장서각위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-19T00:53:58Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hŭi (RR. Kim Hee. 1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng. on July 3rd, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hŭi is the son of Kim Sangkyŏng (RR. Kim Sanggyeong), whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to the office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present, to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literatus who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern provinces and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory, and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions, and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the Daoist trinity [三清] comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong's reign, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-19T00:51:46Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hŭi (RR. Kim Hee. 1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng. on July 3rd, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hŭi is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to the office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present, to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literatus who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern provinces and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory, and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions, and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the Daoist trinity [三清] comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong's reign, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T06:38:54Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng. on July 3rd, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to the office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present, to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literatus who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern provinces and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory, and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions, and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the Daoist trinity [三清] comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong's reign, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T06:36:51Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng. on July 3rd, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to the office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present, to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literatus who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern provinces and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory, and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions, and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong's reign, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T06:08:09Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng. on July 3rd, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to the office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T06:06:28Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of the etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

The 57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T05:26:55Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T05:26:34Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear their origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring you wine. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you have worked, be the tasks big or small, you have accomplished them with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep [言念丙枕宵旰之憂]. I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T01:46:50Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Sanggyeong, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Seoheung County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T01:41:22Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

Kim Hee is the son of Kim Seonggeng, whose hometown was Kwangsan. In the test of Augmented Liberal Arts of 1773, Kim Hee passed the imperial examination of Office of Scrutiny for War. In the year of 1777 (the 1st year of Jeongjo’s reign), he was selected as Censor of Scribing and Reporting. Later, he also undertook the duties of Assistant Official of Personnel Section, Subeditor, Grand Censor, Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Surveillance Commissioner of Gangwon Province , Councilor of Personnel Section, Great Keeper of the Fundamental Laws, Vice-minister of Personnel, First Adviser in the Office of Special Advisers, Horse Pasturage Supervisor of Gwangju, Minister of Justice Section, Minister of Rites Section, Surveillance Commissioner of Gyeonggi Province , Commissioner of Sŏhŭng County, Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province, and Senior Deliberative Official successively.

In the conflict of the sip'a and pyokp'a, the recommending of officials [to be appointed to office] became a contentious issue. Following this, after being the Supervisor of the Central Council,<ref>Translation of title found in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 200</ref> Kim then became the Head of the Central Council. After visiting Qing China in 1795 and 1797 as Deputy Envoy of Appreciation,<ref>謝恩使 translated as 'envoy of appreciation' in Oh, Young Kyun. 2013. Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Leiden and Boston: Brill, p. 72</ref> he entered the Hall of Senior Officials.<ref>Cho, Sun-mie. 2010. Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave. Translated by Lee Kyong-hee. Seoul: Dolbegae Publishers, p. 16</ref>

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1713年崔壽學原情 1

2019-07-18T01:04:53Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 최수학원정1_1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1713年崔壽學原情
|Korean = 1713년 최수학 원정(''ChoeSuhak Wonjeong'')
|Genre = [[Social Life and Litigation System]]
|Type = Civil Affair Document
|Author = 崔壽學
|Year = 1713
|Source = [http://sjw.history.go.kr/main.do 承政院日記 The Daily Records of Royal Secretariat of Joseon Dynasty]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:최수학원정1_2.jpg|崔壽學原情1(2)
File:승정원일기숙종39년7월21일.jpg|[http://sjw.history.go.kr/id/SJW-D39070210-02500 承政院日記肅宗 39年 7月 21日]
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==
金東白과의 相訟 건. 武人출신 양반 崔壽學과 平民 출신 金東白 간에 최씨 가문이 養山한 곳에서의 땔나무 斫伐, 사적 형벌(私門亂杖), 저수지에서의 물이용 등을 다툰 소송사건.

*작성시기: 1713년(숙종39)경의 草本 혹은 후대 전사본.
:- [http://sjw.history.go.kr/id/SJW-D39070210-02500 『承政院日記』 479책 (탈초본 25책) 숙종 39년 7월 21일 병인 25/62 기사.]
:- 1713년 康熙(淸/聖祖) 52년. 金鎭圭 등이 입시하여 崔壽學의 죄목과 처리에 대해 논의함.
*작 성 자: 崔壽學(1652~1714)
*수 취 자: 大邱都護府
*주 제 어: 就山負柴, 捉致毆打, 白晝裸體俯瞰, 散髮告官, 一足指浮氣, 私門亂杖五十度, 樵牧奪衣服斧斤橽檚, 長養柴木燔瓦分利, 柴炭發賣徵價村人, 鎭營燔瓦分用取三分之一納柴取瓦, 私堤貯水專利,

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
01 白等金東白妻金召史呈議送內今月初二日就山負柴

02 是去乙矣身捉致毆打私門亂杖五十度是如問目內辭緣

03 是置有亦同東白今月初二日良中矣所居案山壓近之處

04 晨登斫柴是乎矣白晝裸體俯瞰矣家內是去乙矣身不勝驚

05 駭使奴捉致是乎則同東白滿身全無所掩赤體之狀事涉

06 殊常有若惹起者是去乙矣身只令結縛以爲告官處置

07 之計而已元無一度下杖之事是如乎同東白卽令其妻被打重

08 傷是如散髮告官爲乎所欲令矣身驅入於罔惻之境是如可

09 幸賴城主神明之政卽致東白親審傷處是乎則元無

10 所傷處只有一足指浮氣而已是乎等以城主洞燭其誣訴之

11 由只囚矣奴是如乎不意今者東白又使其妻誣訴營門私門

12 亂杖至於五十度是如爲乎所初二日果爲五十度亂杖則初三

13 日營門親審時元無傷處萬無其理一夜之間五十度亂

14 杖處何至快完如常之境乎擧此一款其矣所謂轉仆荊棘解髮

15 結縛等說皆歸虛套是乎旀矣身養山近處往來樵牧乙或

16 奪衣服斧斤或爲橽檚又於長養柴木乙燔瓦分利是旀

17 柴炭發賣徵價村人是如問目內辭緣是置有亦矣身果有

18 若干養山處長養雜木已至累年則洞內村童輩皆知禁處

19 元無樵木之事則安有奪衣服奪斧斤撻檚之事乎設有

20 迷劣兒童或來伐柴是乎乃只示禁斷之意是乎則其矣奪

21 衣服斧斤等說盡是誣訴是乎旀至於燔瓦事段前營將

22 在任時新築坐起廳而所燔瓦木乙無路辦備乙仍于矣養

23 山雜木若許燔瓦則燔瓦分用是如爲去乙矣身果爲聽從

24 則鎭營燔瓦分用而矣身段只取三分之一則納柴取瓦自是

25 通行之規安有以此分利之事是乎旀設欲分利是乎乃鎭營

26 亦安有偏廳矣身之言符同分利之理乎萬萬無據是乎旀若

27 干柴木乙旣已赭山盡用於燔瓦之由一村大小人民無不共知

28 則亦安有柴炭納上時更有餘木發賣徵價之理乎其矣誣

29 訴構虛之狀節節昭然是乎旀至於私堤貯水專利等說尤爲

30 無據當初築堰之時一從堤下作者等所願合力設築是旀

31 及其蒙利灌漑之時一從堤下畓庫使之均灌則矣身安有

32 獨自專利之事乎設欲專利是乎乃矣身畓庫只有若干

33 其餘畓庫皆是作者則若干畓灌水亦安有專利取怨

34 之理乎上項東白所謂半作畓庫在於此堤下至遠之處而元

35 非灌漑之處亦非自堤引水之地當此未移秧之日設使東白

36 許其引水是乎乙喩良置創開新梁然後可以引水則

37 其矣所訴內矣身專利而渠未移秧是如爲臥乎所此非

38 誣訴之甚者乎大槩矣身半世京洛專意宦遊是如可

39 中年病蟄且緣喪敗杜戶委巷積有年所是如乎到今

40 豪强之名及於矣身病伏之中爲一常漢所誣訴是乎所此

41 不過矣持身不謹之致是乎乃末路人心亦可痛駭矣身元無毆打東

42 白之事而謂之毆打五十度足杖是如爲乎所旣有

43 案前親審則不待多卞而其矣奸狀自然現露是乎旀

44 亦無養山禁伐時奪取之事而謂之奪取衣服斧斤是如

45 爲乎旀亦無燔瓦分利柴木發賣之事而謂之分利徵價是如

46 爲乎所俱是誣訴而一節甚於一節此皆矣身之自明不足

47 取信則養山下洞長頭頭人及堤下作者等處別加推問則

48 其間虛實灼然可知是白齊大槩東白不知自何處來人住

49 接者不過二三年則矣身養山築堰等事乙萬無所知而所訴

50 如此此必有指嗾書給之人是去乎

51 明政之下若加嚴問則其矣奸狀昭不可掩各別明査處

52 斷敎事
||
(translation)
I hereby report to you. Lady Gim, the wife of Gim Dongbak, accused me in the appeal she filed to the governor that I arbitrarily caught Gim Dongbak and beat him up, that I caned him fifty times in disorderly manner within my private realm. According to the contents in the clauses of inquisition, Gim Dongbak chopped off trees in the early morning of the second day of this month in the mountains right in front of where I live, and in complete nakedness in the light of day, he was looking over at my house. In an unbearable astonishment, I had my slaves go catch him. As this Dongbak was completely naked with nothing to cover his body with, an extremely eerie situation unfolded. I just ordered my slaves to tie him up with a view to taking him to the police. I originally had no plan whatsoever to beat him up. This Donbak had his wife report to the government with her braids untied and disheveled that Dongbak was severely wounded. They wanted to push me into a woeful trap. Fortunately, thanks to the sagacious judgment of the magistrate, a government official investigated whether or not Dongbak was wounded and ruled that he was completely unscarred except for one swollen toe. This is the reason why the magistrate who clearly investigated this issue decided that it was a slander.
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What can we learn from this document about the due processes of lawsuit?
# Why do you think Kim Dongbak went naked in front of Choe's family?
# What does this document tell us about the conditions of commoners in late 18th century Joseon?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

I hereby report to you. Lady Gim, the wife of Gim Dongbak, accused me in the appeal she filed to the governor that I arbitrarily caught Gim Dongbak and beat him up, that I caned him fifty times in disorderly manner within my private realm. According to the contents in the clauses of inquisition, Gim Dongbak chopped off trees in the early morning of the second day of this month in the mountains right in front of where I live, and in complete nakedness in the light of day, he was looking over at my house. In an unbearable astonishment, I had my slaves go catch him. As this Dongbak was completely naked with nothing to cover his body with, an extremely eerie situation unfolded. I just ordered my slaves to tie him up with a view to taking him to the police. I originally had no plan whatsoever to beat him up. This Donbak had his wife report to the government with her braids untied and disheveled that Dongbak was severely wounded. They wanted to push me into a woeful trap. Fortunately, thanks to the sagacious judgment of the magistrate, a government official investigated whether or not Dongbak was wounded and ruled that he was completely unscarred except for one swollen toe. This is the reason why the magistrate who clearly investigated this issue decided that it was a slander.

只囚矣奴是如乎不意今者東白又使其妻誣訴營門私門

12 亂杖至於五十度是如爲乎所初二日果爲五十度亂杖則初三

13 日營門親審時元無傷處萬無其理一夜之間五十度亂

14 杖處何至快完如常之境乎擧此一款其矣所謂轉仆荊棘解髮

15 結縛等說皆歸虛套是乎旀矣身養山近處往來樵牧乙或

16 奪衣服斧斤或爲橽檚又於長養柴木乙燔瓦分利是旀

17 柴炭發賣徵價村人是如問目內辭緣是置有亦矣身果有

18 若干養山處長養雜木已至累年則洞內村童輩皆知禁處

19 元無樵木之事則安有奪衣服奪斧斤撻檚之事乎設有

20 迷劣兒童或來伐柴是乎乃只示禁斷之意是乎則其矣奪

21 衣服斧斤等說盡是誣訴是乎旀至於燔瓦事段前營將

22 在任時新築坐起廳而所燔瓦木乙無路辦備乙仍于矣養

23 山雜木若許燔瓦則燔瓦分用是如爲去乙矣身果爲聽從

24 則鎭營燔瓦分用而矣身段只取三分之一則納柴取瓦自是

25 通行之規安有以此分利之事是乎旀設欲分利是乎乃鎭營

26 亦安有偏廳矣身之言符同分利之理乎萬萬無據是乎旀若

27 干柴木乙旣已赭山盡用於燔瓦之由一村大小人民無不共知

28 則亦安有柴炭納上時更有餘木發賣徵價之理乎其矣誣

29 訴構虛之狀節節昭然是乎旀至於私堤貯水專利等說尤爲

30 無據當初築堰之時一從堤下作者等所願合力設築是旀

31 及其蒙利灌漑之時一從堤下畓庫使之均灌則矣身安有

32 獨自專利之事乎設欲專利是乎乃矣身畓庫只有若干

33 其餘畓庫皆是作者則若干畓灌水亦安有專利取怨

34 之理乎上項東白所謂半作畓庫在於此堤下至遠之處而元

35 非灌漑之處亦非自堤引水之地當此未移秧之日設使東白

36 許其引水是乎乙喩良置創開新梁然後可以引水則

37 其矣所訴內矣身專利而渠未移秧是如爲臥乎所此非

38 誣訴之甚者乎大槩矣身半世京洛專意宦遊是如可

39 中年病蟄且緣喪敗杜戶委巷積有年所是如乎到今

40 豪强之名及於矣身病伏之中爲一常漢所誣訴是乎所此

41 不過矣持身不謹之致是乎乃末路人心亦可痛駭矣身元無毆打東

42 白之事而謂之毆打五十度足杖是如爲乎所旣有

43 案前親審則不待多卞而其矣奸狀自然現露是乎旀

44 亦無養山禁伐時奪取之事而謂之奪取衣服斧斤是如

45 爲乎旀亦無燔瓦分利柴木發賣之事而謂之分利徵價是如

46 爲乎所俱是誣訴而一節甚於一節此皆矣身之自明不足

47 取信則養山下洞長頭頭人及堤下作者等處別加推問則

48 其間虛實灼然可知是白齊大槩東白不知自何處來人住

49 接者不過二三年則矣身養山築堰等事乙萬無所知而所訴

50 如此此必有指嗾書給之人是去乎

51 明政之下若加嚴問則其矣奸狀昭不可掩各別明査處

52 斷敎事

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What can we learn about the social environment of the 18th century Joseon from this document, such as the relationship between the elite class and common people?

What are the deep meanings behind Kim's and his wife's behaviors described in this document?

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

To what extent was the class consciousness of the yangbans comparable to that of contemporary bourgeoisie?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
How does this document reflect the social status of the Yangban elites? Considering the litigation between the Yangban and commoners, did the Yangban receive special treatment? Also considering the factional struggle, did it affect the outcome of the law case?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Could the verdict have been different if the accused had been a member of 西人, the ruling party?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
When did the earliest case of a yangban-commoner legal dispute occur in the Chosŏn period? Did they become more frequent over time? If so, what does this suggest about class divisions and struggles against the elite?

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-18T00:39:20Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

This document is an instruction to appoint Kim Hee (1729-1800 CE), Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture on 3rd, July, 1792 (the 16th year of Jeongjo's reign).

金憙는 金相庚의 아들이고, 本貫은 光山이다. 1773년에 增廣文科에 兵科로 及第하였고, 1777年(正祖 1)에 抄啓御史에 選拔되었다. 그 뒤 持平, 奎章閣直閣, 吏曹佐郎, 校理, 大司諫, 大司成, 江原道觀察使, 吏曹參議, 大司憲, 吏曹參判, 弘文館副提學, [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=wva_11403025_001&type=view&reSearchWords=&reSearchWords_ime=# 光州牧使], 刑曹判書, 禮曹判書, 京畿道觀察使, 瑞興府使, 吏曹參判, 咸鏡道觀察使, 右議政 등을 歷任하였다. 時派와 僻派의 다툼에 人物을 薦擧한 것이 말썽이 되어 물러났고, 뒤에 다시 判中樞府事를 거친 뒤 領中樞府事가 되고, 1795年과 1797年에 同知兼謝恩使로 淸나라에 다녀온 뒤 耆老所에 들어갔다.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
(translation)
Royal instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
(translation)
The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you. Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness. I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. [1] Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.[2] Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws. Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
(translation)
There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe.

[However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war].

As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心] Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At present , to whom should its governance belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref> Our warriors, horses, armory and weapons are an elite force. Our stations, moats, pavilions and defenses are high and mighty[士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高]. The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be elevated. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.
However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away regions. Already, we have lost control of the method of pacifying and managing [those people there]. The customs of those lands are half-mixed with the civilized and barbarians and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers [there] simply proceed in accordance [with this] and tinkle with documents and laws.
Then, when met with droughts and bad harvests, how could the common people not turn to privation and stealing? There is no way I can contribute to the aiding of these people [lit. 山社] and to the relief of these [ 政須實心之懷綏].

There are frequent changes in the norms of etiquette of officials at court. We can see that the situation is becoming increasingly more severe. [However,] It is not true that there is no-one I can rely upon. Therefore, I bestow unto you, the seal of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province n conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector and Chief Border Inspector. I hope you can recover the ideal political blueprint, think about the royal appointment, declare the regulations and vibrate the moral, make the disciplines clear and investigate the military affairs [詰戎機 lit. opportunity for war]. As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [lit. ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the customs of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to shoulder responsibility with all your heart. [宜肩乃心]
Alas!

Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000''li'' away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all these things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

2019-07-18T00:21:23Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 1543년이언적유서.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1543年李彦迪諭書
|Korean = 1543년 이언적 유서(''Yi Eonjeok Yuseo'')
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:中宗
|Source = [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/Inspection/insDirView.aspx?dataUCI=G002+AKS+KSM-XA.1543.1111-20101008.B043a_065_00011_XXX Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)]
|Year = 1543
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:50%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:50%;"| English
|-
|
▣…▣

荐臻專城或存於▣▣
赤子未蒙其實澤
脫有▣(緩)急, 將何措,
宜益軫, 予懷其惟重臣
惟卿, 德涵內外, 學造精微, 敦大而高明,
方嚴而簡默,
處論思之地, 嘉猷累陳, 作親民之官, 善政素著,
允釐庶績, 方參廟謨,

今授卿以本道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使
卿其體予倚任
專推卿孝友之政
課農桑以衣食吾民
明敎化以作新斯民
秉大公而嚴黜陟
揭至明而別情僞
剸裁盤錯
伸理冤枉, 罪關大憂,
錄狀啓稟官
堂上斷以卿衷
故玆敎示
想宜知悉

嘉靖▣…▣八月初十日

||
If those successive magistrates involve in..., common people would not receive the real benefits of governance.

Confronted with sudden and urgent situations, how would we handle them?

In my growing concern over these matters, I can only think of one important minister, which is you.

You are embodied with virtue inside and outside.

In learning, you have reached at high levels of profundity and delicacy.

You are great and brilliant.

You are upright and solemn, and, at the same time, simple and quiet.

When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you have repeatedly laid out excellent plans for governance.

Being an official of renewing the people, your good governance has always been outstanding.

You have governed many tasks so sincerely and participated in the discussion in the court.

As I now appoint you as Governor of the Gyeongsang Province and Navy Commissioner as well, you must attend to the mission that I assign to you; devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship; feed and clothe My people by encouraging farming and sericulture; enlighten, thereby renewing them.

Holding on to the great fairness, you must be strict in promotion and expulsion.

Lifting the supreme intelligence, you must differentiate what is right and wrong.

Cutting out the entangled issues, you must relieve the unresolved grievances.

If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report to the office.

If the rank of the accused is not as high as the ministers of 3a, you can make a judgment based on your faithfulness.

I, the King, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all My instructions.

|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
《書·堯典》：“允釐百工，庶績咸熙。”

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
11. 罪關大憂, 錄狀啓稟官堂上斷以卿衷, 故玆敎示想宜知悉
If the crimes should raise grave concerns, you should report to the office, and the high ministers (ranking 3a and above) will make a judgment based on your faithful report. I, the king, hereby instruct you thus, and you should consider and remember all my instructions.

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What is the relationship between the central government and local officials in the 16th century Joseon? How did they operate with each other?

荐臻專城或存於▣▣赤子未蒙其實澤

Translation:
Successive local officials might be ...
Common people have not yet received the real benefits [of governance].

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
脫有▣(緩)急將何措宜益軫予懷其惟重臣

As to a sudden and urgent situation, what to do with it? One ought to handle it with measured deliberations. I can only think of one right minister [who is qualified to take up such task].

Translator's note:

1. The meaning of 脫有緩急 is evading for a modern reader. But it is apparently a very common idiom during the Choson dynasty. A search in the Veritable Records of the Choson Dynasty (조선왕조실록) yields 283 results. From my brief survey, the idiom seemingly refers to a sudden and urgent situation.

Example:
태종실록 14권, 태종 7년 7월 27일 戊寅 2번째기사 開雲浦至甘北浦水路五息, 陸路四息, 脫有緩急, 難以相救。

세종실록 88권, 세종 22년 3월 1일 癸卯 3번째기사 今聞高興新鎭, 置於隔海之地三十餘里, 脫有緩急, 人民被虜可慮。

광해군일기[중초본] 7권, 광해 1년 6월 8일 丁巳 3번째기사 近因南邊稍靜, 人之視舟師若筌然, 減損兩湖入防之船, 只存本道船二十餘隻。其勢將至於停罷, 脫有緩急, 將何以應敵乎?

2. The document used a historical variation of the word "脫." For more, see 中華民國教育部異體字字典 http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/yitia/fra/fra03334.htm

*Discussion Questions:
I Ŏnchŏk was appointed to be an official in Kyŏnggi Province, the province that shared great proximity with the capital. How did this fact change the emphasize of what Yi was expected to do in his post? Compared to officials who were appointed to different areas in the country, how was Yi's post different than, say, its counterparts in the Northern provinces?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
惟卿德涵內外學造精微敦大而高明方嚴而簡默

Only you, minister, are embodied with virtue inside and outside. Your knowledge is profound and subtle. You are great and brilliant. You are upright and solemn, and [in the same time] simple and quiet.

