ref> he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan. <ref>Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents))</ref> With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

3. As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(The king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”<ref>The passages come from "Great Plan" 洪範 chapter in ''The Book of Documents'' 尚書. 斂時五福，用敷錫厥庶民。and 無虐煢獨而畏高明. The translation is based on James Legge translation "The Chinese Classics"</ref>

4. For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

5. As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentation, looking at each other in astonishment and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselves from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. [It is more abhorrent that] the bureaucrats show up at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tiger. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to do the labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.

6. "Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.<ref>This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).</ref> Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."<ref>Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.</ref> His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

7. Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.

8. According to the instructions of my predecessor,<ref>King Jeongjo</ref> which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,<ref>Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.</ref> and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people<ref>Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.</ref> were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup<ref>With the help of the ministers who aided the governing.</ref> to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."

9. This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

10. 36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave freedom to all of them. All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned them in front of gate Donhwa.<ref>Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.</ref> Expenses that were taken from the slaves among their dues, I decreed to make into a standard format to substitute with military force.<ref>壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784)</ref> Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous? The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

11. From now on, It will succeed for ten thousand years, their houses and land will be peaceful. people would protect their tomb sites, marry in a timely manner, give birth to children, do not have bad harvest, and sing and play in pleasure. Please support my efforts which I model after my predecessor who wanted to see slaves as his children.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【Composed by Yoon Haengim, Chancellor of Royal College of Literature】
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=='''Discussion Questions'''==
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=='''Further Readings'''==

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=='''References'''==
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=='''Translation'''==

==='''Instructor : Jaeyoon Song'''===
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==='''Student 1 : (Jinsook You)'''===
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予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。
I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow. (omitted)1) The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Zhu zi’s exposition goes like this: Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, “When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.”

1) Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.

==='''Student 2 : Martin'''===
----
我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

In our country all court and public offices have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this started with Kija. I say that it is not like this. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established eight articles of instruction. The intention of the eight articles is the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

Food and basic commodities are primary, this means to nourish the lives. The minister of crime is in charge of prohibitions, this means to stop chaos. Using these eight policies to educate the people of the east, but the people of the east were ignorant and only knew this as the eight articles, but not as the eight policies. Thieves are to be divested and registered to become slaves; this is one of the eight articles. The upholding of these laws of punishment for the future with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics, together form the outer and inner.

1. Referencing the Sage Kija 箕子 who is said to have left the Zhou-Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. As written in the Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents) Kija proposed ideas of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou-Dynasty summarized as the Great Plan 洪範

----------------------------------------
Edited by SJY:

我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

1. The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", ''Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents)'')

==='''Student 3 : (Zhijun Ren)'''===
----
若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(the king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”1

1. 《周书·洪范》“皇极：皇建其有极。敛时五福，用敷锡厥庶民。惟时厥庶民于汝极。锡汝保极：凡厥庶民，无有淫朋，人无有比德，惟皇作极。凡厥庶民，有猷有为有守，汝则念之。不协于极，不罹于咎，皇则受之。而康而色，曰：‘予攸好德。’汝则锡之福。时人斯其惟皇之极。无虐茕独而畏高明，人之有能有为，使羞其行，而邦其昌。凡厥正人，既富方谷，汝弗能使有好于而家，时人斯其辜。于其无好德，汝虽锡之福，其作汝用咎。无偏无陂，遵王之义；无有作好，遵王之道；无有作恶，尊王之路。无偏无党，王道荡荡；无党无偏，王道平平；无反无侧，王道正直。会其有极，归其有极。曰：皇，极之敷言，是彝是训，于帝其训，凡厥庶民，极之敷言，是训是行，以近天子之光。曰：天子作民父母，以为天下王。”

==='''Student 4 : (King Kwong Wong)'''===
----
予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.(?)</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

<references />

==='''Student 5 : (Hu Jing)'''===
----
於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕

As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentaion, looking at each other astonishedly and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselve from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. （It is more abhorret that）the bureaucrats call at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tigher. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.
<references />

==='''Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
----
唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

"Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.1) Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."2) His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

1) This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).

2) Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.

==='''Student 7 : (Jong Woo Park)'''===
----
7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。
Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.
<references />

==='''Student 8 : (Masha)'''===
----
8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"<br />

According to the instructions of my predecessor,1 which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,2 and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people3 were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup4 to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."<br />

1. King Jeongjo<br />

2. Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.<br />

3. Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.<br />

4. With the help of the ministers who aided the governing?

==='''Student 9 : (Kim Young)'''===
----

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

==='''Student 10 : (Irina)'''===
----

內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民.

36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave them all a freedom.

仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外.

All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned in front of gate Donhwa-mun (1).

其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。

??? The funds of slavery I substituted with military force. ??? (2)

於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉?

Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous?

特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

(1) Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.

(2) 壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784). ...

==='''Student 11 : (Dohee jeong)'''===
----

自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬,
From now on, It will succeed during ten million years and then there will be made peaceful the house and the farm.

守其墳墓,
The people would keep tomb.

婚姻以時,
The people will marry at a well timed.

生齒日息, 稼穡不愆,
The people have not a bad harvest in their daily life.

嬉遊謳歌
So they pleasurably sing and play

用副予體先朝子視之苦心。
Come up to my expectations, which I model the late king who desire to intend the slave like son.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【written by Haengim Yoon in first academician】

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

=='''Further Readings'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[http://kadhlab103.com/wiki/index.php/어제경민음 (Korean text) King Yeongjo’s Admonition for the People” (Eoje gyeongmineum 御製警民音, 1762)]'''
* View together with '''[[정조 윤음 번역|(Translation) King Jeongjo, “Royal dictum to encourage farming” (Gweonnong yuneum 勸農綸音, 1781)]]'''
* View together with '''[http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01777219 윤행임尹行恁(1762~1801)의 정치 활동과 학문 성향 Yoon Haeng-im(尹行恁)’s Political Activities and Academic Views]'''

</div>

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

2017-07-20T11:53:05Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 순조1년윤음.png
|English = King Sunjo’s Instruction on the Emancipation of the Public Slaves
|Chinese =
|Korean =
|Genre = [[Royal Documents]]
|Type = [[ ]]
|Author = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=kwa_10101028_003 ｢純祖實錄｣『朝鮮王朝實錄』2卷, 純祖 1年(1801) 1月 28日乙巳 (淸嘉慶 6年)]
|Year = 1801
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
○綸音, 若曰:

1. 予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。

2. 我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

3. 若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

4. 予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

5. 於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕。

6. 唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。’ 聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。

8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

10. 內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民, 仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外。其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉? 特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

11. 自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬, 守其墳墓, 婚姻以時, 生齒日息, 稼穡不愆, 嬉遊謳歌。用副予體先朝子視之苦心。【大提學尹行恁製。】
||

1. I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow (omitted). <ref>Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.
</ref> The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Zhu zi’s exposition goes like this: Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, “When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.”