*Discussion Questions:

Under which circumstances this order could be declined (e.g., a disease, an ill father or son to take care of)? How would a minister notify it (through which means, which institution)? What would be the possible sanctions towards a minister refusing to obey this kind of order although he has reasons to?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
處論思之地嘉猷累陳作親民之官, 善政素著
When posited in situations of discussing your ideas, you repeatedly lay out excellent plans for governance. Being an official of renewing people, your good governance is always outstanding.

*Discussion Questions:
What were the duties of Surveillance Commissioner (觀察使) and Military Commissioner (節度使)? What were the qualities that the king was looking for when appointing someone to these posts? How important were these posts to local governance?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----
允釐庶績方參廟謨

You have governed many tasks so sincerely that you can now participate in the discussion of the court.

Discussion Questions: Could the contemporaries misinterpret these documents? In the case of 脫, it could be misread as "貺," which could change the meaning of the sentence...

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----
卿其體予倚任專推卿孝友之政

I deeply trust your character. Now you should devote yourself to extending the governance of filial piety and friendship.

*Discussion Questions:

Are there any examples of appointments being made without the use of such flattering language?
What was the process of appointing officials to their posts? Did the officials themselves have any say in the matter?

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

課農桑以衣食吾民

Study farming and sericulture to feed and clothe our people.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
明敎化以作新斯民

Let moral suasion shine so as to renew this people of ours.

作新斯民 as verb 作 + object 新斯民, which can also be thought of as verb 新 + object 斯民, can be seen [http://sillok.history.go.kr/main/main.do here].

*Discussion Questions:

How did the people of Choson court reconcile the abstract language, of which this is an example, and the possible implications regarding various issues mentioned in the process of applying them?

==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

秉大公而嚴黜陟
Hold onto the great fairness, and be strict to promotion and expel.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Kanghun Ahn)'''===
----

揭至明而別情僞剸裁盤錯伸理冤枉

Lifting up the supreme luminosity (intelligence), in order to differentiate what is right and wrong, cutting out the entangled issues, and relieving the unresolved grievances

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-17T06:53:56Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

1792年(正祖 16) 7月 3日咸境道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使都巡察使咸興府尹金憙(1729∼1800)에게 내려진 文書이다.

金憙는 金相庚의 아들이고, 本貫은 光山이다. 1773년에 增廣文科에 兵科로 及第하였고, 1777年(正祖 1)에 抄啓御史에 選拔되었다. 그 뒤 持平, 奎章閣直閣, 吏曹佐郎, 校理, 大司諫, 大司成, 江原道觀察使, 吏曹參議, 大司憲, 吏曹參判, 弘文館副提學, [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=wva_11403025_001&type=view&reSearchWords=&reSearchWords_ime=# 光州牧使], 刑曹判書, 禮曹判書, 京畿道觀察使, 瑞興府使, 吏曹參判, 咸鏡道觀察使, 右議政 등을 歷任하였다. 時派와 僻派의 다툼에 人物을 薦擧한 것이 말썽이 되어 물러났고, 뒤에 다시 判中樞府事를 거친 뒤 領中樞府事가 되고, 1795年과 1797年에 同知兼謝恩使로 淸나라에 다녀온 뒤 耆老所에 들어갔다.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
(translation)
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
(translation)
The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation (in progress)'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高,

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.
Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機,
As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the custom of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to []
若夫弛張設施之道, 宜肩乃心,
Alas!
Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-17T06:53:04Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김희훈유교서1792.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1792年金憙訓諭敎書
|Korean = 1792년 김희 훈유교서
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Instructions
|Author = 國王:正祖
|Year = 1792
|Source = 《韓國古文書精選>》 3, ｢訓諭敎書｣, 11.52-53.
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

1792年(正祖 16) 7月 3日咸境道觀察使兼兵馬水軍節度使都巡察使咸興府尹金憙(1729∼1800)에게 내려진 文書이다.

金憙는 金相庚의 아들이고, 本貫은 光山이다. 1773년에 增廣文科에 兵科로 及第하였고, 1777年(正祖 1)에 抄啓御史에 選拔되었다. 그 뒤 持平, 奎章閣直閣, 吏曹佐郎, 校理, 大司諫, 大司成, 江原道觀察使, 吏曹參議, 大司憲, 吏曹參判, 弘文館副提學, [http://sillok.history.go.kr/popup/viewer.do?id=wva_11403025_001&type=view&reSearchWords=&reSearchWords_ime=# 光州牧使], 刑曹判書, 禮曹判書, 京畿道觀察使, 瑞興府使, 吏曹參判, 咸鏡道觀察使, 右議政 등을 歷任하였다. 時派와 僻派의 다툼에 人物을 薦擧한 것이 말썽이 되어 물러났고, 뒤에 다시 判中樞府事를 거친 뒤 領中樞府事가 되고, 1795年과 1797年에 同知兼謝恩使로 淸나라에 다녀온 뒤 耆老所에 들어갔다.

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍 
　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書, 
||
(translation)
|-
|
王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防, 
　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重 
　臣, 莫可使也, 當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名 
　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源 
　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自 
　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩 
　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸 
　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷 
　撫之政, 龍興 
　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱 
　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障 
　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而 
　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫 
　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍 
　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉, 
　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社 
　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 

||
(translation)
The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.
|-
|
廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 
　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察 
　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興 
　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條 
　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁 
　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威, 
　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛 
　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出, 
　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星, 
　故玆教示, 相宜知悉, 
　乾隆五十七年七月初三日, 
　 
　(施命之寶一三個) 

||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?
# How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?
# Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?
# How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?
# Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?
# What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?
# What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the
dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?
# Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to
communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, was it now?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation (in progress)'''==

Instruction to Kim Hŭi, Grand Master of Aiding Statute (?), to undertake the role of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with conducting the duties of the Military Commissioner of the Land and Naval Forces, Supreme Mobile Inspector, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

The King [thus] states: Throughout all ages, Haedong [Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as a valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk region [lit. north of the passes] is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor’s] directions. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such a post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong?
Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson. You are a learned literati who has experienced many flourishing posts. When you lecture on the Classics, all can hear its origins come forth. Your discussion of affairs is fiercely passionate and uplifting. So much so that people voluntarily bring wine to you.
Your official career has alone reached eight different positions and you have struggled and maintained regulations pure. The defense of the country had once been lent to two northern province and their eulogy remains sweet. Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
I have pondered these words with great concern which did not let me sleep (?). I consider the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern regions to be a matter of great importance. Until now, the royal traces of a dragon rising has said to be in the old village of Fengpei. <ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref> Since antiquity, the terrains of dangerously narrow paths has been called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障之堅高,

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished. However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs. Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.
Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏, 廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿, 莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機,
As to the strict prohibition of smuggled commodities [ginseng and fur], universally observe whether it is clean or dirty. As to the difficulty of edifying the custom of the military, extend in combination, grace and martial dignity. When it comes to the area of appointment regarding the regulation of judging, there are only old regulations. As to the ways of applying your own leadership, you ought to []
若夫弛張設施之道, 宜肩乃心,
Alas!
Only the sun emerges from the flower’s base
From the 三清 comes the moon
Departing for the frontier 1000li away
Forever will you be a shining star.

I hereby give you my instruction
You ought to, my minister, consider all things.

57th year of Qianlong, 7th month, 3rd day

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍

(2)　　節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

(3)　王若曰, 歷數海東八域, 雄藩最稱於邊防,

(4)　　專統關北一方, 諸閫咸聽其節制, 非重

(5)　　臣, 莫可使也,

The King [thus] speaks: Throughout all ages the East of the Ocean [Haedong, meaning Korea] with its eight provinces has been reckoned as the valiant vassal state, most eminently praised among the frontiers. If the Gwanbuk [lit.north of the passes ] region is thoroughly governed, all the other regions would listen to [the governor's] directions [節制]. Nobody else but an an important minister could be appointed [for such post]. At the present period, to whom should it belong? Only you, my minister, are a descendant of a prominent family and decent grandson.

當是時, 屬之誰乎, 惟卿名

(6)　　門肖孫, 華署學士, 經說雍容, 可聽淵源

(7)　　有來, 議論激昻, 自持酒酣以往, 金帶自

(8)　　致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩

(9)　　藩, 甘棠餘頌, 凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸

(10)　　得其宜, 言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷

(11)　　撫之政, 龍興

(12)　王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕, 鳥棧地形, 從古稱

(13)　　隴蜀故道, 士馬甲兵之精銳, 臺隍亭障

(14)　　之堅高, 軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而

(15)　　邊警宜熄, 然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫

(16)　　御之方, 伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍

(17)　　之習, 拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,

(18)　　仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也, 山社

(19)　　之接濟無策, 政須實心之懷綏,

(20)　　廟官之儀品載新, 尤見事面之重大, 非卿,

(21)　　莫可得人, 於斯, 玆授卿以咸鏡道觀察

(22)　　使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興

(23)　　府尹, 卿其勉恢良圖, 思副寵命, 布敎條

(24)　　而振士習, 明紀律而詰戎機, 蔘貂之禁

(25)　嚴, 遍察廉黷, 弓馬之俗難化, 并施恩威,

(26)　至如禀處裁斷之規, 有掌故耳, 若夫弛

(27)　張設施之道, 宜肩乃心, 於戲, 隻日花甎出,

(28)　自三清卿月, 千里楡塞去, 作一路福星,

(29)　故玆教示, 相宜知悉,

(30)　乾隆五十七年七月初三日,

(施命之寶一三個)

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

金帶自致於八座, 苦蘖淸規, 玉節曾假於兩藩, 甘棠餘頌。

Translation:
The golden belt (granted by the emperor) has been sent to the eight high official positions. The strict regulations are like bitter tillers (of trees).
The jade knot (used as a symbol of defending the country) has once been lent to two northern provinces. The eulogy remains is like sweet cherry-apple (flowers).

《周礼·地官·掌节》：“守邦国者用玉节，守都鄙者用角节。”

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書,

Translation:

Instruction to Kim Hee, Grand Minister of Assisting the Censorate, to undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyeong Province and concurrent Commissioner of the army and navy, Touring Investigator of the capital, and Governor of Hamheung Prefecture.

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
凡內外履歷之地, 而大小咸得其宜,

Everywhere you worked, be the tasks big or small, you accomplished with appropriateness.
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to Grand Master for Assisting the Censorate Kim Hŭi who is to take on the role of the Surveillance Commissioner, Military Commissioner of the Army, Cavalry and Navy , Envoy Commander-in-chief of Hamgyŏng Province and Prefect of Hamhŭng Prefecture.

*Discussion Questions:

What does the edict tell us about the working in the Northern region of Choson? What assumptions did the Choson court make regarding the Northern region of Choson? Do you think the Northern region occupied a special position in Choson's history? If so, a special position of what nature?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

Instruction to the General Official of Aiding Statute, General Inspector of the Hamgyông (RR: Hamgyeong) province, currently Rear-Admiral Commander-in-chief, Envoy Commander-in-chief, Prefect of Hamhûng (RR: Hamheung), Kim Hui.

言念丙枕宵旰之憂, 尤重北藩懷撫之政,

I thought [in words] of [this] worry which did not let me sleep at the byông time1.

I consider highly important the governance of cultivating peace in the Northern hedges.

1 丙枕 (Chinese: bing), the third time period of the night out of 5 in the Chinese traditional system, that is around midnight.

2 宵旰 (“from night to evening”) is an idiomatic expression (ex: 宵旰圖治, 宵旰憂勞, 宵旰所勞).

*Discussion Questions:

How long would it take for Yôngjo (RR: Yeongjo) to write this royal instruction? Would he make one of his ministers read it before sending it?

Was the nature of the language that he uses in this instruction different from the one in his other instructions to officials of the Noron faction?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書
Instruction to Kim Hŭi (Gim Hui), Grand Master of Aiding Statute, acting Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng (Hamgyeong) Province, concurrently Army and Navy Commander, Supreme Mobile Inspector, and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng (Hamheung).

龍興王迹, 至今説豐沛舊鄕,
As to the royal traces of dragon rising, until now it is said to be the old village of Fengpei.<ref>This refers to the hometown of Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty.</ref>

鳥棧地形, 從古稱隴蜀故道
As to the terrains of dangerously narrow paths,<ref>鳥棧 refers to 鳥道 and 棧道, two expressions of dangerous narrow roads.</ref> since antiquity it is called the ancient road between Long and Shu.<ref>Long refers to nowaday Gansu, while Shu refers to Sichuan.</ref>

*Discussion Questions:
How does this royal instruction reveal the relationship between the king and his ministers? In addition, how does it reveal the importance of the frontier and the ancestral homeland of the Chosŏn (Joseon) kings?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Why was it so important to Chŏngjo to create a respectful tone of voice and appease Kim regarding his appointment?

What struggles did ministers face in Hamgyŏng Province? Where there similar posts or regions that were disliked by officials?

What were the most coveted positions within the Chosŏn bureaucracy? Why?

敎資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

I write in order to instruct that Constitutional Asset Minister Kim Hui will undertake the duties of Surveillance Commissioner of Hamgyŏng Province, in conjunction with the roles of Military Commissioner of the Land and Navy Forces, Chief Border Inspector and Chief Magistrate of Hamhŭng.

軍容壯而國勢可尊, 朔氣豁而邊警宜熄

The army's appearance is strong and so the conditions of the state can be raised. The air of the north is plentiful and so the signals on the frontiers can be extinguished.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹

Royal instruction: Minister of assistance in legislation, undertaking the duties of: Hamgyeong Province chief inspector, provincial governor of troops and water transport, chief of the capital inspection patrol, prefect of Hamheung. Appointee: Jinxi.

然王化未遍於遐遠, 旣失撫御之方,
伊土俗半雜於華夷, 率多麤悍之習,

However, the transformation effected by the king has not yet reached all far-away areas; we have already lost our methods of controlling and soothing [those people]. The customs of that land are half-mixed with Hua and barbarians, and they carry out many uncouth and hostile customs.

*Discussion Questions:
# What is the history of Gwanbuk's status and role in the Joseon dynasty? Presumably, since this document is from 1792, establishing control over this region was an ongoing struggle throughout the course of the dynasty. Was this effort finally successful?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
拘於簿書期會, 吏咸從而弄文法焉,
仍之水旱㐫荒, 民奈何不窮且盜也

Tied up with all the official records and ledgers, and reporting sessions, all the officers simply oblige and fiddle with documents and laws.

Then, met with droughts and bad harvests, how can people avoid dire privation and not steal?

敎
資憲大夫, 行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹
金憙
書

Issuing order appointing Lord in Aid of Legal Order, Junior Second Grade, Lower Grade, to the position of
*Discussion Questions:

Were the king's assessment of the province and advice more customarily requisite--thus perhaps more general and literary--parts of this kind of documents? Or could they actually be taken as the way to communicate the king's wishes to the appointee to be taken as specific instructions--which would be done over a phone call or in face-to-face meetings, were it now?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
敎資憲大夫
行咸鏡道觀察使·兼兵馬水軍節度使·都巡察使·咸興府尹金憙書

An instruction to Kim Hui, the grand master for assisting constitutions, assuming the duties of the commissioner of Hamgyong province, the military governor of navy and army, supreme mobile inspector, and the chief magistrate of Hamhung

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

2019-07-16T02:32:49Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 만력22년갑오노기련역중명문001.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 萬曆22年鎭川立案
|Korean = 만력22년 진천 입안(''Iban'')
|Genre = [[Old Documents]]
|Type =
|Author =
|Year =
|Source =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:만력22년갑오노기련역중명문002.jpg|萬曆22年鎭川立案(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
(text) 1縣接奴己年(左寸)

2右謹陳所志矣段粘連文記相考斜給立案成給爲白只爲

3行下向敎是事

4官主處分

5萬曆二十二年四月□日所志

6[題辭]刑初八日
---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

8 財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏(手掌)

9 證人同姓三寸姪忠義衛□權拭(着名署押)

10 筆執同生娚忠義衛□權恊(着名署押)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1□□□□□□消息公緘

2節公緘內某邊婢某乙某人處某事以放賣時某某人訂筆爲有臥乎喩記

3下向事公緘是白有亦女矣身亦焚蕩以後連命爲難祖上傳來衿得婢

4古音之三所生奴雪伊年甲子生身乙價折楮貨四千張價以交易爲遣奴起年

5處後所生幷以永永放賣文記良中着手掌成置的只是齊訂人段

6同姓三寸姪權拭筆執段同生娚權恊等以成置爲乎事

7財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏白(手掌)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1甲午四月日初八日權拭年□□權恊年

2白等縣接奴起連狀以權氏處奴雪伊買得文記成置時

3訂筆與否推考敎是臥乎在亦權拭以訂人權恊以筆執

4爲等如右之良處納成置時各各隨參着名的只是乎事

5官(押)

6白權

7白權

---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年四月日鎭川官立案

2右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及財主證筆各人等推考(招辭)

3是置有亦本文記成(取)納相考爲乎喩萬曆七年己未二月長

4娚權愊二妹許禋三妹筆執李命世四娚權恊五妹六娚權愉等

5着名同腹和會成置文記季後內長娚權忠佐衛衿奴願山良

6妻幷産二所生奴古音之是如他衿他田民幷付和會是齊向前

7奴雪伊段婢高音之得後所生以本賤籍所付草用不得依他斜

8給爲遣合行立案者.

竹山縣監

入蛹任能
||
(translation)
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|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma '''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

Translation:
The 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli, the Kabo year, Fed. 23rd.

This is a certificate to the slave, Kilyŏn.

What this document pertains to is: because after the war in the Imjin year (the Japanese invasion), I have lost all my households and have nowhere to rely on, (I sell) the slave named Soli who is the third child of a slave, Kounji, who was passed down from her ancestors for our family to obtain.

(The salve Soli) is sold for 4000 bills of currency. She will be obtained by Kilyŏn (as a slave or property)

If there will be people from the same family disputing about this, this document can be used to inform the officials and correct the misleading.

After the war, not only did I lose all my family properties, but I lost my seal. And I can’t reproduce another one in such a short time.

So, I use my handprint as a seal.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===

A certificate to Slave Ki Yŏn on the 23th day of the 2nd month of the 22nd year of Wanli (The year of Kabo)

This certificate is issued in regard to the followings: I, the woman, after the calamity in the year of Imjin, have lost all my family lands and suddenly had nothing upon which to depend. Because of survival needs and death threatening starvation, I am selling permanently Slave Sŏl I, the third child of Slave Ko Ŭm whom I inherited from my ancestors and who was born in the year of Kapcha, at the price of 4000 worth of paper money and have already paid up the said amount and completed the transaction. In the event of any future dispute among the offspring of my family, this certificate will be presented to the officials for adjudication.

After the calamity [in the year of Imjin], I, the woman, have not only lost all my family lands but also my seal. I am not able to procure [a new seal] in time [for this certificate]. Therefore, I am using my hand print as a replacement.

----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
Certifying document to slave Kiryôn (RR: Giryeon), the 23rd day of the 2nd month of the 22nd year of Wanli:

The certifying document on the right side pertains to [the fact that] I myself have lost [my] family’s property and there is nothing I can rely upon after the Imjin [war]’s calamities... I traded [my] female slave Sôri - third born child of [my] female slave Koûnji, in the year of jiazi (MR: kapcha, RR: gapja) - which I had inherited as my share from my ancestors because I am begging for necessaries of life and starving to death.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

The certificate to the male slave 起連 on the twenty-third day of the second month in the twenty-seocnd year,the Kabo (Gabo) year, of the Wanli reign.

This certificate pertains to the following reason. I, after the fire and destruction in the year of Imjin, lost all my estates and suddenly had nothing to rely on. Because of the begging for living and hunger to death, I traded inherited from ancestors' share the private female slave 古音之's third-born male slave 雪伊's birth of one slave in the Kapja year for an amount equal to four thousands sheets of paper currency from him so that he can keep him at his disposal forever and ever. If the descendants from the same lineage of mine have any dispute, this written document should be presented to the officials to discern the validity of this transaction. After this turbulence, I lost not only all my estates but even my seal. At this time I did not have the means to prepare and create one. In this document, I printed my palm instead.
*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
1) This document is the certificate issued for 起連 on February 23, 1594.

2) The reason why I create this certificate is related to my current situation: In the aftermath of the Hideyoshi's War, I have completely lost all my land and family properties so I have no place to reply upon.

3) On the verge of continuous starvation, my female slave (born in the year of 甲子, 1564), 雪伊, the third born of a female slave, 高音之, who was inherited to me from my ancestors and kept as a servant,

4) was traded with the goods equivalent to 楮貨 (bank draft?) four thousand.

5) If my siblings and descendants would involve in a legal dispute one another in the future, you should appeal a decision to the court, using this certificate.

6) After the war, I have lost not only my properties but also my seal. I cannot even afford a new seal.

7) Hence, for this certificate, I use my hand print...

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

Document addressed to nobi Kiyon, on the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli (1563-1620), Kabo, 2nd month, 23rd day

What this document pertains to: I, in the aftermath of the Imjin catastrophe, completely lost my family's land. There is nothing I have to rely upon. Because all [my family] had to beg to make a living and starved, my male nobi Soli - the 3rd child borne of nobi Koumji who was obtained and passed down from my ancestors - will be exchanged for [the equivalent of] 4000 sheets of paper currency. He will be received and kept for eternity. Afterwards, if there are disputes among family members [lit. children of the same mother], the contents of this certificate should be reported to to the bureau for correction [of these issues]. Following the hardship of war, it is not that I have only lost my entire family property, but I have also lost my seal. In such time of urgency, I could not procure another. For this document, I have used my hand print.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

1. Wanli 22, 31st year [sexagenary], second month, 23rd day 
Certificate for the slave Gi-yeon 
2. This document is issued after the great fire of the 29th year. We have completely lost our homes and land, [and thus have nothing] to rely on. 
3. We beg for aid in living, and are dying from hunger. We have inherited the slave [Xueyi], third son born of the slave girl Goeum 
4. 1st year..... goods for a price of four thousand..... transacted according to(?) the amount..... sold off forever 
5. My descendants of the same birth(?) [i.e., born of the same parents?] vie among one another, so I issue this document to record my inner feelings, and properly instruct the officials to sort it out correctly 
6. After passing through this disaster, having completely lost our homes and land, ..... and lost, cannot seize this moment to prepare 
7. Holding this document, can hereafter check/examine (?) 
8. [I designate] the master of my property as Chung Ui-wi...... Ms. Gwon 

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文
Certificate to Kilyŏn, a slave. The twenty third day of the second month of Kabo year, 1594.