2. The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country),<ref>The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.</ref> he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan. <ref>Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents))</ref> With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

3. As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(the king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”1

1. 《周书·洪范》“皇极：皇建其有极。敛时五福，用敷锡厥庶民。惟时厥庶民于汝极。锡汝保极：凡厥庶民，无有淫朋，人无有比德，惟皇作极。凡厥庶民，有猷有为有守，汝则念之。不协于极，不罹于咎，皇则受之。而康而色，曰：‘予攸好德。’汝则锡之福。时人斯其惟皇之极。无虐茕独而畏高明，人之有能有为，使羞其行，而邦其昌。凡厥正人，既富方谷，汝弗能使有好于而家，时人斯其辜。于其无好德，汝虽锡之福，其作汝用咎。无偏无陂，遵王之义；无有作好，遵王之道；无有作恶，尊王之路。无偏无党，王道荡荡；无党无偏，王道平平；无反无侧，王道正直。会其有极，归其有极。曰：皇，极之敷言，是彝是训，于帝其训，凡厥庶民，极之敷言，是训是行，以近天子之光。曰：天子作民父母，以为天下王。”

4. For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.(?)</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentaion, looking at each other astonishedly and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselve from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. （It is more abhorret that）the bureaucrats call at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tigher. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.
<references />

==='''Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
----
唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

"Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.1) Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."2) His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

1) This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).

2) Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.

==='''Student 7 : (Jong Woo Park)'''===
----
7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。
Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.
<references />

==='''Student 8 : (Masha)'''===
----
8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"<br />

According to the instructions of my predecessor,1 which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,2 and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people3 were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup4 to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."<br />

1. King Jeongjo<br />

2. Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.<br />

3. Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.<br />

4. With the help of the ministers who aided the governing?

==='''Student 9 : (Kim Young)'''===
----

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

==='''Student 10 : (Irina)'''===
----

內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民.

36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave them all a freedom.

仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外.

All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned in front of gate Donhwa-mun (1).

其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。

??? The funds of slavery I substituted with military force. ??? (2)

於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉?

Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous?

特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

(1) Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.

(2) 壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784). ...

==='''Student 11 : (Dohee jeong)'''===
----

自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬,
From now on, It will succeed during ten million years and then there will be made peaceful the house and the farm.

守其墳墓,
The people would keep tomb.

婚姻以時,
The people will marry at a well timed.

生齒日息, 稼穡不愆,
The people have not a bad harvest in their daily life.

嬉遊謳歌
So they pleasurably sing and play

用副予體先朝子視之苦心。
Come up to my expectations, which I model the late king who desire to intend the slave like son.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【written by Haengim Yoon in first academician】
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Instructor : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

==='''Student 1 : (Jinsook You)'''===
----
予方讀中庸矣。凡爲天下國家, 有九經, 第六曰: ‘子庶民也。’ 朱夫子釋之曰: ‘視百姓猶吾子,’ 予未始不掩卷而歎也。子之事父也, 哀苦而必赴焉, 父之育子也, 疾病而必救焉。君民之間, 眷顧蘄向之切, 亦猶父子云爾。
I have read the Document of Mean and it reads: “All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow. (omitted)1) The sixth is 'Treat your people as your children.’” Zhu zi’s exposition goes like this: Whenever I close the Book, I cannot help but exclaim, “When children serve their father, they should obey their father, whatever sacrifice it might require. When fathers raise their children, they should come to the rescue of their ailing or crippled children, however painful it might be. As for the relationship between the king and his subjects, they should take care of each other's expectations and wishes with sincerity just as sons and fathers do.”

1) Since it is a direct quotation from the Document of Mean and from the King skips to the sixth standard, I put parentheses here to indicate the omission from the first to fifth.

==='''Student 2 : Martin'''===
----
我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

In our country all court and public offices have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this started with Kija. I say that it is not like this. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established eight articles of instruction. The intention of the eight articles is the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

Food and basic commodities are primary, this means to nourish the lives. The minister of crime is in charge of prohibitions, this means to stop chaos. Using these eight policies to educate the people of the east, but the people of the east were ignorant and only knew this as the eight articles, but not as the eight policies. Thieves are to be divested and registered to become slaves; this is one of the eight articles. The upholding of these laws of punishment for the future with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics, together form the outer and inner.

1. Referencing the Sage Kija 箕子 who is said to have left the Zhou-Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. As written in the Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents) Kija proposed ideas of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou-Dynasty summarized as the Great Plan 洪範

----------------------------------------
Edited by SJY:

我國內寺各衙門之有奴婢, 傳之者, 以爲始於箕子, 予則曰不然也。箕子於東國, 設敎八條, 意八條者, 洪範之八政也。

The royal court and public offices in our country have slaves. According to tradition, it is considered that this originated with Kija. I say that it is not true. When Kija came to the East(ern Country)#1 , he established the eight articles of instruction. The eight articles mean the eight policies of the Great Plan#2.

食貨爲首, 所以養生也, 司寇掌禁, 所以戢亂也。以八政敎東民, 東民蚩蚩, 只知爲八條, 不知爲八政, 而盜者沒入爲奴婢, 卽八條之一也。此蓋司寇之法所由來者, 與《中庸》九經, 相表裏也。

With [the policies of] food and money are as primary, [the Eight Policies] are the means of nourishing and let live the people. The minister of crime was in charge of prohibitions so as to preclude disorder. With these eight policies, [Kija] instructed the people of the east, however, ignorant as they were, the people of the east only knew that [Kija's instructions were] the eight articles [Kija taught], but not the Eight Policies. Thieves were confiscated and enrolled as slaves [in the public register]; this is one of the Eight Articles. This, in general, is how the minister of crime came into being, and it forms the integral part with the Doctrine of the Mean, of the nine classics.