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託
This document pertains to the following:
In the disastrous aftermath of the Japanese Invasion of Imjin year, I lost all family properties and had no one to turn to for help.

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊
Subsisting on alms and starving to death continued [in my family], and I have sold Sŏri, my personal slave born in Kapcha year as the third child of Koŭmji, a female slave who I had inherited as my share from my parents, for goods equal in value to four thousand "chŏhwa"

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

2019-07-16T02:17:09Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 만력22년갑오노기련역중명문001.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 萬曆22年鎭川立案
|Korean = 만력22년 진천 입안(''Iban'')
|Genre = [[Old Documents]]
|Type =
|Author =
|Year =
|Source =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:만력22년갑오노기련역중명문002.jpg|萬曆22年鎭川立案(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
(text) 1縣接奴己年(左寸)

2右謹陳所志矣段粘連文記相考斜給立案成給爲白只爲

3行下向敎是事

4官主處分

5萬曆二十二年四月□日所志

6[題辭]刑初八日
---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

8 財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏(手掌)

9 證人同姓三寸姪忠義衛□權拭(着名署押)

10 筆執同生娚忠義衛□權恊(着名署押)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1□□□□□□消息公緘

2節公緘內某邊婢某乙某人處某事以放賣時某某人訂筆爲有臥乎喩記

3下向事公緘是白有亦女矣身亦焚蕩以後連命爲難祖上傳來衿得婢

4古音之三所生奴雪伊年甲子生身乙價折楮貨四千張價以交易爲遣奴起年

5處後所生幷以永永放賣文記良中着手掌成置的只是齊訂人段

6同姓三寸姪權拭筆執段同生娚權恊等以成置爲乎事

7財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏白(手掌)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1甲午四月日初八日權拭年□□權恊年

2白等縣接奴起連狀以權氏處奴雪伊買得文記成置時

3訂筆與否推考敎是臥乎在亦權拭以訂人權恊以筆執

4爲等如右之良處納成置時各各隨參着名的只是乎事

5官(押)

6白權

7白權

---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年四月日鎭川官立案

2右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及財主證筆各人等推考(招辭)

3是置有亦本文記成(取)納相考爲乎喩萬曆七年己未二月長

4娚權愊二妹許禋三妹筆執李命世四娚權恊五妹六娚權愉等

5着名同腹和會成置文記季後內長娚權忠佐衛衿奴願山良

6妻幷産二所生奴古音之是如他衿他田民幷付和會是齊向前

7奴雪伊段婢高音之得後所生以本賤籍所付草用不得依他斜

8給爲遣合行立案者.

竹山縣監

入蛹任能
||
(translation)
|-
|
(text)
||
(translation)
|-
|
(text)
||
(translation)

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma '''===
----

The 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli, the Kabo year, Fed. 23rd.

This is a certificate to the slave, Kilyŏn.

What this document pertains to is: because after the war in the Imjin year (the Japanese invasion), I have lost all my households and have nowhere to rely on, (I sell) the slave named Soli who is the third child of a slave, Kounji, who was passed down from her ancestors for our family to obtain.

(The salve Soli) is sold for 4000 bills of currency. She will be obtained by Kilyŏn (as a slave or property)

If there will be people from the same family disputing about this, this document can be used to inform the officials and correct the misleading.

After the war, not only did I lose all my family properties, but I lost my seal. And I can’t reproduce another one in such a short time.

So, I use my handprint as a seal.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

The twenty-seocnd year of the Wanli reign, the 甲午 year, the 23rd day of the second month, the certificate to the male slave 起連.
This certification pertains to the following reason. I, after the fire and destruction in the year of Imjin, lost all my estates and suddenly had nothing to rely on. Because of the begging for living and hunger to death, I traded inherited from ancestors' share the private female slave 古音之's third-born male slave 雪伊's birth of one slave in the Kapja year for an amount equal to four thousands sheets of paper currency from him for his use forever and ever. If the descendants from the same lineage of mine have any dispute, this written document should be presented to the officials to discern the validity of this transaction. After this turbulence, I lost not only all my estates but even my seal. At this time I did not have the means to prepare and create one. In this document, I printed my palm instead.
*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
1) This document is the certificate issued for 起連 on February 23, 1594.

2) The reason why I create this certificate is related to my current situation: In the aftermath of the Hideyoshi's War, I have completely lost all my land and family properties so I have no place to reply upon.

3) On the verge of continuous starvation, my female slave (born in the year of 甲子, 1564), 雪伊, the third born of a female slave, 高音之, who was inherited to me from my ancestors and kept as a servant,

4) was traded with the goods equivalent to 楮貨 (bank draft?) four thousand.

5) If my siblings and descendants would involve in a legal dispute one another in the future, you should appeal a decision to the court, using this certificate.

6) After the war, I have lost not only my properties but also my seal. I cannot even afford a new seal.

7) Hence, for this certificate, I use my hand print...

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

Document addressed to nobi Kiyon, on the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli (1563-1620), Kabo, 2nd month, 23rd day

What this document pertains to: I, in the aftermath of the Imjin catastrophe, completely lost my family's land. There is nothing I have to rely upon. Because all [my family] had to beg to make a living and starved, my male nobi Soli - the 3rd child borne of nobi Koumji who was obtained and passed down from my ancestors - will be exchanged for [the equivalent of] 4000 sheets of paper currency. He will be received and kept for eternity. Afterwards, if there are disputes among family members [lit. children of the same mother], the contents of this certificate should be reported to to the bureau for correction [of these issues]. Following the hardship of war, it is not that I have only lost my entire family property, but I have also lost my seal. In such time of urgency, I could not procure another. For this document, I have used my hand print.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

1. Wanli 22, 31st year [sexagenary], second month, 23rd day 
Certificate for the slave Gi-yeon 
2. This document is issued after the great fire of the 29th year. We have completely lost our homes and land, [and thus have nothing] to rely on. 
3. We beg for aid in living, and are dying from hunger. We have inherited the slave [Xueyi], third son born of the slave girl Goeum 
4. 1st year..... goods for a price of four thousand..... transacted according to(?) the amount..... sold off forever 
5. My descendants of the same birth(?) [i.e., born of the same parents?] vie among one another, so I issue this document to record my inner feelings, and properly instruct the officials to sort it out correctly 
6. After passing through this disaster, having completely lost our homes and land, ..... and lost, cannot seize this moment to prepare 
7. Holding this document, can hereafter check/examine (?) 
8. [I designate] the master of my property as Chung Ui-wi...... Ms. Gwon 

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文
Certificate to Kilyŏn, a slave. The twenty third day of the second month of Kabo year, 1594.

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託
This document pertains to the following:
In the disastrous aftermath of the Japanese Invasion of Imjin year, I lost all family properties and had no one to turn to for help.

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊
Subsisting on alms and starving to death continued [in my family], and I have sold Sŏri, my personal slave born in Kapcha year as the third child of Koŭmji, a female slave who I had inherited as my share from my parents, for goods equal in value to four thousand "chŏhwa"

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

2019-07-16T02:14:33Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 만력22년갑오노기련역중명문001.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 萬曆22年鎭川立案
|Korean = 만력22년 진천 입안(''Iban'')
|Genre = [[Old Documents]]
|Type =
|Author =
|Year =
|Source =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:만력22년갑오노기련역중명문002.jpg|萬曆22年鎭川立案(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
(text) 1縣接奴己年(左寸)

2右謹陳所志矣段粘連文記相考斜給立案成給爲白只爲

3行下向敎是事

4官主處分

5萬曆二十二年四月□日所志

6[題辭]刑初八日
---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

8 財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏(手掌)

9 證人同姓三寸姪忠義衛□權拭(着名署押)

10 筆執同生娚忠義衛□權恊(着名署押)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1□□□□□□消息公緘

2節公緘內某邊婢某乙某人處某事以放賣時某某人訂筆爲有臥乎喩記

3下向事公緘是白有亦女矣身亦焚蕩以後連命爲難祖上傳來衿得婢

4古音之三所生奴雪伊年甲子生身乙價折楮貨四千張價以交易爲遣奴起年

5處後所生幷以永永放賣文記良中着手掌成置的只是齊訂人段

6同姓三寸姪權拭筆執段同生娚權恊等以成置爲乎事

7財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏白(手掌)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1甲午四月日初八日權拭年□□權恊年

2白等縣接奴起連狀以權氏處奴雪伊買得文記成置時

3訂筆與否推考敎是臥乎在亦權拭以訂人權恊以筆執

4爲等如右之良處納成置時各各隨參着名的只是乎事

5官(押)

6白權

7白權

---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年四月日鎭川官立案

2右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及財主證筆各人等推考(招辭)

3是置有亦本文記成(取)納相考爲乎喩萬曆七年己未二月長

4娚權愊二妹許禋三妹筆執李命世四娚權恊五妹六娚權愉等

5着名同腹和會成置文記季後內長娚權忠佐衛衿奴願山良

6妻幷産二所生奴古音之是如他衿他田民幷付和會是齊向前

7奴雪伊段婢高音之得後所生以本賤籍所付草用不得依他斜

8給爲遣合行立案者.

竹山縣監

入蛹任能
||
(translation)
|-
|
(text)
||
(translation)
|-
|
(text)
||
(translation)

|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma '''===
----

The 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli, the Kabo year, Fed. 23rd.

This is a certificate to the slave, Kilyŏn.

What this document pertains to is that because after the war in the Imjin year (the Japanese invasion), I have lost all my households and have nowhere to rely on.

(So, I sell) the slave named Soli who is the third child of a slave, Kounji, who was passed down from her ancestors for our family to obtain.

(The salve Soli) is sold for 4000 bills of currency. She will be obtained by Kilyŏn (as a slave or property)

If there will be people from the same family disputing about this, this document can be used to inform the officials and correct the misleading.

After the war, not only did I lose all my family properties, but I lost my seal. And I can’t reproduce another one in such a short time.

So, I use my handprint as a seal.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

The 22nd year of the Wanli reign, the 甲午 year, the 23rd day of the second month, the certificate to the male slave 起連.
This certification pertains to the following reason. I, after the fire and destruction in the year of Imjin, lost all my estates and suddenly had nothing to rely on. Because of the begging for living and hunger to death, I traded inherited from ancestors' share the private female slave 古音之's third-born male slave 雪伊's birth of one slave in the Kapja year for the amount equal to four thousands sheets of paper currency from him for his use forever and ever. If the descendants from the same lineage of mine have any dispute, this written document should be presented to the officials to discern the validity of this transaction. After this turbulence, I lost not only all my estates but even my seal. At this time I did not have the means to prepare and create one. In this document, I printed my palm instead.
*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
1) This document is the certificate created for 起連 on February 23, 1594.

2) The reason why I create this certificate is related to my current situation: In the aftermath of the Hideyoshi War, I have completely lost all my land and family properties so I have no place to reply upon.

3) On the verge of continuous starvation, my female slave (born in the year of 甲子, 1564), 雪伊, the third born of a female slave, 高音之, who was inherited to me from my ancestors and kept as a servant,

4) was traded with the goods equivalent to 楮貨 (bank draft?) four thousand.

5) If my siblings and descendants would involve in a legal dispute one another in the future, you should appeal a decision to the court, using this certificate.

6) After the war, I have lost not only my properties but also my seal. I cannot even afford a new seal.

7) Hence, for this certificate, I use my hand print...

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

Document addressed to nobi Kiyon, on the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli (1563-1620), Kabo, 2nd month, 23rd day

What this document pertains to: I, in the aftermath of the Imjin catastrophe, completely lost my family's land. There is nothing I have to rely upon. Because all [my family] had to beg to make a living and starved, my male nobi Soli - the 3rd child borne of nobi Koumji who was obtained and passed down from my ancestors - will be exchanged for [the equivalent of] 4000 sheets of paper currency. He will be received and kept for eternity. Afterwards, if there are disputes among family members [lit. children of the same mother], the contents of this certificate should be reported to to the bureau for correction [of these issues]. Following the hardship of war, it is not that I have only lost my entire family property, but I have also lost my seal. In such time of urgency, I could not procure another. For this document, I have used my hand print.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

1. Wanli 22, 31st year [sexagenary], second month, 23rd day 
Certificate for the slave Gi-yeon 
2. This document is issued after the great fire of the 29th year. We have completely lost our homes and land, [and thus have nothing] to rely on. 
3. We beg for aid in living, and are dying from hunger. We have inherited the slave [Xueyi], third son born of the slave girl Goeum 
4. 1st year..... goods for a price of four thousand..... transacted according to(?) the amount..... sold off forever 
5. My descendants of the same birth(?) [i.e., born of the same parents?] vie among one another, so I issue this document to record my inner feelings, and properly instruct the officials to sort it out correctly 
6. After passing through this disaster, having completely lost our homes and land, ..... and lost, cannot seize this moment to prepare 
7. Holding this document, can hereafter check/examine (?) 
8. [I designate] the master of my property as Chung Ui-wi...... Ms. Gwon 

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文
Certificate to Kilyŏn, a slave. The twenty third day of the second month of Kabo year, 1594.

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託
This document pertains to the following:
In the disastrous aftermath of the Japanese Invasion of Imjin year, I lost all family properties and had no one to turn to for help.

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊
Subsisting on alms and deaths by starvation continued, and I have sold Sŏri, born in Kapcha year,

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

2019-07-16T02:13:01Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 만력22년갑오노기련역중명문001.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 萬曆22年鎭川立案
|Korean = 만력22년 진천 입안(''Iban'')
|Genre = [[Old Documents]]
|Type =
|Author =
|Year =
|Source =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:만력22년갑오노기련역중명문002.jpg|萬曆22年鎭川立案(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
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(text) 1縣接奴己年(左寸)

2右謹陳所志矣段粘連文記相考斜給立案成給爲白只爲

3行下向敎是事

4官主處分

5萬曆二十二年四月□日所志

6[題辭]刑初八日
---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

8 財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏(手掌)

9 證人同姓三寸姪忠義衛□權拭(着名署押)

10 筆執同生娚忠義衛□權恊(着名署押)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1□□□□□□消息公緘

2節公緘內某邊婢某乙某人處某事以放賣時某某人訂筆爲有臥乎喩記

3下向事公緘是白有亦女矣身亦焚蕩以後連命爲難祖上傳來衿得婢

4古音之三所生奴雪伊年甲子生身乙價折楮貨四千張價以交易爲遣奴起年

5處後所生幷以永永放賣文記良中着手掌成置的只是齊訂人段

6同姓三寸姪權拭筆執段同生娚權恊等以成置爲乎事

7財主故忠義衛閔雲吉妻權氏白(手掌)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1甲午四月日初八日權拭年□□權恊年

2白等縣接奴起連狀以權氏處奴雪伊買得文記成置時

3訂筆與否推考敎是臥乎在亦權拭以訂人權恊以筆執

4爲等如右之良處納成置時各各隨參着名的只是乎事

5官(押)

6白權

7白權

---------------------------------------------------------------

1萬曆二十二年四月日鎭川官立案

2右立案爲斜給事課狀粘連文記及財主證筆各人等推考(招辭)

3是置有亦本文記成(取)納相考爲乎喩萬曆七年己未二月長

4娚權愊二妹許禋三妹筆執李命世四娚權恊五妹六娚權愉等

5着名同腹和會成置文記季後內長娚權忠佐衛衿奴願山良

6妻幷産二所生奴古音之是如他衿他田民幷付和會是齊向前

7奴雪伊段婢高音之得後所生以本賤籍所付草用不得依他斜

8給爲遣合行立案者.

竹山縣監

入蛹任能
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(translation)
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|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma '''===
----

The 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli, the Kabo year, Fed. 23rd.

This is a certificate to the slave, Kilyŏn.

What this document pertains to is that because after the war in the Imjin year (the Japanese invasion), I have lost their households and have nowhere to rely on.

(So, I sell) the slave named Soli who is the third child of a slave, Kounji, who was passed down from her ancestors for our family to obtain.

(The salve Soli) is sold for 4000 bills of currency. She will be obtained by Kilyŏn (as a slave or property)

If there will be people from the same family disputing about this, this document can be used to inform the officials and correct the misleading.

After the war, not only did I lose all my family properties, but I lost my seal. And I can’t reproduce another one in such a short time.

So, I use my handprint as a seal.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

The 22nd year of the Wanli reign, the 甲午 year, the 23rd day of the second month, the certificate to the male slave 起連.
This certification pertains to the following reason. I, after the fire and destruction in the year of Imjin, lost all my estates and suddenly had nothing to rely on. Because of the begging for living and hunger to death, I traded inherited from ancestors' share the private female slave 古音之's third-born male slave 雪伊's birth of one slave in the Kapja year for the amount equal to four thousands sheets of paper currency from him for his use forever and ever. If the descendants from the same lineage of mine have any dispute, this written document should be presented to the officials to discern about the validity of this transaction. After this turbulence, I lost not only all my estates but even the seal. At this time I did not have the means to prepare and create one. In this document, I printed my palm instead.
*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
1) This document is the certificate created for 起連 on February 23, 1594.

2) The reason why I create this certificate is related to my current situation: In the aftermath of the Hideyoshi War, I have completely lost all my land and family properties so I have no place to reply upon.

3) On the verge of continuous starvation, my female slave (born in the year of 甲子, 1564), 雪伊, the third born of a female slave, 高音之, who was inherited to me from my ancestors and kept as a servant,

4) was traded with the goods equivalent to 楮貨 (bank draft?) four thousand.

5) If my siblings and descendants would involve in a legal dispute one another in the future, you should appeal a decision to the court, using this certificate.

6) After the war, I have lost not only my properties but also my seal. I cannot even afford a new seal.

7) Hence, for this certificate, I use my hand print...

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

Document addressed to nobi Kiyon, on the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli (1563-1620), Kabo, 2nd month, 23rd day

What this document pertains to: I, in the aftermath of the Imjin catastrophe, completely lost my family's land. There is nothing I have to rely upon. Because all [my family] had to beg to make a living and starved, my male nobi Soli - the 3rd child borne of nobi Koumji who was obtained and passed down from my ancestors - will be exchanged for [the equivalent of] 4000 sheets of paper currency. He will be received and kept for eternity. Afterwards, if there are disputes among family members [lit. children of the same mother], the contents of this certificate should be reported to to the bureau for correction [of these issues]. Following the hardship of war, it is not that I have only lost my entire family property, but I have also lost my seal. In such time of urgency, I could not procure another. For this document, I have used my hand print.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

1. Wanli 22, 31st year [sexagenary], second month, 23rd day 
Certificate for the slave Gi-yeon 
2. This document is issued after the great fire of the 29th year. We have completely lost our homes and land, [and thus have nothing] to rely on. 
3. We beg for aid in living, and are dying from hunger. We have inherited the slave [Xueyi], third son born of the slave girl Goeum 
4. 1st year..... goods for a price of four thousand..... transacted according to(?) the amount..... sold off forever 
5. My descendants of the same birth(?) [i.e., born of the same parents?] vie among one another, so I issue this document to record my inner feelings, and properly instruct the officials to sort it out correctly 
6. After passing through this disaster, having completely lost our homes and land, ..... and lost, cannot seize this moment to prepare 
7. Holding this document, can hereafter check/examine (?) 
8. [I designate] the master of my property as Chung Ui-wi...... Ms. Gwon 

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

1萬曆二十二年甲午二月卄三日奴起連亦中明文
Certificate to Kilyŏn, a slave. The twenty third day of the second month of Kabo year, 1594.

2右明文爲臥乎事段女矣身亦壬辰焚蕩之後盡敗家莊頓無依託
This document pertains to the following:
In the disastrous aftermath of the Japanese Invasion of Imjin year, I lost all family properties and had no one to turn to for help.

3焉乞資生飢死絃如祖上傳來衿得使喚爲如乎婢古音之三所生奴雪伊
Subsisting on alms and deaths by starvation continued, and I have sold Sŏri, born in Kapcha year,

4年甲子生身乙楮貨肆千張價乙依數交易捧上爲遣永永放賣爲去乎後

5次良中矣同生子孫中相爭隅有去乙等此文記內意用良告官辨正爲乎矣

6經亂之後女矣身亦盡敗家莊分不喩圖書至亦閪失爲遣趁時造備不得

7此文記良中手掌爲有昆玆以後考爲乎事亦在

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

2019-07-15T00:10:51Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 외번몽고서신1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信
|Korean = 병자년 2월2일 외번몽고서신
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author =
|Year = 1636
|Source = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/mc/main.do The Annals of the Qing Dynasty]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
<gallery mode=packed-hover heights=150px caption="〈丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信〉">
File:外藩蒙古書信(全).jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(全)
File:외번몽고서신3.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(3)
File:외번몽고서신2.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(2)
</gallery>
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:2%;"| No || style="width:49%;"|〈書信〉原本 || style="width:49%;"| [http://sillok.history.go.kr/qImageViewer/?levelId=qsilok_003_0270_0010_0020_0020_0020 『淸太宗實錄』天聰十年二月二日(p.013a)]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 1 ||

金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知, 貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

||
滿洲國外藩諸貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等與明國交好, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因明之諸臣, 欺詐姦詭, 賄賂公行, 蒙蔽其主, 明國皇帝, 茫然不知, 以致人心解體, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內而縱寇殃民, 外而覆師喪地, 竊窺天意, 明之曆數將終矣.
|-
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(A1)
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(B1)
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|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2 ||

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

||

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆心願慕, 天眷有歸, 革命興邦, 知在此時矣. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之.
|-
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(A2)
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(B2)
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|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 3 ||

念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里, 我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

||

因念我蒙古各國, 散亂無統, 近蒙我皇上, 誕布寬仁, 弘敷教化, 照臨在上, 如日方升, 流膏沛澤, 淪浹萬方, 諸國奠寧, 群生康樂.
|-
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(A3)
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(B3)
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|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 4 ||

是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目, 惟我汗驅使是聽, 以俟事機之至耳. 如有驅使, 即肝腦塗地, 投湯赴火, 亦莫之知避也.

||

是以感激上恩, 每思捐軀報効, 不憚勤勞, 聽上驅使, 以俟事機之至. 如有驅使, 即舉國從王, 攖鋒冒刃, 亦所不辭也.
|-
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(A4)
||
(B4)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 5 ||

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號, 故與金國衆貝勒商議, 具本奏聞. 汗云, 果何所見而遽爲此事也, 遂拒而弗允.

||

去年我蒙古各國貝勒, 朝集盛京, 俱以天意眷顧我皇上, 欲恭上尊號, 以答天心, 與在內諸貝勒, 合辭陳請, 上拒而弗允.
|-
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(A5)
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(B5)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 6 ||

今四十萬蒙古國太子空俄羅, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 我等十六國四十九貝勒, 約於昨年臘月內, 與金國衆貝勒合議, 咸謂我汗收各國, 獲玉璽, 天意明徵, 勸進之事, 實不容已. 今年新正, 復具本奏聞. 汗云, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.

||

今四十萬眾蒙古太子孔果爾, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 十六國四十九貝勒, 約於去年十二月內, 會於盛京, 與滿洲國諸貝勒議, 俱言皇上平服諸國, 兼之玉璽呈祥, 天意佑助, 信而有徵, 皇上宜建尊號, 以順天人之心. 今年新正, 復奉表奏聞. 上諭, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.
|-
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(A6)
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(B6)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 7 ||

我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書.

||

我等謹遵上諭, 遣使相聞, 王可即遣親近子弟來此, 共爲陳奏. 我等承天意, 奉尊號, 事已確定. 推戴之誠, 諒王素有同心也.
|-
|
(A7)
||
(B7)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書

As we think that these words correspond to the great righteousness, we have sent the special envoys to discuss this issue. The King of Joseon should send his brothers and sons to our place, and commonly encourage and promote [Hong Taiji to become emperor]. We follow the will of heaven and elevate the great name [of the emperor]. The state of affairs has already been established. We will only see whether or not the King of Joseon would follow us. Specially written*.

*Specially written is a common phrase used at the end of an official letter at this time.

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知...

Translation:
The Mongol beiles (chiefs) from the outer fences of the State of Jin present this letter to the king of Joseon.

You and I have received graces and gifts from the great state of Ming for over two hundred years. Now we are unhappy to secede from the Ming state; it is only because the officials of the great state of Ming are cheating, cunning, and deceitful. They routinely bribe [one another] and deceive and blind the emperor [of the great Ming]. [But] the emperor [of the great Ming] is completely unaware [of these].

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

[All these] are ruining and bringing disasters to families and the state. In addition, [the Ming's] generals are cowardly and the soldiers weak. Within [the court], perfidy and treachery are rampant. Without, lands were being lost and soldiers were being slaughtered. We humbly steal a glimpse of the will of the Heaven - the mandate of the Ming will soon meet its end.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強,

Now our Khan of the Jin State is generous, benevolent, profoundly virtuous, [he] benefits and saves the people, [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the commoners. As to the words he speaks and the conduct he has, nothing is inappropriate. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. Furthermore, in addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong,

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強,

Now our Emperor of the Manchu State is both benevolent and wise, [he] is kind, mighty and, also, aiding [others], [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the multitude, [he] makes an effort to behave [appropriately], [he] acts justly. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. He consolidates strict fairness. In addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong,

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

To whomever he faces he is invincible. All desire to admire him. The August Heaven has already fixed His mind on our khan. Thereby we respect Heaven's will and delightfully comply with it, nothing more.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里.

Think. We all states of the Mongol were originally chaotic with no leadership. But recently we have received the cultivation from our Khan, which has been like the warmness of the Spring Sun. His grace flows and permeates into one thousand ''li'' from here.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

Our [Mongol] states have now all received fortune, stability and health, and will not again be broken and disorderly as before.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----
是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目

Because of this we are equal to the ''beile'' of every country, and the army and people are equal; we are grateful for the benevolent khan's profound grace, constantly thinking of how we may lay down our lives to repay his kindness, and no part of us does not earnestly await it.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
惟我汗驅使是聽, 以俟事機之至耳.

["his only wish" or "we think"] Our han's [command or wish] for us is to heed, so as to wait for the final shape that the unfolding of the event would take.

如有驅使, 即肝腦塗地, 投湯赴火, 亦莫之知避也.

Should there be his command, be it to smear our livers and brains on the ground, leap into boiling water and walk on fire, no one [none of us] would know to evade.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號,

Last year, ''beile''s of every provinces from Mongol were gathered in the middle of castle prospered by the heaven(‘盛京’ in revised version). Everybody said that imperial heaven takes care of ''Jin'' Dynasty, and it is already apparent and shine. [Then] We should revere and accept the intention of the heaven, and eventually Khan [would be] respectfully named.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

故與金國衆貝勒商議, 具本奏聞. 汗云, 果何所見而遽爲此事也, 遂拒而弗允.

Therefore, we Mongols discussed this issue with a group of beiles of the Jin state, so we could report it to the emperor.
The khan said, “how can you suddenly pull up these affairs, based on what has been seen before?” Therefore, he refused and did not approve of it.

今四十萬蒙古國太子空俄羅 ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 我等十六國四十九貝勒, 約於昨年臘月內, 與金國衆貝勒合議, 咸謂我汗收各國, 獲玉璽, 天意明徵, 勸進之事, 實不容已. 今年新正, 復具本奏聞. 汗云, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.

As of now, the prince of the Mongols (Ejei hongor) …. we, including the sixteen states and forty-nine beiles, made a treaty in the last leap month. I discussed this issue together with the beiles and they all said that our khan obtained each state and attained the imperial seal. The heavenly will is manifest and the affairs of advancing forward indeed should not stop. In the last month of the year, we reported to the Khan and he said, “Choson king is my younger brother. I should let him know of it.”

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

2019-07-12T02:14:53Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 외번몽고서신1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信
|Korean = 병자년 2월2일 외번몽고서신
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author =
|Year = 1636
|Source = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/mc/main.do The Annals of the Qing Dynasty]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
<gallery mode=packed-hover heights=150px caption="〈丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信〉">
File:外藩蒙古書信(全).jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(全)
File:외번몽고서신3.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(3)
File:외번몽고서신2.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(2)
</gallery>
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:2%;"| No || style="width:49%;"|〈書信〉原本 || style="width:49%;"| [http://sillok.history.go.kr/qImageViewer/?levelId=qsilok_003_0270_0010_0020_0020_0020 『淸太宗實錄』天聰十年二月二日(p.013a)]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 1 ||

金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知, 貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

||
滿洲國外藩諸貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等與明國交好, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因明之諸臣, 欺詐姦詭, 賄賂公行, 蒙蔽其主, 明國皇帝, 茫然不知, 以致人心解體, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內而縱寇殃民, 外而覆師喪地, 竊窺天意, 明之曆數將終矣.
|-
|
(A1)
||
(B1)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2 ||

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

||

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆心願慕, 天眷有歸, 革命興邦, 知在此時矣. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之.
|-
|
(A2)
||
(B2)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 3 ||

念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里, 我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

||

因念我蒙古各國, 散亂無統, 近蒙我皇上, 誕布寬仁, 弘敷教化, 照臨在上, 如日方升, 流膏沛澤, 淪浹萬方, 諸國奠寧, 群生康樂.
|-
|
(A3)
||
(B3)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 4 ||

是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目, 惟我汗驅使是聽, 以俟事機之至耳. 如有驅使, 即肝腦塗地, 投湯赴火, 亦莫之知避也.

||

是以感激上恩, 每思捐軀報効, 不憚勤勞, 聽上驅使, 以俟事機之至. 如有驅使, 即舉國從王, 攖鋒冒刃, 亦所不辭也.
|-
|
(A4)
||
(B4)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 5 ||

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號, 故與金國衆貝勒商議, 具本奏聞. 汗云, 果何所見而遽爲此事也, 遂拒而弗允.

||

去年我蒙古各國貝勒, 朝集盛京, 俱以天意眷顧我皇上, 欲恭上尊號, 以答天心, 與在內諸貝勒, 合辭陳請, 上拒而弗允.
|-
|
(A5)
||
(B5)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 6 ||

今四十萬蒙古國太子空俄羅, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 我等十六國四十九貝勒, 約於昨年臘月內, 與金國衆貝勒合議, 咸謂我汗收各國, 獲玉璽, 天意明徵, 勸進之事, 實不容已. 今年新正, 復具本奏聞. 汗云, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.

||

今四十萬眾蒙古太子孔果爾, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 十六國四十九貝勒, 約於去年十二月內, 會於盛京, 與滿洲國諸貝勒議, 俱言皇上平服諸國, 兼之玉璽呈祥, 天意佑助, 信而有徵, 皇上宜建尊號, 以順天人之心. 今年新正, 復奉表奏聞. 上諭, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.
|-
|
(A6)
||
(B6)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 7 ||

我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書.

||

我等謹遵上諭, 遣使相聞, 王可即遣親近子弟來此, 共爲陳奏. 我等承天意, 奉尊號, 事已確定. 推戴之誠, 諒王素有同心也.
|-
|
(A7)
||
(B7)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書

As we think that these words correspond to the great righteousness, we have sent the special envoys to discuss this issue. The King of Joseon should send his brothers and sons to our place, and commonly encourage and promote [Hong Taiji]. We follow the will of heaven and elevate the great name. The state of affairs has already been established. We will only see whether or not the King of Joseon would follow us. Specially written*.

*Specially written is a common phrase used at the end of an official letter at this time.

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知...

Translation:
The Mongol beiles (chiefs) from the outer fences of the State of Jin present this letter to the king of Joseon.

You and I have received graces and presents from the great state of Ming for over two hundred years. Now we are unhappy to secede from the Ming state, only because the officials of the great state of Ming are cheating, cunning, and deceitful. They routinely bribe [each other] and deceive to blind the emperor [of the great Ming]. [But] the emperor [of the great Ming] is completely unaware [of these].

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

[He is] ruining and bringing disasters to the homeland. In addition, [the Ming's] generals are cowardly and the soldiers weak. Within [the court], perfidy and treachery are rampant. Outside [the court], lands were lost and soldiers were slaughtered. We humbly steal a glimpse of the will of the Heaven - the mandate of the Ming will soon meet its end.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強,

Now our Khan of the Jin State is generous, benevolent, profoundly virtuous, he saves the people, [he] wholeheartedly benefits the people, [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the multitude. As to the words he speaks and the conduct he has, nothing is not appropriate. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. Furthermore, in addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong;

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強,

Now our Emperor of the Manchu State is benevolent, wise and, additionally, complete, [he] is kind, mighty and, also, aiding [others], [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the multitude, [he] makes an effort to behave [appropriately], [he] acts justly. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. He consolidates strict fairness. Furthermore, in addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong;

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

whomever he faces he is invincible. All desire to admire him. The August Heaven has already fixed His choice on our khan. Thereby we respect Heaven's will and delightfully comply with it, nothing more.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里.

Think. We all states of the Mongol were originally chaotic with no leadership. But recently we have received the cultivation from our Khan, which has been like the warmness of the Spring Sun. His grace flows and permeates into one thousand ''li'' from here.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

Our [Mongol] states have now all received fortune, stability and health, and are turning away from being as broken and disorderly as before.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----
是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目

Because of this we are equal to the ''beile'' of every country, and the army and people are equal; we are grateful for the benevolent khan's profound grace, constantly thinking of how we may lay down our lives to repay his kindness, and no part of us does not earnestly await it.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號,

Last year, ''beile''s of every provinces from Mongolia were gathered in the middle of castle prospered by the heaven(‘盛京’ in revised version). Everybody said that imperial heaven takes care of ''Jin'' Dynasty, and it is already apparent and shine. [Then] We should revere and accept the intention of the heaven, and eventually Khan [would be] respectfully named.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

2019-07-12T02:12:50Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 외번몽고서신1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信
|Korean = 병자년 2월2일 외번몽고서신
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author =
|Year = 1636
|Source = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/mc/main.do The Annals of the Qing Dynasty]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
<gallery mode=packed-hover heights=150px caption="〈丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信〉">
File:外藩蒙古書信(全).jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(全)
File:외번몽고서신3.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(3)
File:외번몽고서신2.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(2)
</gallery>
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:2%;"| No || style="width:49%;"|〈書信〉原本 || style="width:49%;"| [http://sillok.history.go.kr/qImageViewer/?levelId=qsilok_003_0270_0010_0020_0020_0020 『淸太宗實錄』天聰十年二月二日(p.013a)]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 1 ||

金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知, 貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

||
滿洲國外藩諸貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等與明國交好, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因明之諸臣, 欺詐姦詭, 賄賂公行, 蒙蔽其主, 明國皇帝, 茫然不知, 以致人心解體, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內而縱寇殃民, 外而覆師喪地, 竊窺天意, 明之曆數將終矣.
|-
|
(A1)
||
(B1)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2 ||

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

||

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆心願慕, 天眷有歸, 革命興邦, 知在此時矣. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之.
|-
|
(A2)
||
(B2)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 3 ||

念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里, 我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

||

因念我蒙古各國, 散亂無統, 近蒙我皇上, 誕布寬仁, 弘敷教化, 照臨在上, 如日方升, 流膏沛澤, 淪浹萬方, 諸國奠寧, 群生康樂.
|-
|
(A3)
||
(B3)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 4 ||

是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目, 惟我汗驅使是聽, 以俟事機之至耳. 如有驅使, 即肝腦塗地, 投湯赴火, 亦莫之知避也.

||

是以感激上恩, 每思捐軀報効, 不憚勤勞, 聽上驅使, 以俟事機之至. 如有驅使, 即舉國從王, 攖鋒冒刃, 亦所不辭也.
|-
|
(A4)
||
(B4)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 5 ||

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號, 故與金國衆貝勒商議, 具本奏聞. 汗云, 果何所見而遽爲此事也, 遂拒而弗允.

||

去年我蒙古各國貝勒, 朝集盛京, 俱以天意眷顧我皇上, 欲恭上尊號, 以答天心, 與在內諸貝勒, 合辭陳請, 上拒而弗允.
|-
|
(A5)
||
(B5)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 6 ||

今四十萬蒙古國太子空俄羅, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 我等十六國四十九貝勒, 約於昨年臘月內, 與金國衆貝勒合議, 咸謂我汗收各國, 獲玉璽, 天意明徵, 勸進之事, 實不容已. 今年新正, 復具本奏聞. 汗云, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.

||

今四十萬眾蒙古太子孔果爾, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 十六國四十九貝勒, 約於去年十二月內, 會於盛京, 與滿洲國諸貝勒議, 俱言皇上平服諸國, 兼之玉璽呈祥, 天意佑助, 信而有徵, 皇上宜建尊號, 以順天人之心. 今年新正, 復奉表奏聞. 上諭, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.
|-
|
(A6)
||
(B6)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 7 ||

我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書.

||

我等謹遵上諭, 遣使相聞, 王可即遣親近子弟來此, 共爲陳奏. 我等承天意, 奉尊號, 事已確定. 推戴之誠, 諒王素有同心也.
|-
|
(A7)
||
(B7)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書

As we think that these words correspond to the great righteousness, we have sent the special envoys to discuss this issue. The King of Joseon should send his brothers and sons to our place, and commonly encourage and promote [Hong Taiji]. We follow the will of heaven and elevate the great name. The state of affairs has already been established. We will only see whether or not the King of Joseon would follow us. Specially written*.

*Specially written is a common phrase used at the end of an official letter at this time.

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知...

Translation:
The Mongol beiles (chiefs) from the outer fences of the State of Jin present this letter to the king of Joseon.

You and I have received graces and presents from the great state of Ming for over two hundred years. Now we are unhappy to secede from the Ming state, only because the officials of the great state of Ming are cheating, cunning, and deceitful. They publicly bribe [each other] and lie to blind the king [of the great state of Ming]. [But] the king [of the great state of Ming] is completely unaware [of these].

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

[He is] ruining and bringing disasters to the homeland. In addition, [the Ming's] generals are cowardly and the soldiers weak. Within [the court], perfidy and treachery are rampant. Outside [the court], lands were lost and soldiers were slaughtered. We humbly steal a glimpse of the will of the Heaven - the mandate of the Ming will soon meet its end.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

Now our Khan of the Jin State is generous, benevolent, profoundly virtuous, he saves the people, [he] wholeheartedly benefits the people, [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the multitude. As to the words he speaks and the conduct he has, nothing is not appropriate. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. Furthermore, in addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

whomever he faces he is invincible. All desire to admire him. The August Heaven has already fixed His choice on our khan. Thereby we respect Heaven's will and delightfully comply with it, nothing more.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里.

Think. We all states of the Mongol were originally chaotic with no leadership. But recently we have received the cultivation from our Khan, which has been like the warmness of the Spring Sun. His grace flows and permeates into one thousand ''li'' from here.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

Our [Mongol] states have now all received fortune, stability and health, and are turning away from still being as broken and disorderly as before.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----
是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目

Because of this we are equal to the ''beile'' of every country, and the army and people are equal; we are grateful for the benevolent khan's profound grace, constantly thinking of how we may lay down our lives to repay his kindness, and no part of us does not earnestly await it.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號,

Last year, ''beile''s of every provinces from Mongolia were gathered in the middle of castle prospered by the heaven(‘盛京’ in revised version). Everybody said that imperial heaven takes care of ''Jin'' Dynasty, and it is already apparent and shine. [Then] We should revere and accept the intention of the heaven, and eventually Khan [would be] respectfully named.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

2019-07-12T02:08:03Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 외번몽고서신1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信
|Korean = 병자년 2월2일 외번몽고서신
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author =
|Year = 1636
|Source = [http://sillok.history.go.kr/mc/main.do The Annals of the Qing Dynasty]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
<gallery mode=packed-hover heights=150px caption="〈丙子年二月二日外藩蒙古書信〉">
File:外藩蒙古書信(全).jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(全)
File:외번몽고서신3.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(3)
File:외번몽고서신2.jpg|1636年外藩蒙古書信(2)
</gallery>
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:2%;"| No || style="width:49%;"|〈書信〉原本 || style="width:49%;"| [http://sillok.history.go.kr/qImageViewer/?levelId=qsilok_003_0270_0010_0020_0020_0020 『淸太宗實錄』天聰十年二月二日(p.013a)]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 1 ||

金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知, 貽禍家邦, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內之而奸詭昌熾, 外之而喪地折兵, 竊窺天意, 大明之歷數將終矣.

||
滿洲國外藩諸貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等與明國交好, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因明之諸臣, 欺詐姦詭, 賄賂公行, 蒙蔽其主, 明國皇帝, 茫然不知, 以致人心解體, 兼以將懦兵弱, 內而縱寇殃民, 外而覆師喪地, 竊窺天意, 明之曆數將終矣.
|-
|
(A1)
||
(B1)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2 ||

今我金國汗, 寬仁厚德, 博施濟衆, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 語言行事, 無不恰當, 法度號令, 甚是明允, 更兼以將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

||

今我滿洲國皇帝, 仁智兼全, 恩威竝濟, 招徠異國, 愛育黎庶, 立心行事, 動出公正, 法度號令, 整肅嚴明, 兼之將勇兵強, 所向無敵, 衆心願慕, 天眷有歸, 革命興邦, 知在此時矣. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之.
|-
|
(A2)
||
(B2)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 3 ||

念我蒙古各國, 原來散亂無統. 近蒙我汗教化, 如春日之暄煦, 恩澤流洽於萬里, 我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

||

因念我蒙古各國, 散亂無統, 近蒙我皇上, 誕布寬仁, 弘敷教化, 照臨在上, 如日方升, 流膏沛澤, 淪浹萬方, 諸國奠寧, 群生康樂.
|-
|
(A3) Think. We all states of the Mongol were originally chaotic with no leadership. But recently we have received the cultivation from our Khan, which has been like the warmness of the Spring Sun. His grace flows and permeates into one thousand ''li'' from here.
||
(B3)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 4 ||

是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目, 惟我汗驅使是聽, 以俟事機之至耳. 如有驅使, 即肝腦塗地, 投湯赴火, 亦莫之知避也.

||

是以感激上恩, 每思捐軀報効, 不憚勤勞, 聽上驅使, 以俟事機之至. 如有驅使, 即舉國從王, 攖鋒冒刃, 亦所不辭也.
|-
|
(A4)
||
(B4)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 5 ||

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號, 故與金國衆貝勒商議, 具本奏聞. 汗云, 果何所見而遽爲此事也, 遂拒而弗允.

||

去年我蒙古各國貝勒, 朝集盛京, 俱以天意眷顧我皇上, 欲恭上尊號, 以答天心, 與在內諸貝勒, 合辭陳請, 上拒而弗允.
|-
|
(A5)
||
(B5)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 6 ||

今四十萬蒙古國太子空俄羅, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 我等十六國四十九貝勒, 約於昨年臘月內, 與金國衆貝勒合議, 咸謂我汗收各國, 獲玉璽, 天意明徵, 勸進之事, 實不容已. 今年新正, 復具本奏聞. 汗云, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.

||

今四十萬眾蒙古太子孔果爾, ···(나머지 버일러들의 이름 생략)··· 十六國四十九貝勒, 約於去年十二月內, 會於盛京, 與滿洲國諸貝勒議, 俱言皇上平服諸國, 兼之玉璽呈祥, 天意佑助, 信而有徵, 皇上宜建尊號, 以順天人之心. 今年新正, 復奉表奏聞. 上諭, 朝鮮王吾弟也, 亦宜令彼知之.
|-
|
(A6)
||
(B6)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 7 ||

我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書.

||

我等謹遵上諭, 遣使相聞, 王可即遣親近子弟來此, 共爲陳奏. 我等承天意, 奉尊號, 事已確定. 推戴之誠, 諒王素有同心也.
|-
|
(A7)
||
(B7)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
我等念此言甚合大義, 故特遣使相議, 王宜遣親近子弟來此, 共爲勸進可也. 我等承天意, 尊大號, 事已確定. 惟視王之從否何如耳. 特書

As we think that these words correspond to the great righteousness, we have sent the special envoys to discuss this issue. The King of Joseon should send his brothers and sons to our place, and commonly encourage and promote [Hong Taiji]. We follow the will of heaven and elevate the great name. The state of affairs has already been established. We will only see whether or not the King of Joseon would follow us. Specially written*.