1. The Sage Kija 箕子 is said to have left the Zhou Dynasty after the fall of Shang for the Korean peninsula to establish a new state. During Chosŏn times Kija was usually considered to have brought (Confucian-) culture to the peninsula and was venerated as an ancestor.

2. Kija composed the Great Plan to teach the fundamentals of statecraft to King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty ("the Great Plan 洪範", ''Shangshu 尙書 (Book of Documents)'')

==='''Student 3 : (Zhijun Ren)'''===
----
若如近世所謂奴婢之制, 官之責之也至苛, 人之待之也至賤, 別其族黨, 殊其井疆, 至老死不能嫁娶, 則其政也叔季耳。曾謂箕子之聖而爲是乎哉? 予則聞, 箕子之言曰: ‘斂時五福, 用敷錫厥庶民,’ 又曰: ‘無虐甇獨,’ 又曰: ‘作民父母, 爲天下王。"

As to the so-called institution of male and female slaves, the government extracts from them harshly and severely, people treat them in demeaning and derogatory ways. Discriminate their clan and group, separate their place (where they could stay), they are not allowed to marry even till their days of old age and death, this is the policy of a declining age. Some may wonder, how could a sage like Kija do this? I have heard, Kija’s words state that: “(the king) concentrates in his own person the five (sources of) happiness, and proceeds to diffuse them, and give them to the multitudes of the people. ” Kija also said: “Do not oppress and mistreat the friendless and childless ” and “to be the parents of the populace, to be the king of all under heaven.”1

1. 《周书·洪范》“皇极：皇建其有极。敛时五福，用敷锡厥庶民。惟时厥庶民于汝极。锡汝保极：凡厥庶民，无有淫朋，人无有比德，惟皇作极。凡厥庶民，有猷有为有守，汝则念之。不协于极，不罹于咎，皇则受之。而康而色，曰：‘予攸好德。’汝则锡之福。时人斯其惟皇之极。无虐茕独而畏高明，人之有能有为，使羞其行，而邦其昌。凡厥正人，既富方谷，汝弗能使有好于而家，时人斯其辜。于其无好德，汝虽锡之福，其作汝用咎。无偏无陂，遵王之义；无有作好，遵王之道；无有作恶，尊王之路。无偏无党，王道荡荡；无党无偏，王道平平；无反无侧，王道正直。会其有极，归其有极。曰：皇，极之敷言，是彝是训，于帝其训，凡厥庶民，极之敷言，是训是行，以近天子之光。曰：天子作民父母，以为天下王。”

==='''Student 4 : (King Kwong Wong)'''===
----
予以是益知奴婢之制, 不自箕子始也。恭惟我肅宗大王, 爲衆慼詢于庭, 減奴貢之半, 婢貢三之一, 我英宗大王, 爰稽有衆, 除婢貢, 又減奴貢之半。而內司推刷之弊, 固自如焉, 鍼其膚以輸其實, 磨其乳以驗其字, 閭里騷然, 雞犬爲之不寧。

For this reason, I know more about the institution of slavery: it was not originated from Kija. The reverent great king of Sukchong felt sorrowfully for his people and consulted his court. He reduced the tribute of male slaves by half and that of female slaves by one-third. As for the great king of Yǒngjong<ref>Yǒngjong was the original posthumous title of Yǒngjo before 1889.</ref>, his reform policies amounted to many. He abolished the tribute of male slaves and again reduced the tribute of female slaves one-third. But for the evil of Naesa ch’uswae<ref>Naesa ch’uswae 內司推刷 is the contraction of Naesusa ch’uswaegwan 內需司推刷官 (Slave Investigator of the Royal Treasury). They were dispatched by Naesusa to seek escaped slaves and return them back to Naesusa.(?)</ref>, it remained unchanged: female slaves are interrogated by stabbing needles into their skins, and their breasts are rubbed to examine their pregnancy. This caused turbulence among villagers, and for this hens and dogs are not at peace.

<references />

==='''Student 5 : (Hu Jing)'''===
----
於是, 有萬其命, 罔奠厥居, 夫別妻母別子, 叩膺抆血, 相顧錯愕, 不忍遽決。往往投之空門, 自絶大倫, 其女子皓顚編髮, 流乞于市。官吏日踵門索錢, 鞭之扑之, 其喝如虎, 冒點則費一牛之直, 侵隣則刮百家之産, 行路寒心, 至於隕涕

As a consequence, the multitude can neither find place to reside nor be in harmony with their condition. Spouses are torn apart, and mothers and children get separated. People beat their breasts in a deep lamentaion, looking at each other astonishedly and loth to part (from their families) in haste. Consequently, the people fade back into Buddhism in an endless stream, alienating themselve from the human relations.<ref> 大倫 refers to the relationship between fathers and sons, spouses, monarch and his officials, and friends.</ref> Females braid their white hair (shabbily) wandering and begging around the marketplace. （It is more abhorret that）the bureaucrats call at slaves' places to extort money every day, by lashing and whipping them, and scolding at them like a tigher. Should the slaves work recklessly, they will be asked to pay a cattle (as punishment); moreover, the bureaucrats encroach on the slave's neighbor<ref>In the Joseon dynasty, if the slave escape, his neighbor will be implicated and asked to labour instead.</ref> and plunder properties from hundreds of families. People who pass by (and see this) feel so pathetic that (all of them) shed tears.
<references />

==='''Student 6 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
----
唉! 彼無告, 獨何辜也? 及我先朝, 渙發德音, 特罷推刷命下之日, 老幼皷舞, 鴻渥闓澤, 薄于窮海。及至十有四年, 嶺南御史, 有言: ‘內司之奴負骸, 而訴於咸陽郡者。聖心惻然以驚, 亟焚其籍, 徧問諸道方伯, 十行恩言, 七更其端, 精誠貫金石, 孚感及豚魚。

"Alas! Why should those innocent people be treated as guilty, solely because they have nowhere to appeal?" Hence, the sound of virtue (royal words) resonated all across the country at the time of my predecessor.1) Indeed, old and young people danced together with drums out of delight, when the order was given to the people, through which the law of chasing after evaded slaves was abolished. Such enormous grace even spread out to poor and isolated villages. However, Yongnam officials said in the 14th year (1790): "There is a slave of an inner-official, who carried a skeleton of a body, and appealed to the magistrate of Hamyang."2) His highness found it pathetic and astounding, and hence ordered the (related) documents to be burned. Also, he reached out to the chief-magistrates of the provinces, bestowed upon them ten lines of gracious words, and endeavored to rectify the problems seven times in total. In this regard, his sincerity was powerful enough to penetrate metal and stones, and his earnest grace even extended to pigs and fish.