*Specially written is a common phrase used at the end of an official letter at this time.

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
金國外藩各蒙古貝勒, 奉書朝鮮國王.

我等蒙大明恩賞, 已二百餘年矣. 今非樂爲背離也. 祗因大明官長, 欺詐奸詭, 賄賂公行, 誑蔽君上, 大明皇帝, 茫然弗知...

Translation:
The Mongol beiles (chiefs) from the outer fences of the State of Jin present this letter to the king of Joseon.

You and I have received graces and presents from the great state of Ming for over two hundred years. Now we are unhappy to betray and leave the Ming state, only because the officials of the great state of Ming are cheating, cunning, and deceitful. They publicly bribe [each other] and lie to blind the king [of the great state of Ming]. [But] the king [of the great state of Ming] is completely unaware [of these].

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

Now our Khan of the Jin State is generous, benevolent, profoundly virtuous, he saves the people, [he] wholeheartedly benefits the people, [he] enjoins the other countries to come, [he] loves and educates the multitude. As to the words he speaks and the conduct he has, nothing is not appropriate. As to his laws and orders, they are extremely clear and impartial. Furthermore, in addition, [his] generals being brave and [his] soldiers being strong.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
所向無敵, 衆皆願慕, 皇天已屬意於我汗. 我等故仰承天意, 而樂就之矣.

whomever he faces he is invincible. All desire to admire him. The August Heaven has already fixed His choice on our khan. Thereby we respect Heaven's will and delightfully comply with it, nothing more.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

我等諸國, 俱蒙福安康, 無復仍前散亂者矣.

Our [Mongol] states have now all received fortune, stability and health, and are without the harm of remaining broken and disorderly.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----
是以我等各國貝勒, 曁軍民人等, 感激仁汗深恩, 每思捐軀報效, 無不傾耳戴目

Because of this we are equal to the ''beile'' of every country, and the army and people are equal; we are grateful for the benevolent khan's profound grace, constantly thinking of how we may lay down our lives to repay his kindness, and no part of us does not earnestly await it.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

前年蒙古各國貝勒, 朝聚於天興城中, 俱謂皇天眷顧金國, 業已顯赫, 我等宜仰承天意, 進汗尊號,

Last year, ''beile''s of every provinces from Mongolia were gathered in the middle of castle prospered by the heaven(‘盛京’ in revised version). Everybody said that imperial heaven takes care of ''Jin'' Dynasty, and it is already apparent and shine. [Then] We should revere and accept the intention of the heaven, and eventually Khan [would be] respectfully named.

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

2019-07-12T01:59:59Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

2019-07-12T00:30:32Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

2019-07-12T00:22:04Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-12T00:21:20Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재).jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1079年高麗禮賓省牒
|Korean = 1079년 고려 예빈성 첩(''Goryeo Yebinseong Cheop'')
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author = 禮賓省
|Year = 1079
|Source = '''IMG.''' [https://www.nijl.ac.jp National Institute of Japanese Literature (国文学研究資料館)]
'''TXT.''' [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/Inspection/insDirView.aspx?dataUCI=G002+KSMC+KSM-XJ.1079.0000-20110430.ECD00011 Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재)2.jpg|1079年高麗禮賓省牒(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

This is a report from the Bureau of Rituals and Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State) in 1079 CE, which is also the 33rd year of Munjong’s reign （文宗, r. 1046-1083 CE）.

In the November of 1079CE, the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent a report to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State), requiring physicians who can cure contagious diseases from Japan. At that time, King Munjong, who was suffering from contagious diseases, sent this report with gifts to Japan, when he heard from a merchant who traveled in both Korea and Japan that there were physicians who cured contagious diseases in Japan. However, as Koryŏ (Goryeo) and Japan did not formally establish diplomatic relations at that time, this report was transmitted by merchants, not by formal delegations or envoys.

The original document now cannot be found, but a book 朝野群載 compiled by the Japanese includes this report in Vol.20 異國. This report is followed by the Japanese response [答書] sent to Koryŏ (Goryeo) king in the next year, 1080CE. In this response, the Japanese criticize Koryŏ (Goryeo)’s usage of 聖旨 to refer to their king’s command. Because in standard Japanese official documents, it was rude and overstepped to call the command of the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo) as 聖旨 which should be 处分. Then they sent back the report and gifts from the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo).

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
高麗國禮賓省牒大日本國太宰府

當省伏奉聖旨訪聞貴國有能理療風疾醫人今

因商客王則貞廻歸次仰

因便通牒及於王則貞處

說示風疾緣由請彼處選擇上等醫人於來年早春

發送到來理療風疾若有功効定不輕酬者今先送花錦

及大綾中綾各一十段麝香一十臍分附王則貞賚

持將去知大宰府官員處且充信儀到可收領者牒

具如前當省所奉聖旨備錄在前請貴府若有

端的能療風疾好醫人許容發遣前來仍收領疋段

麝香者諸牒

己未年十一月日牒

小卿林槩

生

卿崔

卿鄭
||

The Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) notifies the Office of the Great Steward of the Great Japan State. This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict, which states: “I heard that in Your Noble State exist physicians who are able to treat stroke/leprosy. Now because traveling merchant Wang Ch’ichŏng (Wang Chikjeong) returned (?). Because of convenience the dispatch reached the place of Wang Ch’ichŏng, stating the cause of the stroke/leprosy. I kindly request that your side chooses first-class physicians and in the early spring of next year send them here to treat the stroke/leprosy. If the treatment is effective, your state will not be lightly rewarded. Now I first gift brocade, large damask silk, and small damask silk, each ten bolts, musk perfume ten doses and order Wang Ch’ichŏng to carry them to the place of the officials of the Great Steward and notify them. In addition, he serves as a trusted envoy until the gifts reach those who are able to receive them.” The notice is written as that this Bureau previously received, and the imperial edict is completely recorded ahead. We request that Your Noble Office, if there are good physician who really can treat the stroke/leprosy, allow them to be sent here. As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices.

The notice in the year of Kimi (Gimi), the eleventh month, on the ? day.

Vice Minister Im Kae (Im Gae)

Saeng

Minister Ch’oe (Choe)

Minister Chŏng (Jeong)

|-
|
大宰府解申請官裁事

言上高麗國牒壹通狀

右商人往反高麗國古今之例也因玆去年當朝商

人王則貞爲吏開(交開)罷向彼州之間禮賓省牒壹通相

副錦綾麝香等所送也是則聞(?)醫師輕廻鎭西之由

牒送旨件則貞所申也者異國之吏爲蒙(?) 裁定未

檢知件錦綾麝香等何況

不聽取先相副彼牒狀言

上如件謹解

承曆四年三月五日正

||
The Office of the Great Steward reported<ref>大宰府解 was a form of communication from this local office to the central government.</ref> on the decision of the official request.

Informing one official document from the notice of the state of Koryŏ

Merchants going to and returning from the state of Koryŏ are precedents of old and now. Because of this, last year merchant of that dynasty, Wang Ch’ichŏng became an official [envoy], opened diplomacy, and stopped going in between the continents. One notice from the Bureau of Hospitality, and accompanying it the brocades, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others were that which were gifted. Thereby heard the reason of why physicians easily returning to the Western Garrison. (?)<ref>鎮西府 was an alternate name of 太宰府.</ref> The edict that was sent with the notice was that which Ch’ichŏng requested. The official of foreign state did not know. (?) Rule and judge the unexamined brocade, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others. Not to mention if not receive [the gifts], first examine the words of their notice. The above was respectfully reported as the document states.

The decision in the fourth year of Jōryaku, the third month, on the fifth day.

|-
|
日本國太宰府牒高麗國禮賓省

却廻方物等事

牒得彼省牒稱當省伏奉聖旨

仍收領疋段麝香者如牒者

貴國犯霧露於燕寢之中

求醫療於鼇波之外望風懷想能不依之

抑牒狀之詞頗睽故事改處分而曰聖旨

非藩王可稱宅遐陬而跨上邦

誠彛倫收懌歝況亦話商人之旅艇

奇殊俗之單書執圭之使不至

封函之禮旣虧双魚猶難達鳳池之月

扁鵲何得入鷄林之雲凡厥方物皆從却廻

今以狀牒牒到

准狀故牒

承曆四年月日

||

The Office of the Great Steward of the state of Japan notifies the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ.

Rejecting and returning the local products and other affairs

We notified that we received your bureau’s notice, stating “This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict… As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices” as the notice says. Your Noble State suffers the unfortunate incident that illness appears within the bed chamber of your king and seeks medical treat beyond great waves. We face the wind and think about it, how can we not cherish it? But the words of the official notice quite deviate from old practices. You changed royal order to imperial edict, not which a vassal can proclaim. You reside in a remote place and yet overstep the supreme state. You should realize the norm of human relations and retract your joy and detest. Let alone talking through the traveling boats of merchants. We are amazed by this one letter is written in a strange custom. The envoy who holds ceremonial jade tablet did not come. The protocol of letter correspondence has already been breached. Even a couple of fishes is difficult to arrive at the moon of the phoenix pool, By what means does the Bian magpie enter the clouds of the chicken grove?<ref>扁鵲 was a famed physician in China during the Warring States period. 鷄林 was another name for Silla. Here it refers to Korea.</ref> Therefore, all local products are rejected and returned to where they came from. Now with this official notice we notify you that we received the notice. We permitted this official document and thus notify.

In the fourth year of Jōryaku, ? month, ? day.

|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?
#How could Koryŏ (Goryeo) people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?
#Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?
#What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? Is there any other document mentioning this issue? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?
#How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryŏ at this time?
#How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Koryŏ court refer to itself? What made the court of the Koryŏ kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
#Did the court of the Koryŏ kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?
#What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?
#Koryŏ seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Koryŏ dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?
#Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?
#Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of wrds and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?
#How did the Koryŏ court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryŏ scholars upon this matter?
#How did the Japanese view themselves in relations to Song China? Did the state of Japan notify the Song that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
『한국고대중세고문서연구』(상), 노명호 외 편, 서울대학교출판부, 2000

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
- Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the disease mentioned by the court of the Koryô kingdom? Is there any other document mentioning this issue?

What made the court of the Koryô kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time?

Did the court of the Koryô kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?

How did the Koryô court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryô scholars upon this matter?

Did Japan notify China that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What was the historical background of this document? How does this document reveal Koryŏ's (Goryeo) stance toward Japan?

What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why did Goryeo Korea not send the document according to the diplomatic rituals? What were the Korea-Japan relations like in the 11th century?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the state of Korea-Japan relations during this time?

What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?

How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryo at this time?

How did Japan view themselves in relation to China?

Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Goryeo court refer to itself? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
# Goryeo seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Goryeo dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
How could Koryŏ people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?

Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of words and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-11T14:09:26Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재).jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1079年高麗禮賓省牒
|Korean = 1079년 고려 예빈성 첩(''Goryeo Yebinseong Cheop'')
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author = 禮賓省
|Year = 1079
|Source = '''IMG.''' [https://www.nijl.ac.jp National Institute of Japanese Literature (国文学研究資料館)]
'''TXT.''' [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/Inspection/insDirView.aspx?dataUCI=G002+KSMC+KSM-XJ.1079.0000-20110430.ECD00011 Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재)2.jpg|1079年高麗禮賓省牒(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

This is a report from the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State) in 1079 CE, which is also the 33rd year of Munjong’s reign （文宗, r. 1046-1083 CE）.

In the November of 1079CE, the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent a report to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State), requiring physicians who can cure contagious diseases from Japan. At that time, King Munjong, who was suffering from contagious diseases, sent this report with gifts to Japan, when he heard from a merchant who traveled in both Korea and Japan that there were physicians who cured contagious diseases in Japan. However, as Koryŏ (Goryeo) and Japan did not formally establish diplomatic relations at that time, this report was transmitted by merchants, not by formal delegations or envoys.

The original document now cannot be found, but a book 朝野群載 compiled by the Japanese includes this report in Vol.20 異國. This report is followed by the Japanese response [答書] sent to Koryŏ (Goryeo) king in the next year, 1080CE. In this response, the Japanese criticize Koryŏ (Goryeo)’s usage of 聖旨 to refer their king’s command. Because in standard Japanese official documents, it was rude and overstepped to call the command of the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo) as 聖旨 which should be 处分. Then they sent back the report and gifts from the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo).

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:50%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:50%;"| English
|-
|
高麗國禮賓省牒大日本國太宰府

當省伏奉聖旨訪聞貴國有能理療風疾醫人今

因商客王則貞廻歸次仰

因便通牒及於王則貞處

說示風疾緣由請彼處選擇上等醫人於來年早春

發送到來理療風疾若有功効定不輕酬者今先送花錦

及大綾中綾各一十段麝香一十臍分附王則貞賚

持將去知大宰府官員處且充信儀到可收領者牒

具如前當省所奉聖旨備錄在前請貴府若有

端的能療風疾好醫人許容發遣前來仍收領疋段

麝香者諸牒

己未年十一月日牒

小卿林槩

生

卿崔

卿鄭
||

The Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) notifies the Office of the Great Steward of the Great Japan State. This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict, which states: “I heard that in Your Noble State exist physicians who are able to treat stroke/leprosy. Now because traveling merchant Wang Ch’ichŏng (Wang Chikjeong) returned (?). Because of convenience the dispatch reached the place of Wang Ch’ichŏng, stating the cause of the stroke/leprosy. I kindly request that your side chooses first-class physicians and in the early spring of next year send them here to treat the stroke/leprosy. If the treatment is effective, your state will not be lightly rewarded. Now I first gift brocade, large damask silk, and small damask silk, each ten bolts, musk perfume ten doses and order Wang Ch’ichŏng to carry them to the place of the officials of the Great Steward and notify them. In addition, he serves as a trusted envoy until the gifts reach those who are able to receive them.” The notice is written as that this Bureau previously received, and the imperial edict is completely recorded ahead. We request that Your Noble Office, if there are good physician who really can treat the stroke/leprosy, allow them to be sent here. As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices.

The notice in the year of Kimi (Gimi), the eleventh month, on the ? day.

Vice Minister Im Kae (Im Gae)

Saeng

Minister Ch’oe (Choe)

Minister Chŏng (Jeong)

|-
|
大宰府解申請官裁事

言上高麗國牒壹通狀

右商人往反高麗國古今之例也因玆去年當朝商

人王則貞爲吏開(交開)罷向彼州之間禮賓省牒壹通相

副錦綾麝香等所送也是則聞(?)醫師輕廻鎭西之由

牒送旨件則貞所申也者異國之吏爲蒙(?) 裁定未

檢知件錦綾麝香等何況

不聽取先相副彼牒狀言

上如件謹解

承曆四年三月五日正

||
The Office of the Great Steward reported<ref>大宰府解 was a form of communication from this local office to the central government.</ref> on the decision of the official request.

Informing one official document from the notice of the state of Koryŏ

Merchants going to and returning from the state of Koryŏ are precedents of old and now. Because of this, last year merchant of that dynasty, Wang Ch’ichŏng became an official [envoy], opened diplomacy, and stopped going in between the continents. One notice from the Bureau of Hospitality, and accompanying it the brocades, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others were that which were gifted. Thereby heard the reason of why physicians easily returning to the Western Garrison. (?)<ref>鎮西府 was an alternate name of 太宰府.</ref> The edict that was sent with the notice was that which Ch’ichŏng requested. The official of foreign state did not know. (?) Rule and judge the unexamined brocade, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others. Not to mention if not receive [the gifts], first examine the words of their notice. The above was respectfully reported as the document states.

The decision in the fourth year of Jōryaku, the third month, on the fifth day.

|-
|
日本國太宰府牒高麗國禮賓省

却廻方物等事

牒得彼省牒稱當省伏奉聖旨

仍收領疋段麝香者如牒者

貴國犯霧露於燕寢之中

求醫療於鼇波之外望風懷想能不依之

抑牒狀之詞頗睽故事改處分而曰聖旨

非藩王可稱宅遐陬而跨上邦

誠彛倫收懌歝況亦話商人之旅艇

奇殊俗之單書執圭之使不至

封函之禮旣虧双魚猶難達鳳池之月

扁鵲何得入鷄林之雲凡厥方物皆從却廻

今以狀牒牒到

准狀故牒

承曆四年月日

||

The Office of the Great Steward of the state of Japan notifies the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ.

Rejecting and returning the local products and other affairs

We notified that we received your bureau’s notice, stating “This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict… As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices” as the notice says. Your Noble State suffers the unfortunate incident that illness appears within the bed chamber of your king and seeks medical treat beyond great waves. We face the wind and think about it, how can we not cherish it? But the words of the official notice quite deviate from old practices. You changed royal order to imperial edict, not which a vassal can proclaim. You reside in a remote place and yet overstep the supreme state. You should realize the norm of human relations and retract your joy and detest. Let alone talking through the traveling boats of merchants. We are amazed by this one letter is written in a strange custom. The envoy who holds ceremonial jade tablet did not come. The protocol of letter correspondence has already been breached. Even a couple of fishes is difficult to arrive at the moon of the phoenix pool, By what means does the Bian magpie enter the clouds of the chicken grove?<ref>扁鵲 was a famed physician in China during the Warring States period. 鷄林 was another name for Silla. Here it refers to Korea.</ref> Therefore, all local products are rejected and returned to where they came from. Now with this official notice we notify you that we received the notice. We permitted this official document and thus notify.

In the fourth year of Jōryaku, ? month, ? day.

|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?
#How could Koryŏ (Goryeo) people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?
#Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?
#What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? Is there any other document mentioning this issue? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?
#How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryŏ at this time?
#How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Koryŏ court refer to itself? What made the court of the Koryŏ kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
#Did the court of the Koryŏ kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?
#What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?
#Koryŏ seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Koryŏ dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?
#Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?
#Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of wrds and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?
#How did the Koryŏ court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryŏ scholars upon this matter?
#How did the Japanese view themselves in relations to Song China? Did the state of Japan notify the Song that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
『한국고대중세고문서연구』(상), 노명호 외 편, 서울대학교출판부, 2000

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
- Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the disease mentioned by the court of the Koryô kingdom? Is there any other document mentioning this issue?

What made the court of the Koryô kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time?

Did the court of the Koryô kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?

How did the Koryô court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryô scholars upon this matter?

Did Japan notify China that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What was the historical background of this document? How does this document reveal Koryŏ's (Goryeo) stance toward Japan?

What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why did Goryeo Korea not send the document according to the diplomatic rituals? What were the Korea-Japan relations like in the 11th century?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the state of Korea-Japan relations during this time?

What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?

How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryo at this time?

How did Japan view themselves in relation to China?

Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Goryeo court refer to itself? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
# Goryeo seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Goryeo dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
How could Koryŏ people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?

Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of words and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-11T14:08:20Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재).jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1079年高麗禮賓省牒
|Korean = 1079년 고려 예빈성 첩(''Goryeo Yebinseong Cheop'')
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author = 禮賓省
|Year = 1079
|Source = '''IMG.''' [https://www.nijl.ac.jp National Institute of Japanese Literature (国文学研究資料館)]
'''TXT.''' [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/Inspection/insDirView.aspx?dataUCI=G002+KSMC+KSM-XJ.1079.0000-20110430.ECD00011 Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재)2.jpg|1079年高麗禮賓省牒(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

This is a report from the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State) in 1079 CE, which is also the 33rd year of Munjong’s reign （文宗, r. 1046-1083 CE）.

In the November of 1079CE, the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent a report to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State), requiring physicians who can cure contagious diseases from Japan. At that time, King Munjong, who was suffering from contagious diseases, sent this report with gifts to Japan, when he heard from a merchant who traveled in both Korea and Japan that there were physicians who cured contagious diseases in Japan. However, as Koryŏ (Goryeo) and Japan did not formally establish diplomatic relations at that time, this report was transmitted by merchants, not by formal delegations or envoys.

The original document now cannot be found, but a book 朝野群載 compiled by the Japanese includes this report in Vol.20 異國. This report is followed by the Japanese responding [答書] sent to Koryŏ (Goryeo) king in the next year, 1080CE. In this response, the Japanese criticize Koryŏ (Goryeo)’s usage of 聖旨 to refer their king’s command. Because in standard Japanese official documents, it was rude and overstepped to call the command of the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo) as 聖旨 which should be 处分. Then they sent back the report and gifts from the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo).