1) This refers to King Chongjo (reign: 1776-1800).

2) Hamyang is a county in Kyongsang Province.

==='''Student 7 : (Jong Woo Park)'''===
----
7. 道狀、籌啓, 紛然堆積於左右, 宸憂憧憧, 惟日夕愀乎恤乎, 當食則停筯而不進, 當寢則繞榻而不寢。筵諭庭誥, 反覆丁寧, 而有司之臣, 不能對揚休命, 雖一二減額, 寔非我先朝博施之盛意也。
Even though reports sent from the provisional governors and the Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa)<ref>The Border Defense Council has become the supreme administrative organ since the Japanese invasions (1592-98) in mid-Chosŏn.</ref> were piled up here and there, the royal worries were intensified. The king grieved for it all day long. When eating, the king's spoon stopped and did not proceed into his mouth. When night came, the king paced around the bedroom but could not go to sleep. During the royal lecture (kyŏngyŏn), the king made proclamations. At the court, the king issued instructions. He did this sincerely and repeatedly. However, the officials in charge were unable to carry out the royal decree as the king intended. Although the amount of burden [that slaves had to carry] has been alleviated,<ref>It refers to the tax reduction by King Sukchong and King Yŏngjo mentioned earlier.</ref> it is not that the previous kings’ great intention was fully executed.
<references />

==='''Student 8 : (Masha)'''===
----
8. 記昔先朝之訓曰: ‘羽籥不設而民驩之, 軒裳不加而民懷之者, 陰陽以統其精氣, 仁義以經其事業也。故御和羹以平其神, 聽和聲以平其志, 納和言以平其政, 履和行以平其德。今者民以奴婢名, 而冤鬱上干天和, 風雨不節, 禾麥不登, 予用玆疚心, 心不得和。和予心者, 其在乎奴婢之革也。"<br />

According to the instructions of my predecessor,1 which said: "People were delighted when the court music was not set up,2 and the people missed [the time] when the numbers of distinguished people3 were not growing. Yin and Yang united the vital energies and benevolence and righteousness weaved the enterprise. Therefore, [the king] administers with a well-balanced soup4 to equalize the spirits, follows harmonious sounds to equalize the intentions, takes harmonious words to equalize the policy, and treads on harmonious paths to equalize the virtue. Nowadays, people are called by the names of ''no'' (male slave) and ''bi'' (female slave), and their disgruntled minds reached the harmonious heaven above. Wind and rain are out of control, rice and wheat do not sprout. With this sense of shame my mind cannot be at peace. In order to put my mind at peace, I cared about changes in ''nobi'' [situation]."<br />

1. King Jeongjo<br />

2. Literally, feathers and flutes, which in the ancient times were attributes of the musicians at the ceremonial rites and banquets at the court.<br />

3. Literally, carriage and garments, stood for the image of a nobleman riding on a carriage.<br />

4. With the help of the ministers who aided the governing?

==='''Student 9 : (Kim Young)'''===
----

9. 此廷臣之所承聞而贊頌之者也。今予踐位行禮, 思慕號呼, 念堂構之丕責, 鞏磐泰之洪基, 卽惟曰繼其志也, 述其事也, 繼志述事, 莫有先於奴婢之制。且況王者莅民, 無貴賤無內外, 均是赤子, 曰奴曰婢, 區而分之, 豈一視同胞之義也?

This was what the officials at the court heard and praised [about my predecessor]. Now as I succeed the throne and conduct the rites, thinking [of my predecessor] and crying out [for him], I must remember the great responsibility of [continuing] his glorious tasks, and solidify the grand enterprise as firmly as a boulder and Mount Tai. Only then could I speak of succeeding my predecessor's will and carrying out his work. In succeeding his will and carrying out his work, nothing could come before [the abolishing of] slavery. What is more, when a king attends to his people, there is no high and low, inner and outer, all are his children. To speak of slaves, to classify them and discriminate among them, how could it be the meaning of seeing them equally as brothers and sisters?

==='''Student 10 : (Irina)'''===
----

內奴婢三萬六千九百七十四、寺奴婢二萬九千九十三, 幷許爲良民.

36 974 of public slaves, 29 093 of private slaves, I gave them all a freedom.

仍令承政院, 聚奴婢案, 火之敦化門外.

All the slave registers from the Ministries of Personnel, I have burned in front of gate Donhwa-mun (1).

其貢有需於經費者, 命壯勇營代給以爲式。

??? The funds of slavery I substituted with military force. ??? (2)

於戲! 予豈敢曰惠之云乎哉?

Ah! Will I be able to say that I have done something generous?

特先朝未卒之志事, 修而明之耳。

The great enterprises the deceased King has undertaken, will be accomplished in the future.

(1) Donhwa-mun 敦化門|돈화문 is one of the gates in the royal palace Chandok-kun in Seoul.

(2) 壯勇營|장용영 was a system of military service, first founded in the eight year of King Cheonjo's reign (1784). ...

==='''Student 11 : (Dohee jeong)'''===
----

自玆以往, 維千萬年, 安其田廬,
From now on, It will succeed during ten million years and then there will be made peaceful the house and the farm.

守其墳墓,
The people would keep tomb.

婚姻以時,
The people will marry at a well timed.

生齒日息, 稼穡不愆,
The people have not a bad harvest in their daily life.