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:50%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:50%;"| English
|-
|
高麗國禮賓省牒大日本國太宰府

當省伏奉聖旨訪聞貴國有能理療風疾醫人今

因商客王則貞廻歸次仰

因便通牒及於王則貞處

說示風疾緣由請彼處選擇上等醫人於來年早春

發送到來理療風疾若有功効定不輕酬者今先送花錦

及大綾中綾各一十段麝香一十臍分附王則貞賚

持將去知大宰府官員處且充信儀到可收領者牒

具如前當省所奉聖旨備錄在前請貴府若有

端的能療風疾好醫人許容發遣前來仍收領疋段

麝香者諸牒

己未年十一月日牒

小卿林槩

生

卿崔

卿鄭
||

The Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) notifies the Office of the Great Steward of the Great Japan State. This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict, which states: “I heard that in Your Noble State exist physicians who are able to treat stroke/leprosy. Now because traveling merchant Wang Ch’ichŏng (Wang Chikjeong) returned (?). Because of convenience the dispatch reached the place of Wang Ch’ichŏng, stating the cause of the stroke/leprosy. I kindly request that your side chooses first-class physicians and in the early spring of next year send them here to treat the stroke/leprosy. If the treatment is effective, your state will not be lightly rewarded. Now I first gift brocade, large damask silk, and small damask silk, each ten bolts, musk perfume ten doses and order Wang Ch’ichŏng to carry them to the place of the officials of the Great Steward and notify them. In addition, he serves as a trusted envoy until the gifts reach those who are able to receive them.” The notice is written as that this Bureau previously received, and the imperial edict is completely recorded ahead. We request that Your Noble Office, if there are good physician who really can treat the stroke/leprosy, allow them to be sent here. As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices.

The notice in the year of Kimi (Gimi), the eleventh month, on the ? day.

Vice Minister Im Kae (Im Gae)

Saeng

Minister Ch’oe (Choe)

Minister Chŏng (Jeong)

|-
|
大宰府解申請官裁事

言上高麗國牒壹通狀

右商人往反高麗國古今之例也因玆去年當朝商

人王則貞爲吏開(交開)罷向彼州之間禮賓省牒壹通相

副錦綾麝香等所送也是則聞(?)醫師輕廻鎭西之由

牒送旨件則貞所申也者異國之吏爲蒙(?) 裁定未

檢知件錦綾麝香等何況

不聽取先相副彼牒狀言

上如件謹解

承曆四年三月五日正

||
The Office of the Great Steward reported<ref>大宰府解 was a form of communication from this local office to the central government.</ref> on the decision of the official request.

Informing one official document from the notice of the state of Koryŏ

Merchants going to and returning from the state of Koryŏ are precedents of old and now. Because of this, last year merchant of that dynasty, Wang Ch’ichŏng became an official [envoy], opened diplomacy, and stopped going in between the continents. One notice from the Bureau of Hospitality, and accompanying it the brocades, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others were that which were gifted. Thereby heard the reason of why physicians easily returning to the Western Garrison. (?)<ref>鎮西府 was an alternate name of 太宰府.</ref> The edict that was sent with the notice was that which Ch’ichŏng requested. The official of foreign state did not know. (?) Rule and judge the unexamined brocade, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others. Not to mention if not receive [the gifts], first examine the words of their notice. The above was respectfully reported as the document states.

The decision in the fourth year of Jōryaku, the third month, on the fifth day.

|-
|
日本國太宰府牒高麗國禮賓省

却廻方物等事

牒得彼省牒稱當省伏奉聖旨

仍收領疋段麝香者如牒者

貴國犯霧露於燕寢之中

求醫療於鼇波之外望風懷想能不依之

抑牒狀之詞頗睽故事改處分而曰聖旨

非藩王可稱宅遐陬而跨上邦

誠彛倫收懌歝況亦話商人之旅艇

奇殊俗之單書執圭之使不至

封函之禮旣虧双魚猶難達鳳池之月

扁鵲何得入鷄林之雲凡厥方物皆從却廻

今以狀牒牒到

准狀故牒

承曆四年月日

||

The Office of the Great Steward of the state of Japan notifies the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ.

Rejecting and returning the local products and other affairs

We notified that we received your bureau’s notice, stating “This Bureau prostrates to receive the imperial edict… As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various notices” as the notice says. Your Noble State suffers the unfortunate incident that illness appears within the bed chamber of your king and seeks medical treat beyond great waves. We face the wind and think about it, how can we not cherish it? But the words of the official notice quite deviate from old practices. You changed royal order to imperial edict, not which a vassal can proclaim. You reside in a remote place and yet overstep the supreme state. You should realize the norm of human relations and retract your joy and detest. Let alone talking through the traveling boats of merchants. We are amazed by this one letter is written in a strange custom. The envoy who holds ceremonial jade tablet did not come. The protocol of letter correspondence has already been breached. Even a couple of fishes is difficult to arrive at the moon of the phoenix pool, By what means does the Bian magpie enter the clouds of the chicken grove?<ref>扁鵲 was a famed physician in China during the Warring States period. 鷄林 was another name for Silla. Here it refers to Korea.</ref> Therefore, all local products are rejected and returned to where they came from. Now with this official notice we notify you that we received the notice. We permitted this official document and thus notify.

In the fourth year of Jōryaku, ? month, ? day.

|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?
#How could Koryŏ (Goryeo) people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?
#Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?
#What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? Is there any other document mentioning this issue? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?
#How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryŏ at this time?
#How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Koryŏ court refer to itself? What made the court of the Koryŏ kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
#Did the court of the Koryŏ kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?
#What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?
#Koryŏ seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Koryŏ dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?
#Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?
#Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of wrds and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?
#How did the Koryŏ court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryŏ scholars upon this matter?
#How did the Japanese view themselves in relations to Song China? Did the state of Japan notify the Song that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
『한국고대중세고문서연구』(상), 노명호 외 편, 서울대학교출판부, 2000

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
- Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the disease mentioned by the court of the Koryô kingdom? Is there any other document mentioning this issue?

What made the court of the Koryô kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time?

Did the court of the Koryô kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?

How did the Koryô court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryô scholars upon this matter?

Did Japan notify China that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What was the historical background of this document? How does this document reveal Koryŏ's (Goryeo) stance toward Japan?

What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why did Goryeo Korea not send the document according to the diplomatic rituals? What were the Korea-Japan relations like in the 11th century?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the state of Korea-Japan relations during this time?

What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?

How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryo at this time?

How did Japan view themselves in relation to China?

Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Goryeo court refer to itself? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
# Goryeo seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Goryeo dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
How could Koryŏ people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?

Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of words and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-11T01:43:48Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재).jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 1079年高麗禮賓省牒
|Korean = 1079년 고려 예빈성 첩(''Goryeo Yebinseong Cheop'')
|Genre = [[Royal Court Documents]]
|Type = Diplomatic Document
|Author = 禮賓省
|Year = 1079
|Source = '''IMG.''' [https://www.nijl.ac.jp National Institute of Japanese Literature (国文学研究資料館)]
'''TXT.''' [http://archive.aks.ac.kr/Inspection/insDirView.aspx?dataUCI=G002+KSMC+KSM-XJ.1079.0000-20110430.ECD00011 Old Documents and Sources (한국고문서자료관)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:1079년고려예빈성첩(조야군재)2.jpg|1079年高麗禮賓省牒(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

This is a report from the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State) in 1079 CE, which is also the 33th year of Munjong’s reign.
In the November of 1079CE, the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) sent a report to the Regional Government of Kyushu of Japan (the Great Japan State), requiring physicians who can cure contagious diseases from Japan. At that time, King Munjong, who was suffering from contagious diseases, ent this report with gifts, when he heard from a merchant who traveled in Korea and Japan that there were physicians who cured contagious diseases in Japan. However, at that time, Koryŏ (Goryeo) and Japan did not formally establish diplomatic relations, so this report was transmitted by merchants, not by formal delegation or official envoy.
The original document cannot be found nowadays, but a book 朝野群載 compiled by the Japanese records this report in Vol.20異國. This book also includes the Japanese responding [答書] sent to Koryŏ (Goryeo) in the following year, 1080CE. In this response, the Japanese criticizes Koryŏ (Goryeo)’s usage of 聖旨 to refer their king’s command. Because in Japan, it was rude and overstepped to call the command of the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo) as 聖旨 not 处分. Then they sent back the report and gifts from the king of Koryŏ (Goryeo).

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:50%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:50%;"| English
|-
|
高麗國禮賓省牒大日本國太宰府

當省伏奉聖旨訪聞貴國有能理療風疾醫人今

因商客王則貞廻歸次仰

因便通牒及於王則貞處

說示風疾緣由請彼處選擇上等醫人於來年早春

發送到來理療風疾若有功効定不輕酬者今先送花錦

及大綾中綾各一十段麝香一十臍分附王則貞賚

持將去知大宰府官員處且充信儀到可收領者牒

具如前當省所奉聖旨備錄在前請貴府若有

端的能療風疾好醫人許容發遣前來仍收領疋段

麝香者諸牒

己未年十一月日牒

小卿林槩

生

卿崔

卿鄭

大宰府解申請官裁事

言上高麗國牒壹通狀

右商人往反高麗國古今之例也因玆去年當朝商

人王則貞爲吏開(交開)罷向彼州之間禮賓省牒壹通相

副錦綾麝香等所送也是則聞(?)醫師輕廻鎭西之由

牒送旨件則貞所申也者異國之吏爲蒙(?) 裁定未

檢知件錦綾麝香等何況

不聽取先相副彼牒狀言

上如件謹解

承曆四年三月五日正

日本國太宰府牒高麗國禮賓省

却廻方物等事

牒得彼省牒稱當省伏奉聖旨

仍收領疋段麝香者如牒者

貴國犯霧露於燕寢之中

求醫療於鼇波之外望風懷想能不依之

抑牒狀之詞頗睽故事改處分而曰聖旨

非藩王可稱宅遐陬而跨上邦

誠彛倫收懌歝況亦話商人之旅艇

奇殊俗之單書執圭之使不至

封函之禮旣虧双魚猶難達鳳池之月

扁鵲何得入鷄林之雲凡厥方物皆從却廻

今以狀牒牒到

准狀故牒

承曆四年月日

||
The dispatch from the Bureau of Hospitality of the State of Koryŏ (Goryeo) to the Regional Government of Kyushu of the Great Japan State. This Bureau prostrates to receive the royal edict, which states: “I heard that in Your Noble State exist physicians who are able to treat contagious diseases. Now because traveling merchant Wang Ch’ichŏng (Wang Chikjeong) returned (?). Because of convenience the dispatch reached the place of Wang Ch’ichŏng, stating the cause of the contagious diseases. I kindly request that your state chooses first-class physicians and in the early spring of next year send them here to treat contagious diseases. If the treatment is effective, your state will not be lightly rewarded. Now I first gift brocade, large damask silk, and small damask silk, each ten bolts, musk perfume ten doses and order Wang Ch’ichŏng to carry them to notify the Regional Government of Kyushu as well as acting as a trusted envoy until the gifts reach those who are able to receive them.” The dispatch is written as that this Bureau previously received, and the royal edict is completely recorded ahead. We request that your Noble Government, if there are good physician who really can treat contagious diseases, allow them to be sent here. As precedents, receive the silk bolts and musk perfume as well as various dispatches. In the year of Kimi (Gimi), the eleventh month, on the ? day dispatched.

Vice Minister Im Kae (Im Gae)

Saeng

Minister Ch’oe (Choe)

Minister Chŏng (Jeong)

The Regional Government of Kyushu report<ref>大宰府解 was a form of communication from this local office to the central government.</ref> on the decision of the official request. It mentions the above one dispatch from the state of Koryŏ. Merchants going to and returning from the state of Koryŏ is precedent of old and now. Because of this, last year merchant of that dynasty, Wang Ch’ichŏng became an official [envoy], opened diplomacy, and stopped going to the other continent. One dispatch from the Bureau of Hospitality, and accompanying it the brocades, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others were that which were gifted. Thereby hearing the reason of why physicians easily returning to the Western Garrison. (?)<ref>鎮西府 was an alternate name of 太宰府.</ref> The edict that was sent with the dispatch was that which Ch’ichŏng requested. The official of foreign state did not know. (?) Rule and judge the unexamined brocade, damask silk, and musk perfume as well as the others. Not to mention if not receive [the gifts], first examine the words of their dispatch. The above was respectfully reported as the document states. Decided in the fourth year of Jōryaku, the third month, on the fifth day.
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?
#How could Koryŏ (Goryeo) people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?
#Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?
#What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? Is there any other document mentioning this issue? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?
#How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryŏ at this time?
#How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Goryeo court refer to itself? What made the court of the Koryô kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
#Did the court of the Koryŏ kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?
#What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
『한국고대중세고문서연구』(상), 노명호 외 편, 서울대학교출판부, 2000

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
- Why and how did the medical exchanges become a means of developing the diplomatic relation between Korea and Japan during the 11th century?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why was the Korean court asking for a physician from Japan? Was there a lack of qualified physicians in Korea itself? What did the request tell us about the medical culture at the time?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the disease mentioned by the court of the Koryô kingdom? Is there any other document mentioning this issue?

What made the court of the Koryô kingdom choose the expression 聖旨 when addressing this letter to the Japanese? Was it the first time?

Did the court of the Koryô kingdom also ask the northern tribes' help? If not, why only asking the Japanese?

How did the Koryô court react to the negative response of the Japanese? Is there any trace of possible comments of Koryô scholars upon this matter?

Did Japan notify China that the Koryô court was using very improper formalities as a vassal state?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What was the historical background of this document? How does this document reveal Koryŏ's (Goryeo) stance toward Japan?

What were the roles of merchants in the diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Japan?

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why did Goryeo Korea not send the document according to the diplomatic rituals? What were the Korea-Japan relations like in the 11th century?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What was the state of Korea-Japan relations during this time?

What was the contagious disease that prompted this request? What regions did it affect and how was it contained?

How was medicine understood and practiced in Koryo at this time?

How did Japan view themselves in relation to China?

Is this text typical of communucation between Japan and Korea? Or were more formal rituals usually observed (as suggested by the text)?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# How does this document fit into the broader history of Korea-Japan relations? In previous interactions, how did the Goryeo court refer to itself? How did Korea-Japan relations proceed after this rebuke from Japan?
# Goryeo seems to look to Heian Japan as a potential source for more advanced doctors. Was this a general pattern - did Goryeo generally regard Heian Japan as more advanced or developed? Does this have anything to do with the surprised and indignant reaction of the Heian court to the Goryeo dispatch and its use of the term 聖旨?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
How could Koryŏ people hear about such a doctor? Were there such frequent and vast exchanges between the two countries?

Though it will be hard to determine as this document itself is quite a rare one, was any of the objected matters, such as the use of words and the method of delivery, etc, real offenses or could they have been used as excuses?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-10T06:30:59Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-10T03:55:06Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-10T02:53:55Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-10T02:21:27Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

2019-07-10T02:18:32Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-10T01:17:34Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

2019-07-10T01:16:09Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

2019-07-09T06:50:22Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 서명응 북학의서1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 北學議序
|Korean = 북학의 서(''Bukagui Seo'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type =
|Author = 徐命膺
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0540A_0080_010_0260_2005_A233_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:서명응 북학의서2.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(2)
File:서명응 북학의서3.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(3)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。朴齊家次修。奇士也。

歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。

Translation: As to things like city walls, cottages, carriages, and useful items, there is nothing that does not have the numerical standards. If you get the standards right, all these things will be solid, complete, and enduring. If you lost the standards, these things you set up in the morning will become your defective in the evening and do harm to our people and country greatly. Now observing the Rites of Zhou, the roads are wide but have their tracks (to follow); the halls are long but have chi (chok) (to measure them).

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

It shows, here, that the knowledge of the Sages are vast and important, profound and subtle. They include numerical standards for ten thousand things1; everything is made to its ideal [form]. How could one ever consider [them] trivial and eliminate [them]?

1 萬有, that is "a myriad of things", "all things".

*Discussion Questions:

How did the author of this text come to know about Pak Je? Are they exchanging letters?

Where were the copies of the ''Rites of Zhou'' preserved at? Who could access them? Or were they present in every scholar's personal bookshelves?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。

From the Han dynasty onward, scholars could not understand the universal numerical standards. Generally speaking, these are the affairs of all artisans. All the books writing about the institutions at that time only contain their general outlines.

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。

In China, however, there are experts in every occupation. As to technologies, it has been transmitted from masters. Just relying upon their good nature, moreover, those talented and knowledgeable scholars from all directions understood, pushed it to utmost, and transmit (what they know) from generation to generation. Therefore, there are few city walls, houses, carriages, and all the other useful items that violate the numerical standards of the Sages.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。

There were few who disobeyed the numerical standard of the sages. Therefore, it [what they did] was refined, delicate, solid and firm - free of the trouble of damaging wealth or harming the people. However, our country cannot be like this.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。

All [countries] benefit from mountains and lakes [i.e., natural resources]. All are put into the cost of fixing damages and repairing shortcomings. When this cannot be continued, then our country is said to be a poor country. Alas! But is it that country has ended up poor? Or is it that the ways of measuring have lost their fittingness?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

朴齊家次修。奇士也。歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。

Pak Cheka (Bak Jega), with courtesy name Ch'asu (Chasu), is an extraordinary scholar. In 1778, he went to Beijing, following the envoy bearing the memorial to the emperor<ref>"chinjusa" ("jinjusa")</ref>. Pak continued observing their fortresses, warehouses, wagons and wares. Indeed, they were according to the institutions of august Ming. It was according to the practices of Ming and of the rituals of Zhou.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。
==='''Student 10 : Yeonjae Ra '''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。

Ah! How could he be so sincere and earnest! 次修(朴齊家의 字), you really made an effort here. Most recently the king(正祖) wishes to compile one corpus of the book of models and make it as a collection of the canon. Therefore consider that the duke of Zhou made the case of the Rites of Zhou. The king first ordered six ministries and bureaucrats, and each offices write down what they do, then compare and revise, making it into a book. How can we not mention this writing becomes to be collected at that time?

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

2019-07-09T06:35:58Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 서명응 북학의서1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 北學議序
|Korean = 북학의 서(''Bukagui Seo'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type =
|Author = 徐命膺
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0540A_0080_010_0260_2005_A233_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:서명응 북학의서2.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(2)
File:서명응 북학의서3.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(3)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。朴齊家次修。奇士也。

歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。

Translation: As to things like city walls, cottages, carriages, and useful items, there is nothing that does not have the numerical standards. If you get the standards right, all these things will be solid, complete, and enduring. If you lost the standards, these things you set up in the morning will become defects in the evening and do harm to people and nations greatly. Now observing the Rites of Zhou, the roads are wide but have their tracks (to follow); the halls are long but have chi (chok) (to measure them).

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

It shows, here, that the knowledge of the Sages are vast and important, profound and subtle. They include numerical standards for ten thousand things1; everything is made to its ideal [form]. How could one ever consider [them] trivial and eliminate [them]?

1 萬有, that is "a myriad of things", "all things".

*Discussion Questions:

How did the author of this text come to know about Pak Je? Are they exchanging letters?

Where were the copies of the Rites of the Zhou preserved at? Who could access them? Or were they present in every scholar's bookshelves?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。

From the Han dynasty onward, scholars could not understand the universal numerical standards. Generally speaking, these are the affairs of all crafts. All the books writing about the institutions at that time only contain their general outlines.

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。

In China, however, there are experts in every occupation. As to technologies, it has been transmitted from masters. In accordance with their talents (nature), moreover, those talented and knowledgeable scholars from all directions communicate each other. Each of these scholars reached the sophistication and transmit (what they know) from generation to generation. Therefore, there are few castles, houses, carts, and all the other useful items that violate the numerical standards of the Sages.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。

There were few who disobeyed the numerical standard of sagacious people. Therefore, it [what they did] was refined, delicate, solid and firm - free of the trouble of damaging wealth or harming the people. However, our country cannot be like this.

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。

All [countries] benefit from mountains and lakes [i.e., natural resources]. All are put into the cost of fixing damages and repairing shortcomings. When this cannot be continued, then our country is said to be a poor country. Alas! The country has ended up poor. The ways of measuring have lost their fittingness.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

朴齊家次修。奇士也。歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。

Pak Cheka (Bak Jega), with courtesy name Ch'asu (Chasu), is an extraordinary scholar. In 1778, he went to Beijing, following the envoy bearing the memorial to the emperor<ref>"chinjusa" ("jinjusa")</ref>.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。
==='''Student 10 : Yeonjae Ra '''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。

Ah! How could he be so sincere and earnest! 次修(朴齊家의 字), you really made an effort here. Most recently the king(正祖) wishes to compile one corpus of the book of models and make it as a collection of the canon. Therefore consider that the duke of zhou made the case of the rites of zhou. The king first ordered six ministries and bureaucrats, and each offices write down what they do, then compare and revise, making it into a book. How can we not mention this writing becomes to be collected at that time?

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

2019-07-09T06:34:32Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 서명응 북학의서1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 北學議序
|Korean = 북학의 서(''Bukagui Seo'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type =
|Author = 徐命膺
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0540A_0080_010_0260_2005_A233_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:서명응 북학의서2.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(2)
File:서명응 북학의서3.jpg|徐命膺北學議序(3)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。朴齊家次修。奇士也。

歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

城郭室廬車輿器用。莫不有自然之數法。得之則堅完悠久。失之則朝設夕弊。害民國不細。今觀周禮。涂廣有軌。堂脩有尺。

Translation: As to things like city walls, cottages, carriages, and useful items, there is nothing that does not have the numerical standards. If you get the standards right, all these things will be solid, complete, and enduring. If you lost the standards, these things you set up in the morning will become defects in the evening and do harm to people and nations greatly. Now observing the Rituals of Zhou, the roads are wide but have their tracks (to follow); the halls are long but have chi (chok) (to measure them).

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

車轂三其輻則不泥。屋葺一其峻則易溜。以至金石之劑量。韋革之緩急。絲之漚漆之髹。莫不謹書該載。

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

此可見聖人之識廣大精微。包括萬有之數法。各造其極。何嘗以爲瑣屑而去之乎。

It shows, here, that the knowledge of the Sages are vast and important, profound and subtle. They include numerical standards for ten thousand things1; everything is made to its ideal [form]. How could one ever consider [them] trivial and eliminate [them]?