嬉遊謳歌
So they pleasurably sing and play

用副予體先朝子視之苦心。
Come up to my expectations, which I model the late king who desire to intend the slave like son.

【大提學尹行恁製。】
【written by Haengim Yoon in first academician】

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

=='''Further Readings'''==
<div style="color:#008080;">
* View together with '''[http://kadhlab103.com/wiki/index.php/어제경민음 (Korean text) King Yeongjo’s Admonition for the People” (Eoje gyeongmineum 御製警民音, 1762)]'''
* View together with '''[[정조 윤음 번역|(Translation) King Jeongjo, “Royal dictum to encourage farming” (Gweonnong yuneum 勸農綸音, 1781)]]'''
* View together with '''[http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01777219 윤행임尹行恁(1762~1801)의 정치 활동과 학문 성향 Yoon Haeng-im(尹行恁)’s Political Activities and Academic Views]'''

</div>

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

2017-07-20T11:34:25Z

Youngkim:

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案

2017-07-20T11:28:09Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노뒷간입안1.JPG
|English = A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 海南縣
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==
[[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] is the third and last appendix to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]]. It is a certificate issued by the county office notarizing an economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the ownership of the slave that is being sold. Together with other appendixes and the original contract, this appendix shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|

萬曆四十二年三月十五日昌(?)平官立案

右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及參證▣…▣

推閱招▣…▣有(?)等以本賤籍取納相考爲乎矣嘉靖四〔十〕

五年二月十三日康津縣斜給立案內石今年乙酉生身乙▣…▣

連亦中斜給爲臥乎所經官立案是乎等以向前石今所▣…▣

斤德三所生奴終男年丁酉生身乙買得的實爲在▣…▣

奴㖍間▣…▣後所生幷以永永斜給爲遣葉作▣…▣

粘退合行立案者

行縣監[署押]

||

(Translated by Jong Woo Park)

The forty-second year of Manryeok (1614), third month, fifth day.

Registered by the administrative office of the Pyeongchang County (present-day Gangjin, Jeollanamdo).

This document is the certified copy [of the county slave register]. I have inquired about the attached document [of slave transaction], the oral statements, and everything else.

I have [also] closely examined them with the slave register of the county government office.

There is a registration document issued by the Gangjin County on the thirteenth day of the second month in the forty-fifth year of Gajeong (1566).

[In that document, there is a record that] Seokgeum, born in the year of Eulyu, gave Jeongryeon a copy [of the slave register] and the office [of Gangjin], thereupon, has the record of him.

It is certain that Jongnam, a male slave born in the year of Jeongyu and the third child of Geundeok—a child of Seokgeum--, has recently been purchased.

I, [therefore,] give the slave Privy and his offspring the copy of the document with the attachment of the official decision.

This process is done legally and properly.

County Magistrate [Stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
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*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案

2017-07-20T11:26:30Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노뒷간입안1.JPG
|English = A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 海南縣
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==
[[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] is the third and last appendix to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]]. It is a certificate issued by the county office notarizing an economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the ownership of the slave that is being sold. Together with other appendixes and the original contract, this appendix shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|

萬曆四十二年三月十五日昌(?)平官立案

右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及參證▣…▣

推閱招▣…▣有(?)等以本賤籍取納相考爲乎矣嘉靖四〔十〕

五年二月十三日康津縣斜給立案內石今年乙酉生身乙▣…▣

連亦中斜給爲臥乎所經官立案是乎等以向前石今所▣…▣

斤德三所生奴終男年丁酉生身乙買得的實爲在▣…▣

奴㖍間▣…▣後所生幷以永永斜給爲遣葉作▣…▣

粘退合行立案者

行縣監[署押]

||

(Translation by Jong Woo Park)

The forty-second year of Manryeok (1614), third month, fifth day.

Registered by the administrative office of the Pyeongchang County (present-day Gangjin, Jeollanamdo).

This document is the certified copy [of the county slave register]. I have inquired about the attached document [of slave transaction], the oral statements, and everything else.

I have [also] closely examined them with the slave register of the county government office.

There is a registration document issued by the Gangjin County on the thirteenth day of the second month in the forty-fifth year of Gajeong (1566).

[In that document, there is a record that] Seokgeum, born in the year of Eulyu, gave Jeongryeon a copy [of the slave register] and the office [of Gangjin], thereupon, has the record of him.

It is certain that Jongnam, a male slave born in the year of Jeongyu and the third child of Geundeok—a child of Seokgeum--, has recently been purchased.

I, [therefore,] give the slave Privy and his offspring the copy of the document with the attachment of the official decision.

This process is done legally and properly.

County Magistrate [Stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

2017-07-20T11:19:58Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년득록초사.JPG
|English = Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年得祿招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 金得祿
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is a second appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is a testimony made by the three witnesses including Kim Deukrok to an economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow to a late scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, and a temple slave Privy.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
同日前參奉金遇年五十一幼學金得▣…▣

▣…▣得祿年卅二

白等仍(?)呈海南居寺奴㖍間課▣…▣

記內乙用良金氏亦奴子後?▣…▣

窮是▣…▣在亦白於金氏亦家窘切迫▣…▣

奴鄭連買得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終

男年十八丁酉生身乙價楮貨四千張

本正木二十五疋丁禾五雄▣…▣

上爲▣後所生幷以永永放▣…▣

各各參證的只乎事

白[着名]

白[着名]

白[着名]

官[署押]

||

(Translated by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]])

The same day, ex-public servant Kim Wu, who is fifty-one years of age, scholar Kim Deukmyeong, who is ?? years of age, and scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok, who is thirty-two years of age, have reported:

"Based on the appendix attached to the temple slave Privy's invocation, you [the official at the magistrate] have told us to verify the truth of the fact that Mrs. Kim sold a slave. We verify that after the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of Mrs. Kim's household has become so pressing, so she sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom Mrs Kim's late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. It is the case that we all witnessed this."