1 萬有, that is "a myriad of things", "all things".

*Discussion Questions:

How did the author of this text come to know about Pak Je? Are they exchanging letters?

Where were the copies of the Rites of the Zhou preserved at? Who could access them?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
自漢以後。儒者不能通萬有之數法。槩曰此百工之事也。凡當時制度之書。但載其大綱。

From the Han dynasty onward, scholars could not understand the universal numerical standards. Generally speaking, these are the affairs of all crafts. All the books writing about the institutions at that time only contain their general outlines.

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

然中州則業有顓門。技有師授。又四方才智之士因其性之所通。各致其精。互相傳襲。而其城郭室廬車輿器用。

In China, however, there are experts in every occupation. As to technologies, it has been transmitted from masters. In accordance with their talents (nature), moreover, those talented and knowledgeable scholars from all directions communicate each other. Each of these scholars reached the sophistication and transmit (what they know) from generation to generation. Therefore, there are few castles, houses, carts, and all the other useful items that violate the numerical standards of the Sages.

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

違聖人數法者盖寡。是以精緻牢固。無傷財害民之患。而我國則不能然。

There were few who disobeyed the numerical standard of sagacious people. Therefore, it [what they did] was refined, delicate, solid and firm - free of the trouble of damaging wealth or harming the people. However, our country cannot be like this.

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

諸有山澤之利。一皆歸之於修毁補弊之費。及其不能繼。則曰我國貧國也。嗚呼。國果貧乎。數法失其宜乎。

All [countries] benefit from mountains and lakes [i.e., natural resources]. All are put into the cost of fixing damages and repairing shortcomings. When this cannot be continued, then our country is said to be a poor country. Alas! The country has ended up poor. The ways of measuring have lost their fittingness.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

朴齊家次修。奇士也。歲戊戌。隨陳奏使入燕。縱觀其城郭室廬車輿器用。歎曰。此皇明之制度也。皇明之制度。又周禮之制度也。

Pak Cheka (Bak Jega), with courtesy name Ch'asu (Chasu), is an extraordinary scholar. In 1778, he went to Beijing, following the envoy bearing the memorial to the emperor<ref>"chinjusa" ("jinjusa")</ref>.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

凡遇可以通行於我國者。熟視而竊識之。或有未解。復博訪以釋其疑。歸而筆之於書。爲北學議內外篇。其紀數詳密。布法明暢。且附以同志之論。一按卷可推行。
==='''Student 10 : Yeonjae Ra '''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

噫。何其用心勤且摯也。次修。勉之哉。方今聖上欲編輯一部法書。以金聲玉振於國典。而考周公作周禮之例。先命六官庶司。各記其職之所有事者。以擬淘成一書。無乃是書爲伊時之所採用乎。

Ah! How could he be so sincere and earnest! 次修(朴齊家의 字), you really made an effort here. Most recently the king(正祖) wishes to compile one corpus of the book of models and make it as a collection of the canon. Therefore consider the duke of zhou make the case of the rites of zhou. The king first ordered six ministries and bureaucrats, and each offices write down what they do, then compare and revise, making it into a book. How can we not mention this writing becomes to be collected at that time?

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

夫天將風而鳶先嘯。將雨而蟻先垤。是書採用與否。固不可知。而亦未必不爲我朝法書之鳶蟻。故余道其有感於中者。書于卷首而還之。

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 崔鳴吉丙子封事第一

2019-07-08T07:02:31Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 최명길 병자봉사제일1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 丙子封事第一
|Korean = 병자봉사제일(''Byeongjabongsajeil'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = 箚
|Author = 崔鳴吉
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0328A_0110_010_0120_2003_A089_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:최명길 병자봉사제일1.jpg|崔鳴吉丙子封事第一(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
伏以臣病伏私室。不與朝廷之議。聞諸道路之傳。今此金差之言。悖慢凶狡。有不忍聞。凡有血氣。孰不憤惋欲死。竊聞句管問答。廟堂籌畫。辭直理當。有足可觀。然於臣心。有不得不爲過慮者焉。當初約和時。朝廷以君臣大義。反覆開陳。彼雖犬羊。亦有知覺。故不敢強我以非義。約爲隣國。告天立誓。十餘年間。未有他說。今忽發爲此言者何也。且虜旣跨據大漠。無所受制。肆然稱帝。誰復禁止。而必欲藉口於我國者。其心或難知。

我若只以口語答之。則事跡晻昧。無可據證。如使驕虜反其辭說。而誣我於天下。其將何以自解乎。臣之愚意。例答之外。別爲一書。備陳僞號之不可僭。臣節之不可易。尊卑之等不可紊。以明大義而存國體。仍將虜書及我國所答。移咨督府。轉奏皇朝。一面下諭八方。訓飭兵馬。以待其變。使天下之人。曉然知朝廷處置之明白。然後可以折虜謀而壯士氣。書之史冊。無愧辭矣。且聞龍胡之行。唯以春信弔祭爲名。而汗書亦無別語。其所謂悖書者。乃八高山及蒙古王子書也。

答其循例之書。而拒其悖理之言。君臣之義。隣國之道。得以兩全。於計爲宜。況今山陵未畢。守備未完。權宜緩禍之策。亦何可全然不思。金差不妨招見。所不可見者西㺚耳。西㺚不必薄待。所當嚴斥者悖書耳。

臣竊觀今日虜情。特有早晩。等是被兵。但不可矇矓處置。以致見賣。過於落莫。以促其兵耳。城門閉言路開。雖有悔端。亦不濟事。今日之勢可謂急矣。而幸未至於目前被兵。伏願殿下。益加憤發。先立大志。如頃日諫臣筵臣之言。多所採納。收敍言事之臣。勇革病民之政。振拔人才。激勵將士。以慰臣民之望。則人心旣悅。國勢自固。雖有外患。亦不至大段顚沛矣。臣之賤疾。一向沈綿。精神昏憒。全不省外事。而竊不任區區憂國之誠。冒陳所懷。唯明主裁之。取進止。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
丙子封事[第二] http://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/item?itemId=MO#/dir/node?dataId=ITKC_MO_0328A_0110_010_0130

丙子封事[第三] http://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/item?itemId=MO#/dir/node?dataId=ITKC_MO_0328A_0110_010_0140

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What can we learn about the writer's political standpoint from this memorial?

Regarding the argument over the ethnicity and the political legitimacy shown in this memorial, how did Joseon people during the 16th-17th centuries understand the Joseon-Qing relation?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희"''===
----

*Discussion Questions: What is the historical context in which this memorial was written? What did the memorial tell us about Choson-Qing relation in the 1630s? Why was the Choson-Qing relation like this? Previous scholars have attributed Choson's cultural prejudice against the Jurchen-cum-Manchurians as a main cause of an antagonistic relation between Choson and Qing. What about the causes in the political-economy?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

- Is the concept of "closing the gates and opening the channels of expression" something typically Korean during the Yi dynasty? If not, was is also existing in China and Koryô?

- Did the Chosôn court really think that it was the most "civilized" among the "barbarians" around China?

- Who compiled Choe Myônggil's memorial, when and for what purpose?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 5 : 신동조'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What would the hawks say about 최명길's memorials? What would be their strategies to defend their country?

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Describe the state of Sino-Korean relations during the time of this memorial and in the years following.

Why were certain groups of people (such as the Khitan and Mongols etc.) viewed and written about in a pejorative manner?

Were memorials an effective method through which to influence political decisions? Give examples to justify your answer.

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# How is Choe Myeong-gil situated within the political context of the Joseon court at this time? Who, if anyone, takes the opposing view? Do they use the same strategies for convincing the king? That is, how similar do the opposing memorials look to Choe's?

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Who was Ch'oe Myŏngkil (Choe Myeonggil)? Considering the situation of the Chosŏn (Joseon) in the 17th century, what were the factors that influenced his writing?

==='''Student 10 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

*Discussion Questions: Few contents of this memorial is also written in choson wangjo sillok(朝鮮王朝實錄), however his appeal was not responded by the king(仁祖). That’s why? But why this memorial was written in official writings?

choson wangjo sillok [http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wpa_11409005_001]

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 李珥答成浩原(壬申)

2019-07-05T06:46:32Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 이이율곡전서답성호원1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 李珥答成浩原(壬申)
|Korean = 이이 답 성호원(임신)(''Yi I Dap SeongHowon(Imsin)'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = Letter
|Author = 李珥
|Source = '''IMG.''' [http://bit.ly/2XyzYcR Korean National Assembly Library (국회전자도서관)]
'''TXT.''' [http://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/item?itemId=BT#dir/node?grpId=&itemId=BT&gubun=book&depth=5&cate1=Z&cate2=&dataGubun=%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4&dataId=ITKC_BT_0201B_0080_010_0100&viewSync=OT Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Year = 1572
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019
}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:25%;"|Image || style="width:25%;"|Text || style="width:50%;"| Translation
|-
| [[File:이이율곡전서답성호원1.jpg|border|李珥答成浩原(壬申)1|400px]]
||
答成浩原壬申

聖賢之說。或橫或豎。各有所指。欲以豎準橫。以橫合豎。則或失其旨矣。心一也而謂之道謂之人者。性命形氣之別也。情一也而或曰四或曰七者。專言理兼言氣之不同也。是故。人心道心。不能相兼而相爲終始焉。四端不能兼七情。而七情則兼四端。道心之微。人心之危。朱子之說盡矣。四端不如七情之全。七情不如四端之粹。是則愚見也。人心道心。相爲終始者。何謂也。今人之心。直出於性命之正。而或不能順而遂之。閒之以私意。則是始以道心。而終以人心也。或出於形氣。而不咈乎正理。則固不違於道心矣。或咈乎正理。而知非制伏。不從其欲。則是始以人心。而終以道心也。蓋人心道心。兼情意而言也。不但指情也。七情則統言人心之動。有此七者。四端則就七情中擇其善一邊而言也。固不如人心道心之相對說下矣。且情是發出恁地。不及計較。則又不如人心道心之相爲終始矣。烏可强就而相準耶。今欲兩邊說下。則當遵人心道心之說。欲說善一邊。則當遵四端之說。欲兼善惡說。則當遵七情之說。不必將枘就鑿。紛紛立論也。四端七情。正如本然之性氣質之性。本然
||
(translation)
|-
| [[File:이이율곡전서답성호원2.jpg|border|李珥答成浩原(壬申)2|400px]]
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之性。則不兼氣質而爲言也。氣質之性。則却兼本然之性。故四端不能兼七情。七情則兼四端。朱子所謂發於理發於氣者。只是大綱說。豈料後人之分開太甚乎。學者活看可也。且退溪先生旣以善歸之四端。而又曰。七者之情。亦無有不善。若然則四端之外。亦有善情也。此情從何而發哉。孟子擧其大槪。故只言惻隱羞惡恭敬是非。而其他善情之爲四端。則學者當反三而知之。人情安有不本於仁義禮智而爲善情者乎。此一段當深究精思善情旣有四端。而又於四端之外有善情。則是人心有二本也。其可乎。大抵未發則性也。已發則情也。發而計較商量則意也。心爲性情意之主。故未發已發及其計較。皆可謂之心也。發者氣也。所以發者理也。其發直出於正理而氣不用事則道心也。七情之善一邊也。發之之際。氣已用事則人心也。七情之合善惡也。知其氣之用事。精察而趨乎正理。則人心聽命於道心也。不能精察而惟其所向。則情勝慾熾。而人心愈危。道心愈微矣。精察與否。皆是意之所爲。故自修莫先於誠意。今若曰四端理發而氣隨之。七情氣發而理乘之。則是理氣二物。或先或後。相對爲兩岐。各自出來矣。人心豈非二本乎。情雖萬般。夫孰非發於理乎。惟其氣或揜而用事。或不揜而聽命於理。故有善惡之異。以此體認。庶幾見之
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(translation)
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矣。別紙之說。大槪得之。但所謂四七發於性。人心道心發於心者。似有心性二岐之病。性則心中之理也。心則盛貯性之器也。安有發於性發於心之別乎。人心道心皆發於性。而爲氣所揜者爲人心。不爲氣所揜者爲道心。

'''附問書'''

霖陰不止。想惟道況淸和否。傾仰不自已。前稟別紙。乞答示何如。今看十圖心性情圖。退翁立論。則中閒一段曰。四端之情。理發而氣隨之。自純善無惡。必理發未遂而揜於氣。然後流爲不善。七者之情。氣發而理乘之。亦無有不善。若氣發不中而滅其理。則放而爲惡云。究此議論。以理氣之發。當初皆無不善。而氣之不中。乃流於惡云矣。人心道心之說。旣如彼其分理氣之發。而從古聖賢皆宗之。則退翁之論。自不爲過耶。更望於此痛加血戰。極意消詳。以解鈍澁之惑。千萬至祝。心之虛靈知覺。一而已矣。而有人心道心之二名。何歟。以其或生於形氣之私。或原於性命之正。理氣之發不同。而危微之用各異。故名不能不二也。然則與所謂四端七情者。同耶。今以道心謂之四端可矣。而以人心謂之七情則不可矣。且夫四端七情。以發於性者而言也。人心道心。以發於心者
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(translation)
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而言也。其名目意味之閒。有些不同焉。幸賜一言。發其直指。何如。人心道心之發。其所從來固有主氣主理之不同。在唐虞無許多議論時。已有此說。聖賢宗旨。皆作兩下說。則今爲四端七情之圖。而曰發於理發於氣。有何不可乎。理與氣之互發。乃爲天下之定理。而退翁所見。亦自正當耶。然氣隨之理乘之之說。正自拖引太長。似失於名理也。愚意以爲四七對擧而言。則謂之四發於理。七發於氣可也。爲性情之圖。則不當分開。但以四七俱置情圈中。而曰四端。指七情中理一邊發者而言也。七情不中節。是氣之過不及而流於惡云云。則不混於理氣之發。而亦無分開二岐之患否耶。幷乞詳究示喩。未發之體。亦有善惡之可言者。甚誤。喜怒哀樂之未發。謂之中。中也者。大本也。安有善惡之可言耶。衆人之心。不昏昧則必散亂。大本不立。故不可謂之中也。幸於一瞬之閒。或有未發之時。則卽此未發之時。全體湛然。與聖人不異矣。惟其瞥然之際。還失其體。昏亂隨之。故不得其中耳。其所以昏且亂者。由其拘於氣質故也。若曰拘於氣質而不能立其大本則可也。若曰未發之時。亦有惡之萌兆則大不可。蓋其或昏
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(translation)
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昧。或散亂者。不可謂之未發也。

'''心性情圖'''

程子曰。人生氣稟。理有善惡。此曉人深切。八字打開處也。其所謂理者。指其乘氣流行之理。而非指理之本然也。本然之理固純善。而乘氣流行。其分萬殊。氣稟有善惡。故理亦有善惡也。夫理之本然。則純善而已。乘氣之際。參差不齊。淸淨至貴之物及汚穢至賤之處。理無所不在。而在淸淨則理亦淸淨。在汚穢則理亦汚穢。若以汚穢者爲非理之本然則可。遂以爲汚穢之物無理則不可也。夫本然者。理之一也。流行者。分之殊也。捨流行之理。而別求本然之理。固不可。若以理之有善惡者。爲理之本然則亦不可。理一分殊四字。最宜體究。徒知理之一而不知分之殊。則釋
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(translation)
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氏之以作用爲性而猖狂自恣是也。徒知分之殊而不知理之一。則荀，揚以性爲惡。或以爲善惡混者。是也。昨書以爲未發之時。亦有不善之萌者。更思之。尤見其大錯。吾兄之不識大本。病根正在於此。未發者。性之本然也。太極之妙也。中也。大本也。於此亦有不善之萌。則是聖人獨有大本。而常人無大本也。孟子性善之說。爲駕虛之高談。而人不可以爲堯舜矣。子思何不曰君子之喜怒哀樂之未發謂之中。而乃泛言喜怒哀樂之未發謂之中耶。千萬不是。切宜速改。
右議論閒有先賢所未發者。不遇吾兄。未易辨論至此。於此相合。則無所不合矣。今世之所謂學者。豈無聰明才辯之人哉。可語此事者。殊不多見。見此論而不怪笑者。亦鮮矣。
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(translation)
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
聖賢之說。或橫或豎。各有所指。欲以豎準橫。以橫合豎。則或失其旨矣。心一也而謂之道謂之人者。性命形氣之別也。情一也而或曰四或曰七者。專言理兼言氣之不同也。是故。人心道心。不能相兼而相爲終始焉。四端不能兼七情。而七情則兼四端。道心之微。人心之危。朱子之說盡矣。四端不如七情之全。七情不如四端之粹。是則愚見也。

Translation:
The words of the sages, some are horizontal and some are vertical. Each of them has pointed objects. If you intend to use the vertical to regulate the horizontal, use to horizontal to suit the vertical, then you might lose the purport of the sages' words. The minds are one but we call it the mind of the Way and the mind of humans, it is the difference of the mind, the life, the physical existence, and the qi. The emotions are one, but some are called the four sprouts and some are called the seven emotions. This is talking about the differences of the principle and the qi specifically. Because of this, the human mind and the mind of the Way, they cannot combine with each other but can be the other's beginning and ending. The four sprouts cannot encompass the seven emotions, but the seven emotions can encompass the four sprouts. The mind of the Way is subtle. The human mind is perilous. That's what the teachings of Master Zhu are all about. The four sprouts are not as full as the seven emotions. The seven emotions are not as pure as the four sprouts. This is my humble opinion.

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

人心道心。相爲終始者。何謂也。今人之心。直出於性命之正。而或不能順而遂之。閒之以私意。則是始以道心。而終以人心也。或出於形氣。而不咈乎正理。則固不違於道心矣。或咈乎正理。而知非制伏。不從其欲。則是始以人心。而終以道心也。蓋人心道心。兼情意而言也。不但指情也。七情則統言人心之動。

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

有此七者。四端則就七情中擇其善一邊而言也。固不如人心道心之相對說下矣。且情是發出恁地。不及計較。則又不如人心道心之相爲終始矣。烏可强就而相準耶。今欲兩邊說下。則當遵人心道心之說。欲說善一邊。則當遵四端之說。欲兼善惡說。則當遵七情之說。不必將枘就鑿。紛紛立論也。四端七情。正如本然之性氣質之性。本然之性。則不兼氣質而爲言也。氣質之性。則却兼本然之性。故四端不能兼七情。七情則兼四端。

[Here] there are 7 [of these]. As for the 4 inklings, I advanced towards the center of the 7 sentiments, chose one of its good aspects and [here] I discussed [it]. It is really not a conflict [that we have] between the human mind and the mind of the way. And the sentiments are aroused that way. If they are not thought over, then it is neither the human mind and the mind of the way encompass one another from the end to the beginning.

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

朱子所謂發於理發於氣者。只是大綱說。豈料後人之分開太甚乎。學者活看可也。且退溪先生旣以善歸之四端。而又曰。七者之情。亦無有不善。若然則四端之外。亦有善情也。此情從何而發哉。孟子擧其大槪。故只言惻隱羞惡恭敬是非。而其他善情之爲四端。則學者當反三而知之。人情安有不本於仁義禮智而爲善情者乎。此一段當深究精思善情旣有四端。而又於四端之外有善情。則是人心有二本也。其可乎。
That which Master Zhu called aroused from the Principle and aroused from the Material Force are just general outlines. How did he expect later people divide them too much? It is appropriate that scholars actively read them. Moreover, Mister T'oegye (Toegye) reduces goodness to the Four Beginnings. And yet he also says that among the Seven Sentiments there does not exist something not good. If so, then outside of the Four Beginnings there also exist good sentiments. From where are these sentiments aroused? Mencius raises the general ideas, thus he only speaks of being compassionate, being ashamed of evil deeds, be respectful, and being able to discern right and wrong. As to other good sentiments out of the Four Beginnings, then scholars should apply the general principles and know them. How are human sentiments not based on Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, and Intelligence and not be good sentiments? This phrase should be deeply investigated and finely thought out. As to good sentiments, they have the Four Beginnings, and yet out of the Four Beginning, there also exist good sentiments. Then it means Human Mind has two foundations. Can it be so?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

大抵未發則性也。已發則情也。發而計較商量則意也。心爲性情意之主。故未發已發及其計較。皆可謂之心也。發者氣也。所以發者理也。其發直出於正理而氣不用事則道心也。七情之善一邊也。發之之際。氣已用事則人心也。七情之合善惡也。知其氣之用事。精察而趨乎正理。則人心聽命於道心也。不能精察而惟其所向。則情勝慾熾。而人心愈危。道心愈微矣。精察與否。皆是意之所爲。故自修莫先於誠意。今若曰四端理發而氣隨之。

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

七情氣發而理乘之。則是理氣二物。或先或後。相對爲兩岐。各自出來矣。人心豈非二本乎。情雖萬般。夫孰非發於理乎。惟其氣或揜而用事。或不揜而聽命於理。故有善惡之異。以此體認。庶幾見之矣。別紙之說。大槪得之。但所謂四七發於性。人心道心發於心者。似有心性二岐之病。性則心中之理也。心則盛貯性之器也。安有發於性發於心之別乎。人心道心皆發於性。而爲氣所揜者爲人心。不爲氣所揜者爲道心。

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

心性情圖

程子曰。人生氣稟。理有善惡。此曉人深切。八字打開處也。其所謂理者。指其乘氣流行之理。而非指理之本然也。本然之理固純善。而乘氣流行。其分萬殊。氣稟有善惡。故理亦有善惡也。夫理之本然。則純善而已。乘氣之際。參差不齊。淸淨至貴之物及汚穢至賤之處。理無所不在。而在淸淨則理亦淸淨。在汚穢則理亦汚穢。若以汚穢者爲非理之本然則可。遂以爲汚穢之物無理則不可也。夫本然者。理之一也。流行者。分之殊也。

Diagram of Heart, Nature, and Sentiment

Master Cheng said: "Human life is endowed with material force. Principle has good and evil." This penetrates deeply into man(?). The Eight Characters unfold this place(??). What is called principle, is the principle which rides on qi and spreads(?). It does not refer to ''li zhi benran''. ''benran zhi li'' is originally pure and good, and it rides on qi and spreads(?). It splits into ten thousand different parts. The endowed qi has good and evil; therefore principle also has good and evil. Of course ''li zhi benran'' is purely good, and nothing else. The limit(?) of riding on qi is that it is uneven.(?) The peaceful arrives at worthy things, and the foul arrives at lowly places. [Yet] there is nowhere that principle is not. So, when it is in the peaceful, principle is also peaceful. When it is in the foul, principle is also foul. It is like using the foul to ???, then ?? foul things ???. The root is one with principle; what spreads is the many parts.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

捨流行之理。而別求本然之理。固不可。若以理之有善惡者。爲理之本然則亦不可。理一分殊四字。最宜體究。徒知理之一而不知分之殊。則氏之以作用爲性而猖狂自恣是也。徒知分之殊而不知理之一。則荀，揚以性爲惡。或以爲善惡混者。是也。昨書以爲未發之時。亦有不善之萌者。更思之。尤見其大錯。吾兄之不識大本。病根正在於此。

This is neglecting the principle whose flows and goings manifest in actuality and seeking an innate principle alternately. This cannot be.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

未發者。性之本然也。太極之妙也。中也。大本也。於此亦有不善之萌。則是聖人獨有大本。而常人無大本也。孟子性善之說。爲駕虛之高談。而人不可以爲堯舜矣。子思何不曰君子之喜怒哀樂之未發謂之中。而乃泛言喜怒哀樂之未發謂之中耶。

==='''Student 10 : Yeonjae Ra'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

千萬不是。切宜速改。右議論閒有先賢所未發者。不遇吾兄。未易辨論至此。於此相合。則無所不合矣。今世之所謂學者。豈無聰明才辯之人哉。可語此事者。殊不多見。見此論而不怪笑者。亦鮮矣。

I think this statement is utterly unreasonable, so (you) should correct it as fast. The discuss argued on the right side(of the letter) has unrevealed thing by ancient sages. If we haven’t met you before, it would not be easy to give discriminating consideration to this. If to this matches each other, there is nothing could not be matched. Nowadays among so called scholars, how there is no one who are not be intelligent and talented? (However) those who can refer to this things, we could not discover them in many ways. Also, there would be rare person those who are not laughing weirdly at this discussion.