Reported by xxx [Signature]

Reported by ooo [Signature]

Reported by --- [Signature]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

2017-07-20T11:18:19Z

Youngkim: /* Original Script */

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년득록초사.JPG
|English = Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年得祿招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 金得祿
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is a second appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is a testimony made by the three witnesses including Kim Deukrok to an economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow to a late scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, and a temple slave Privy.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
同日前參奉金遇年五十一幼學金得▣…▣

▣…▣得祿年卅二

白等仍(?)呈海南居寺奴㖍間課▣…▣

記內乙用良金氏亦奴子後?▣…▣

窮是▣…▣在亦白於金氏亦家窘切迫▣…▣

奴鄭連買得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終

男年十八丁酉生身乙價楮貨四千張

本正木二十五疋丁禾五雄▣…▣

上爲▣後所生幷以永永放▣…▣

各各參證的只乎事

白[着名]

白[着名]

白[着名]

官[署押]

||

The same day, ex-public servant Kim Wu, who is fifty-one years of age, scholar Kim Deukmyeong, who is ?? years of age, and scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok, who is thirty-two years of age, have reported:

"Based on the appendix attached to the temple slave Privy's invocation, you [the official at the magistrate] have told us to verify the truth of the fact that Mrs. Kim sold a slave. We verify that after the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of Mrs. Kim's household has become so pressing, so she sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom Mrs Kim's late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. It is the case that we all witnessed this."

Reported by xxx [Signature]

Reported by ooo [Signature]

Reported by --- [Signature]

(Translated by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]])
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

2017-07-20T11:17:14Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년득록초사.JPG
|English = Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年得祿招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 金得祿
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is a second appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is a testimony made by the three witnesses including Kim Deukrok to an economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow to a late scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, and a temple slave Privy.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
同日前參奉金遇年五十一幼學金得▣…▣

▣…▣得祿年卅二

白等仍(?)呈海南居寺奴㖍間課▣…▣

記內乙用良金氏亦奴子後?▣…▣

窮是▣…▣在亦白於金氏亦家窘切迫▣…▣

奴鄭連買得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終

男年十八丁酉生身乙價楮貨四千張

本正木二十五疋丁禾五雄▣…▣

上爲▣後所生幷以永永放▣…▣

各各參證的只乎事

白[着名]

白[着名]

白[着名]

官[署押]

||

(Translated by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]])

The same day, ex-public servant Kim Wu, who is fifty-one years of age, scholar Kim Deukmyeong, who is ?? years of age, and scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok, who is thirty-two years of age, have reported:

"Based on the appendix attached to the temple slave Privy's invocation, you [the official at the magistrate] have told us to verify the truth of the fact that Mrs. Kim sold a slave. We verify that after the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of Mrs. Kim's household has become so pressing, so she sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom Mrs Kim's late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. It is the case that we all witnessed this."

Reported by xxx [Signature]

Reported by ooo [Signature]

Reported by --- [Signature]
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T11:11:21Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Testimony by xxx [stamp]

County Magistrate [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T11:08:50Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this have been the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?
# Why do you think the yangban families and corporations of the Joseon dynasty had their slaves serve as their economic agents? Would it be possible to explain the practice from the perspective of neo-Confucianism?

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술 | 정우섭 | 열화당 | 2015
* 조선시대 노비와 토지 소유 방식 | 이정수 | 경북대학교 출판부 | 2006

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T11:07:01Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this have been the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술 | 정우섭 | 열화당 | 2015
* 조선시대 노비와 토지 소유 방식 | 이정수 | 경북대학교 출판부 | 2006

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T11:06:01Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by [[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]]):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술 | 정우섭 | 열화당 | 2015
* 조선시대 노비와 토지 소유 방식 | 이정수 | 경북대학교 출판부 | 2006

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

사용자:Youngkim

2017-07-20T11:00:55Z

Youngkim:

[[사용자:Youngkim | Kim Young]] is a participant of [[(2017SHWJA) 여름 한문 워크샵 Summer Hanmun Workshop]]. She is a PhD student at University of Wisconsin-Madison.

사용자:Youngkim

2017-07-20T10:59:04Z

Youngkim:

Kim Young is a participant of 2017 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop. She is a PhD student at University of Wisconsin-Madison.

사용자:Youngkim

2017-07-20T10:58:49Z

Youngkim: 새 문서: Kim Young is a participant of 2017 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop. She s a PhD student at University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Kim Young is a participant of 2017 Jangseogak Hanmun Workshop. She s a PhD student at University of Wisconsin-Madison.

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:57:46Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = Kim Young
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:56:27Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor = Kim Young
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Testimony by xxx [stamp]

County Magistrate [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:49:00Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Reported by xxx [stamp]

Official [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:48:26Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:46:00Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:41:31Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One, [[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. Appendix Two, [[(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭 | Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse]], is a testimony made by the three witnesses including a man named Kim Deukrok to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 | A Certificate of trading a slave with a horse]] issued by the county office notarizing this economic transaction. The certificate explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:35:11Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年招辭 | A statement of trading a slave with a horse]] is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Reported by xxx [stamp]

Official [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:34:02Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A statement of trading slave with a horse" is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 | A Document of trading a slave with a horse]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Reported by xxx [stamp]

Official [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:30:45Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A statement of trading slave with a horse" is an appendix attached to [[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文]] written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Reported by xxx [stamp]

Official [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:30:04Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[ (Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 ]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is an official documentary proof issued by the county magistrate notarizing this economic transaction. It explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:24:40Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

[[(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文]] is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is an official documentary proof issued by the county magistrate notarizing this economic transaction. It explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

2017-07-20T10:15:04Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년득록초사.JPG
|English = Kim Deukrok's Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年得祿招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 金得祿
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

--- is a second appendix attached to --- written in 1614. It is a testimony made by the three witnesses to an economic transaction.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
同日前參奉金遇年五十一幼學金得▣…▣

▣…▣得祿年卅二

白等仍(?)呈海南居寺奴㖍間課▣…▣

記內乙用良金氏亦奴子後?▣…▣

窮是▣…▣在亦白於金氏亦家窘切迫▣…▣

奴鄭連買得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終

男年十八丁酉生身乙價楮貨四千張

本正木二十五疋丁禾五雄▣…▣

上爲▣後所生幷以永永放▣…▣

各各參證的只乎事

白[着名]

白[着名]

白[着名]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

The same day, ex-public servant Kim Wu, who is fifty-one years of age, scholar Kim Deukmyeong, who is ?? years of age, and scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok, who is thirty-two years of age, have reported:

"Based on the appendix attached to the temple slave Privy's invocation, you [the official at the magistrate] have told us to verify the truth of the fact that Mrs. Kim sold a slave. We verify that after the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of Mrs. Kim's household has become so pressing, so she sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom Mrs Kim's late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. It is the case that we all witnessed this."

Reported by xxx [Signature]

Reported by ooo [Signature]

Reported by --- [Signature]
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年招辭

2017-07-20T10:12:47Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Statement of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年招辭
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XD.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_002&fname=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 초사(''Chosa'')]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = (證人)
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년사노두잇노비매매명문.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文|III-4. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan Nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A statement of trading slave with a horse" is an appendix attached to --- written in 1614. It is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim, a widow of a scholar-in-training named Yun Sahoe, at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
사진 틀림 (아래 텍스트는 정수환 선생님 유인물을 참고하여 김영이 교정함)

(甲寅三月十五)日故幼學尹思誨妻金氏年▣

十三

白等海南居寺奴㖍間課狀粘連文記(據)

良奴婢妨賣眞僞推考敎是臥(乎在亦)

(亂)後家(窘切)迫爲乎等以家翁(邊奴鄭連買)

得婢石今女斤德三所生奴終男年(十八丁酉生身乙)

同人處價折楮貨四千張本正木(貳拾伍匹本禾)

五雄馬(一隻)捧上爲遣後所生幷以永(永放賣)

的實(爲臥乎)事

白氏[圖署]

官[署押]

||

(By Kim Young)

On the fifth day of the third month of Gapyin year (1614), Mrs. Kim, something-three years old (probably forty-three), who is the wife of the late scholar-in-training Yun Sahoe, said:

"Based on the appendix attached to the invocation made by the temple slave Privy, you [the official at the magistrate] have told me to verify the truth of the fact that I sold a slave. After the war, the destitute and desperate circumstances of my household has become so pressing, so I sold the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--and his offspring forever to the same person [Privy] in exchange for a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton or four-thousand paper bills. I verify that this was the case."

Reported by xxx [stamp]

Official [stamp]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T10:09:24Z

Youngkim: /* Introduction */

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down for record-keeping. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. The third and last appendix is an official documentary proof issued by the county magistrate notarizing this economic transaction. It explains each step of the verification process taken by the county office: collecting and comparing all the testimonies, and looking up the slave register to confirm the fact that a slave named Seokgeum was indeed bought by the slave Jeomryeon. Together with the appendixes, this contract shows a highly developed bureaucratic and administrative system in Joseon Korea.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T09:48:58Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited to the next generation), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T09:48:06Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable. If Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Seokgeum's grandson would also have been Jeomryeon's property (the slave status was inherited in the Joseon dynasty), so Mrs. Kim would not have the right to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the actual buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, in the Joseon society there were slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T09:35:53Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves work as legal agents and sign economic contrasts in their stead.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable, because if Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Mrs. Kim would not be able to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the real buyer of Seokgeum. The reason Mrs. Kim clarifies this fact in the contract is that the official contract for the purchase of Seokgeum was signed by Jeomryeon, not her husband. In fact, one of the official appendixes attached to this contract states that the county officer confirmed the existence of a previous contact proving the fact that Jeomryeon had indeed bought Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, there were many slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T09:29:35Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves sign economic contracts as legal agents.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable, because if Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Mrs. Kim would not be able to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the real buyer of Seokgeum. The reason Mrs. Kim clarifies this fact in the contract is that the official contract for the purchase of Seokgeum was signed by Jeomryeon, not her husband. In fact, one of the official appendixes attached to this contract states that the county officer confirmed the existence of a previous contact proving the fact that Jeomryeon had indeed bought Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, there were many slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T09:20:05Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not a member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple-slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves sign economic contracts as legal agents.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable, because if Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Mrs. Kim would not be able to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the real buyer of Seokgeum. The reason Mrs. Kim clarifies this fact in the contract is that the official contract for the purchase of Seokgeum was signed by Jeomryeon, not her husband. In fact, one of the official appendixes attached to this contract states that the county officer confirmed the existence of a previous contact proving the fact that Jeomryeon had indeed bought Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, there were many slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T07:51:30Z

Youngkim: /* Introduction */

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple-slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves sign economic contracts as legal agents.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable, because if Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Mrs. Kim would not be able to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the real buyer of Seokgeum. The reason Mrs. Kim clarifies this fact in the contract is that the official contract for the purchase of Seokgeum was signed by Jeomryeon, not her husband. In fact, one of the official appendixes attached to this contract states that the county officer confirmed the existence of a previous contact proving the fact that Jeomryeon had indeed bought Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, there were many slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing service or labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent for the master.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to the temple slave Privy in exchange for a horse. The second appendix is a testimony made by the three witnesses to this economic transaction. In order for an economic contract such as this one to be notarized by the county office, all pertaining individuals (seller, buyer, and witnesses) had to be present at the office and make their oral testimonies, which the scribe wrote down. This shows the highly developed bureaucracy and legal system of Joseon Korea. But noteworthy is the fact that Mrs. Kim also chose to be present at the office and give oral testimony, instead of sending her testimony in the form of a letter as many women did at the time. In the third and last appendix, the county magistrate describes the process of verifying the testimonies and other relevant official records, and approves of the transaction as official.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

2017-07-20T07:29:31Z

Youngkim:

{{Primary Source Document3

|Image = 1614년사노두잇노비매매명문1.JPG
|English = A Document of trading a slave with a horse
|Chinese = 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文
|Korean = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/imageViewer/ImageViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001&refuci=G002+AKS+KSM-XE.1614.0000-20101008.B003a_003_01076_001-IMG.001.jpg 1614년 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문]
|Genre = Social Life and Economic Strategies
|Type = Record
|Author = 尹思誨妻金氏
|Year = 1614
|Key Concepts= Trading
|Translator = [[2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#수강생 | Participants of 2017 Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2017

}}

<gallery>
파일:1614년(사노뒷간)초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年招辭|III-5. 1614年招辭 초사(''Chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년득록초사.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭|III-6. 1614年得祿招辭 득록 초사(''Deukrok chosa'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간입안.JPG|link=(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案|III-7. 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案 사노 뒷간 입안(''Sano Dwooibigan iban'') 1614
파일:1614년사노뒷간노비매매명문.JPG|*1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文 사노 뒷간 노비매매명문(''Sano Dwooibigan nobimaemaemyeongmoon'') 1614(全)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

"A Document of trading a slave with a horse" is an old document of Joseon Korea obtained from Nogudang (the House of Green Rain Forest), the residence of the leading family of Haenam Yun clan in Jeollanamdo. Written in 1614, it is a contract of economic transaction between Mrs. Kim, a widow of a man named Yun Sahoe (who was not member of Haenam Yun clan), and a male slave named Privy. Mrs. Kim, on account of her family's reduced circumstances after the war (Imjin waeran) and her husband's death, sells an eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a five-year-old male horse worth twenty-five bulks of cotton.

In the document, Privy is referred to as 寺奴. While the term is usually pronounced as "sino" and means a capital bureau slave in Joseon Korea, in this particular instance it may refer to a slave working for a Buddhist temple. In such case the word is pronounced "sano" (literally meaning temple-slave). It is most likely that Privy was a slave belonging to Daeheungsa (a.k.a. Daedunsa), a Buddhist temple in Haenam County near Nogudang which maintained a close relationship with Haenam Yun clan, where this document was preserved. Therefore, it is certain that the slave Privy was not buying a slave for himself, but only working as a legal agent for Daeheungsa. It was a common practice for the Yangban families and corporate institutions such as Buddhist temples and Confucian academies to have their slaves sign economic contracts as legal agents.

This knowledge is necessary to fully understand the content of this economic contract. The contract states that Mrs. Kim is selling the slave Jongnam, whose is a grandson of a female slave Seokgeum. The contract also states that Seokgeum was bought by Mrs. Kim's late husband's slave Jeomryeon. This opens up two possible interpretations: either Jeomryeon had bought Seokgeum as his own property, or Jeomryeon was working as a legal agent for Mrs. Kim's late husband. But the first possibility is untenable, because if Seokgeum was Jeomryeon's property then Mrs. Kim would not be able to sell off Seokgeum's grandson Jongnam. Therefore, it is only reasonable to think that Jeomryeon was acting as a legal agent to Mrs. Kim's late husband, who was the real buyer of Seokgeum.

But this does not mean that slaves could not buy slaves for themselves. In fact, there were many slaves who amassed wealth and engaged in economic transactions such as buying and selling land, slaves, etc. Acquisition of wealth and ownership of private property was especially prominent among tribute-paying slaves (napgong nobi), whose obligation to the master was limited to paying taxes and did not include providing labor. For this reason, when reading economic contracts of Joseon Korea, it is important to discern the case of a slave acting as his own representative and the case of a slave acting as a legal agent.

This document stands out from other old contracts of economic transaction in that all the appendixes attached by the county office to the original contract are, save for some minor tear and damage, preserved in tact. There are three appendixes in total. Appendix One is an official record of the testimony made by Mrs. Kim at the county office verifying the fact that she indeed sold the male slave Jongnam to Privy in exchange for a horse.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
萬曆四十二年甲寅〔三〕月〔十三〕日寺奴斗{伊+叱}間處明文

右明文爲臥乎事段亂後蕩破之後家窘切迫送終

之資乙不可不預備乙仍于家翁邊奴鄭連買得婢石

今女斤德三所生奴終男年十八丁酉生身乙同人處價▣

木貳拾伍匹本雄馬禾五一隻以交易捧上爲遣後〔所〕

生幷只永永放賣爲去乎後次某人是乃雜談〔有〕

去乙等此文記告官卞正事

奴主故〔幼學〕尹思誨妻金氏[圖署]

證▣…▣幼學金得祿[着名]

證▣…▣幼學金得命[着名]

筆執▣…▣娚前參奉金遇[着名][署押]

||
'''First Part (by Jong Woo):''' The forty-second year of Wanli (1614), (third) month, (thirteenth) day.The document to Twitkkan, a public slave. As to what this documents pertains, the reason [for the transaction] is that, in the aftermath of the war, my house has been impoverished to the point of having no money for the funeral and I cannot loan [money] from other people.

'''Middle Part (by Kim Young):''' I exchange the eighteen-year-old male slave Jongnam born in Jeongyu year--the son of a female slave Geundeok who is the daughter of a female slave Seokgeum whom my late husband's male slave Jeongryeon had bought [in his stead]--with a five-year-old male horse that is worth twenty-five bulks of cotton. All offspring [of Jongnam] hereafter...

'''Ending Part (by Martin Gehlmann):''' …are also sold permanently. If at a later time someone or so should have a dispute, [take] this document and report to the authorities for justice to this matter.

Slave master, deceased [scholar-in-training] Yun Sahoe’s Wife Mrs. Kim [Stamped]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukrok [Signature]

Witness, scholar-in-training Kim Deukmyeong [Signature]

Scribe, ?? Tomb Guardian Kim U [Signature] [Stamped]

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

* 정윤섭, ''녹우당 綠雨堂: 해남윤씨 댁의 역사와 문화예술'', 열화당, 2015.
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''Student 1 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Since the document was signed by Madame Kim and witnessed by (possibly) her relatives, would this the case that Madame Kim managed her husband's family property as the widow of the deceased Yun Sahoe?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

=='''Further Readings'''==

장서각위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

파일:Samgang seossi.jpg

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

(Translation) 烈女徐氏抱竹圖

2017 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)

(Translation) 純祖 1年 公奴婢制 革罷 綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年 公奴婢制 革罷 綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年 公奴婢制 革罷 綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年 公奴婢制 革罷 綸音

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 立案

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 立案

(Translation) 1614年 得祿 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 得祿 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 得祿 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

사용자:Youngkim

사용자:Youngkim

사용자:Youngkim

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 得祿 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 招辭

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年 寺奴 斗(伊+叱)間 奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

(Translation) 純祖 1年公奴婢制革罷綸音

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間立案

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年得祿招辭

(Translation) 1614年招辭

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文

(Translation) 1614年寺奴斗(伊+叱)間奴婢賣買明文