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 13 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 14 : (Write your name)'''===
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*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 成俔文明論

2019-07-04T06:55:46Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 성현 용재총화(문명론).jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 文明論
|Korean = 문명론(''Munmyeongnon'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type =
|Author = 成俔
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_GO_1306A_0090_000_0010_2004_001_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Year =
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
我國與中朝不類。我人讀書。有音布釋口訣。故人未易學。中朝所言皆文字。無音釋口訣。故其學易就。我人奸巧多疑。常不信人。故人亦不信我。中朝人純厚無疑。雖與外人交賣。而不甚爭詰。我人雖臨小事輕躁喧鬧。故人多而不能就。中朝人靜默無言。人雖少而事易成。我人多食飮。苟失一時。枵腹無所措。細民貸於富屋。猶糜費而不知節用。以至於困。貴者多列酒食而不知厭。若起軍兵。則飛輓過半。行者出數里之程。而輜重塞途。中朝人不多食。一時所食只一燒餠。猶可度朝夕。不必啖飯。軍卒掛乾粮於馬鞍。以備飢餒。行者雖千萬里之遠。只齎銀錢。求飯卽食。求酒卽飮。求馬卽騎。求僕卽率。居有宇而宿有婦。故無難行之處。我人居官者。有早飯朝飯晝飯。或有無時會飮。侵軼僕隷。務要盛饌。句小失差。必加鞭扑。中朝人居官者雖公卿大夫。其家美備。飯肉一器。送于其司而饋之。我人出使外方者。則官吏迎送于境。先備酒食。其入邑也。邀留數日。大開宴席。務祟沈酗。無日蘇醒。因此得疾而廢者無算。其送別也。張幙於佳山勝水之間。挽袖不放。終日不已。故拙者耗敗官資。而日就頹廢。能者多營助利。而因售己私。官家日蕭。吏民日瘁。而不勝其苦矣。中朝人出使者。萬騎前導。節鉞輝煌。可謂盛矣。其入邑也。官吏拜于堂下。使人入房。只啖豚蹄糲飯。與伴從同宿一榻。明日卽行。官吏出五里之外。餞三杯而送之。官吏欲修人情。私備酒食。稱下程而饋之。故使不留連。官無費物。而州縣常足也。我國人物。奴婢居半。故雖名州鉅邑。而軍卒鮮少。中朝則人皆國人。戶皆精兵。雖小小僻邑。數萬之衆。可以猝辦。我人輕佻不定。民不畏吏。吏不畏士。士不畏大夫。大夫不畏公卿。上下相陵思相傾軋。中朝則下民畏吏如豺虎。吏畏公卿大夫如鬼神。公卿大夫畏上如天。故莅事則能就。出令則易從也。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

-As this article takes China as an idealized model, how did people during the 15th-16th century Joseon understand their own culture? Are there any other literati writings which could give us further information?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

What do you think is the point of 成俔 tried to make in the essay? Is his depiction of China and Korea fair and trustworthy? If not, what is the reason of him depicting the two countries in such ways?

==='''Student 3 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
Why did Sŏng Hyŏn (Seong Hyeon) write an essay comparing the Chosŏn people and the Chinese people? What did he want to achieve with this writing?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 7 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 鄭澈戒酒文

2019-07-04T06:52:25Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 정철 계주문1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 戒酒文
|Korean = 계주문(''Gyejumun'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = 雜著
|Author = 鄭澈
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0203A_0040_010_0020_2002_A046_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:정철 계주문2.jpg|鄭澈戒酒文(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
某之嗜酒有四。不平一也。遇興二也。待客三也。難拒人勸四也。不平則理遣可也。遇興則嘯詠可也。待客則誠信可也。人勸雖苛。吾志旣樹。則不以人言撓奪可也。然則捨四可。而就一不可之中。終始執迷。以誤一生。何也。余休官退處。五承恩旨。到今年春。迫不得已。力疾趨召。陳疏乞退。志在丘壑。則當杜門斂跡。愼言與行可也。而動靜無常。言語失宜。千邪萬妄。皆從酒出。方其醉時。甘心行之。及其醒也。

迷而不悟。人或言之。則初不信然。旣得其實。則羞媿欲死。今日如是。明日又如是。尤悔山積。補過無時。親者哀之。疏者唾之。褻天命。慢人紀。見棄於名敎者不淺焉。月之初吉。辭家廟。出國門。臨江將濟。送者滿舟。回首洛中。追思旣往。則恰似穿窬之人。抽身鋒鏑。白日對人。惶駭窘迫。無地自容。終日踧踖。如負大罪。及去而更來于江上也。

先忌適臨。嗚咽呑聲。哀慘之中。善端萌露。遂慨然自訟曰。喜獵何到於明道。而萌動於十年之後。好色何到於澹菴。而繫戀於動忍之餘。難操者心。易失者志。心兮志兮。孰主張之。主人翁兮。常惺惺兮。苟不如此言。吾何以更見江水兮。萬曆五年丁丑四月七日。書于西湖亭舍。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
#
#

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
-Does the action of drinking wine represent the writer's political standpoint?

-What can the abstinence of drinking reveal to us, such as the struggles between the ideality and the real life of the writer?

-In a large picture, how should we understand the wine-politics relationship during the 16th century?

==='''Student 2 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

Is this essay intended to anyone? Is it something that the author wrote for himself? If so, was it a common practice among scholars?

Would it be possible that the author was trying to avoid having any link with the king of the time?

Has the author written anything related to his father's death in another manuscript?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
ing
*Discussion Questions:
Considering the political situation of Chŏng Ch'ŏl (Jeong Cheol), why did he wrote this prose? What are the points he was try to make?

==='''Student 5 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 6 : Stacey Lui'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
What was Chŏng Ch'ŏl's position in the central government? Why was he so desperate to leave?
Do you think alcohol is used as a wider analogy for socio-political issues?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:
# The piece flows between admonitions against drinking and a personal narrative about Jeong Cheol's personal misfortunes. Many of his misfortunes seem to have more to do with political infighting, etc., than with drinking. So are they mentioned just to elicit sympathy? Or does he consider alcohol partly responsible for the problems he sees in Joseon political culture more broadly?

==='''Student 8 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 11 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 12 : (Write your name)'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-03T11:37:55Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김시습 명분설1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 名分說
|Korean = 명분설(''Myŏngbunsŏl [Myeongbunseol]'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = 說
|Author = 金時習
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0069A_0230_020_0030_2003_A013_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:김시습 명분설2.jpg|金時習名分說(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

是以。天子制諸侯。諸侯制卿大夫。卿大夫治士庶人。貴以馭賤。賤以承貴。上之使下。猶頭目之運手足。下之事上。如枝葉之衛本根。然後上下相資。本末相持。以之爲國而國自治。以之爲家而家自齊。由是而君君臣臣。父父子子。夫夫婦婦。長長幼幼。而百令順矣。衛君待孔子而爲政。必先正名。以謂名不正則言不順。言不順則事不成。事不成則民無所措手足。

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Is KIm Siseup legitimating or criticizing the status quo of Joseon society at the time?
# How was Gim Si-seup (Kim Sisŭp) related to other literati during Sejong's reign? Did the defenders and critics of Sejong's rule (or simply the political status quo during Sejong's rule) use clashing philosophical arguments or frameworks to bolster their respective cases, or did they generally agree on the philosophical underpinnings, and disagree only on the immediate facts?
# Where did he publish his work? Who were his audience? What was the exact year the piece was written? How was this piece circulated? Was it commercially exchanged? Why did he write this piece? In what historical context was this piece written (against coup d’état, natural disasters?) Is it possible that Kim wrote this piece for personal ambition? For self-congratulatory purpose? How was this piece compared to other writings of Kim, in terms of literary style and content?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
1. 司馬光, <<資治通鑑>>卷第一 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=579652

2. 김시습 in 한국민족대백과사전(Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, in Korean). http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0009666

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : Yishu Ma'''===
----
What the title and distinction mean to people really matters. The Book of Change says, "The sky is superior and the earth is inferior. Thus has the universe been fixed, have the superiority and inferiority been set, and have the high and low status of people been posited. This book claims that the title and distinction shouldn't be overstepped by people. What is called as the title are the son of heaven, the dukes, the ministers, the senior officials, and the common people. What is called as the distinction are the high and low status, superiors and inferiors, superiority and inferiority. Now that there are titles and the distinction, but there are no rituals to regulate them. Thereupon, the rules and standards cannot be protected. The fact of the titles and distinction is in vain as empty vessels. And no one could control them.

狗尾續貂，則混名份也。
Translation: Using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur, thus makes the title and distinction disordered.

a. Jin shu [晉書·趙王倫傳]：“每朝會，貂蟬盈坐，時人為之諺曰：‘貂不足，狗尾續。’ ”
"貂不足，狗尾續" here refers to a satire on the king who employed the unvirtuous people as officials.

b. Youxue qionglin [幼學瓊林·卷四·鳥獸類] ：“美惡不稱，謂之狗尾續貂。”
"狗尾續貂" means that using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur is not beautiful. It uses a metaphor of birds to illustrate this point.

c. Wudeng huiyuan [五燈會元·普覺禪師]:“這一個，那一個，更一個，若是明眼人，何須重說教，徑山今日不免狗尾續貂。"
"狗尾續貂" in this sentence means that there is no need for expounding something mechanically because that would be useless and meaningless.

Q: Why did the writer imitate Sima Guang's work? In other words, why Sima Guang and Zizhi tongjian [資治通鑑]？Were there any intellectual or socio-political backgrounds during the 15th century can provide the reasons?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
Great are title and distinction to people. The Book of Change states, “The heaven is supreme, and the earth is humble. Thus are they destined to be. Things high and low correspond to nobility and humility." Therefore, title and distinction must not to be subverted. What is “title”? It is the titles of the Son of Heaven, Dukes, Marquis, and Grand master. What is “distinction”? It is the distinction between the high and low, the respected and scorned, and the noble and humble. If you have title and distinction but do not realize them with rituals, the institution and laws [of the state] cannot be preserved. The reality of title and distinction becomes empty vessel. In that case, society can no longer be governed.

---

Hunting at Heyang was a wrongdoing that impaired the integrity of title and distinction.

Footnote: This is a reference from the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals: Xigong [春秋左傳: 僖公] 28.1. Kim was referring to an incident during the Age of Spring and Autumn in which the Duke of Jin illegitimately invoked the name of King Zhou, the Son of Heaven at the time, to call a meeting at Heyang, a place that the King frequented for his hunting activities. The incident became a staple example to criticize anyone who illegitimately invoked a title that was out of his or her social position. Similar reference to the incident is found in The School Sayings of Confucius: Quli Zigong Wen [孔子家語: 曲禮子貢問 ] 1, in which Confucius commented that, “[the incident was one in which] a minister summoned the king. [Such minster was so audacious that] he could not be taught.

----

Questions

Where did he publish his work? Who were his audience? What was the exact year the piece was written? How was this piece circulated? Was it commercially exchanged?

Why did he write this piece? In what historical context was this piece written (against coup d’état, natural disasters?) Is it possible that Kim wrote this piece for personal ambition? For self-congratulatory purpose?

How was this piece compared to other writings of Kim, in terms of literary style and content?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
Grands sont les dénominations et statuts pour les Hommes. Le Livre des transformations dit : "Le Ciel est vénérable et la Terre est basse, le Cosmos a [ainsi] été disposé. [...]." Que nomme-t-on les "dénominations" ? Ce sont [les appellations] fils du ciel, duc, marquis, ministre, haut fonctionnaire, bureaucrate, roturier. Que nomme-t-on les "statuts" ? Ce sont [les états] supérieur et inférieur, riche et pauvre. En possédant les dénominations et statuts mais en ne les régulant pas par les rituels, la discipline ne peut les préserver ; le cœur des dénominations et statuts devient [alors] vainement un objet vide. Et personne ne peut le contrôler.

Par conséquent, le Fils du Ciel contrôle les seigneurs, les seigneurs contrôlent les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires, les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires gouvernent les bureaucrates et les roturiers. Les nobles, en tant que nobles, dirigent les humbles. Les humbles, en tant qu'humbles, suivent les [ordres des] nobles. Le fait que les supérieurs commandent les inférieurs, est similaire à la tête et aux yeux qui mettent en mouvement les mains et les pieds. Le fait que les inférieurs servent les supérieurs, est comme les branches [d'arbre] protègent les feuilles et les racines. [Ainsi,] Par la suite, les supérieurs et les inférieurs se soutiennent mutuellement, les racines et les extrémités [des arbres] se maintiennent mutuellement. Par cela, [appliqué] au pays, le pays se gouverne naturellement. Par cela, [appliqué] à la famille, la famille est mise en ordre naturellement. En suivant ce [raisonnement], le souverain agit comme un souverain, le sujet agit comme un sujet, le père agit comme un père, le fils agit comme un fils, le mari agit comme un mari, l'épouse agit comme une épouse, l'aîné agit comme un aîné, le cadet agit comme un cadet, et ils obéissent à une centaine d'ordres. Le souverain de Wei attend Confucius mais pour engager qu'il mette en place ses politiques, il doit d'abord corriger les dénominations. ((NOTE)) C'est-à-dire, si les dénominations ne sont pas correctes, la langue ne suivra pas [la réalité des choses], si la langue ne suit pas (la réalité des choses], les choses ne seront pas réalisées. Si les choses ne sont pas réalisées, le peuple ne saura pas comment mettre mains et pieds en mouvement.

Le Livre des transformations dit:

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。

Questions:

- What year was this manuscript written in?

- Is this manuscript the original one? If so, why is located in these volume and pages? If not, who compiled it and for what purpose (his family, to preserve the integrality of his writings)?

- Was it written in answer to (or to prevent) Sejo's coup d'Etat?

- Who was this long text addressed to? Other scholars? The court?

- Is it a compilation of several texts written at different times and discussing all sorts of topics?

- If it was a pamphlet, how and where could it safely be preserved?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
As to titles and distinctions to people, it is of great importance. The Book of Change states, "The Heaven is lofty and the Earth is base, thus the Qian and Kun are destined. Put the hgh and low on display, the noble and ignoble ones thus had their places accordingly." This means that one cannot overstep the meaning of our titles and distinctions. What are titles? They are the Son of Heaven, his vassals, his ministers, his soldiers, and his subjects. What are distinctions? They are the high and low, the lofty and base, and the noble and ignoble. If there are titles and distinctions, but without ritual to regulate them, then the law and statuates will not be able to maintain themselves. The heart of titles and distinctions, in vein becomes empty vessel. And there is no way one can control it.

王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。
Although the person of the king was small, the king was listed above all of his vassals. Their distinction is subtle.

This refers to Sima Guang's comments in 資治通鑑卷第一 "《春秋》抑諸侯，尊周室，王人雖微，序於諸侯之上，以是見聖人於君臣之際，未嘗不惓惓也。"

DIscussion questions:
Why did Kim SIsŭp consider titles and distinctions such important matters that he wrote an essay about them?

==='''Student 5 : (신동조)'''===
----
To man, the titles and duties (''mingfen'') are important. It is stated in the Book of Change that Heaven is honorable and the Earth is lowly. The two are settled.... The seriousness of ''mingfen'' cannot be overstated. How do we discuss ''ming''? This is of the relationship between emperors, lords, high officials, men of noble, and lowly men. How do we discuss ''fen''? This is of the relationship between the high and the low, the honorable and the vulgar, the precious and the base. If you don't control it even after having ''ming'', then you cannot maintain discipline and regulations, the heart of ''ming'' and ''fen''. Then everything goes useless. Nobody can control it after all.

吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。
The princes of Wu and Chu did not wear the dresses in accordance with their ranks. We should keep this custom from spreading.

Q. Why dose he talk about titles and distinctions at this particular time period? How is it related to the political situations in the Joseon dynasty?

==='''Student 6 : (Stacey Lui)'''===
----
Titles and distinction are of great importance to people. The Book of Changes states: []. This means we cannot overstep the limits of titles and distinction. What do we refer to as titles? This includes emperors, feudal lords, ministers, grand marquis, warriors and the common people. What do we refer to as distinction? This includes high and low, the venerable and vulgar, the precious and disparaged. If there are only titles and distinction, without rituals to regulate them, then discipline and structures cannot be governed. Titles and distinction, in reality, will become empty vessels and no-one will be able to control them.

不書卽位。罪其專也。
Not writing of ascending the throne is to criticise the usurper of the throne.

Zuoshi Chunqiu 左氏春秋 1.3:
元年，春，王周正月，不書即位，攝也。

Discussion: From where do these ideas of social distinction originate and until when were they upheld on the Korean peninsula?
Was this system of hierarchy effective in maintaining an orderly state?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

Among people, title and distinction is a great matter. The ''Yijing'' says: "Heaven is venerable and the earth is base. Thus are ''gan'' and ''kun'' settled. The higher and lower are displayed [?]; thus the noble and mean have their places." It is speaking of the impossibility of overstepping title and distinction. What is title? It is: Son of Heaven, lord, duke, marquis, minister, soldier, commoner. What is distinction? It is upper and lower, venerable and base, noble and mean. If one only has title and distinction, but does not control it with ritual, then one cannot protect discipline and regulations by oneself. This is the essence of title and distinction; in vain it becomes an empty vessel, and nobody can control it.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
Titles and Social Distinctions are of great importance to people. [Legge's translation will be used.] This is to say that the boundaries established by Titles and Social Distinctions cannot be violated. Then, what does "Titles" mean here? It refers to titles in the sense of "emperors," "feudal lords," "officials," "grand masters," and "commoners." In the same sense, "Social Disticntions" refers to "high or low," "noble or lowly," and "lofty or base." If

春秋始於隱公
Spring and Autumn Annals begins with Duke of Yin in the state of Lu.

Regarding the parts where Kim's allusions to classical texts are nearly identical, would this encourage us to consider the identity of the texts or should we try to find, first, possible differences that may result in different translations?

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
==='''Student 11 : YeonJae Ra'''===
----
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

To people, names and distinction is great (thing). The book of changes says, “The heaven is high and the earth is low. Thus 乾(heaven) and 坤(earth) is set. As the high and the low are arranged, the noble and the humble also placed.” This is saying that ‘names and distinction, those could be not overplaced.’ What is the name? It is the emperor, the lord, the duke, the minister, the Kyŏngdaebu, the common. What is the distinction? It is up and down, high and low, noble and humble. Originally there is names, also there is no rituals to restrain itself. It means disciplines and rules. It could not be self protected. The core of names and distinction, in vain changes to empty vessel, it could not be controlled.

Q. Why this article ‘名分說’ is written as the form of “說”?
(Why the editor of <梅月堂文集> put ‘名分說’ in the third order among 人才, 生財, 名分, 常變, 神鬼, 生死, 易, 太極, 契仁)

==='''Student 12 : Wonhee Cho 趙元熙'''===
----

"Titles" and "distinction," these are paramount to people. 易曰... This means that titles and distinction cannot be violated. What do "titles" refer to? The Son of Heaven, Dukes, Ministers, Scholars, commoners, these are the examples of "titles. What does "distinction" refer to? Upper and lower, respected and vulgar, noble and debased are examples of 'distinction." If there are only "titles" and "distinctions," but not regulated by proper conduct (''li'' 禮), then moral standards and laws cannot protect themselves. The core of "titles" and "distinctions" will become empty vessels, and there will be no way to reign it (i.e., the core of "titles" and "distinctions.")

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-02T06:50:37Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김시습 명분설1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 名分說
|Korean = 명분설(''Myŏngbunsŏl [Myeongbunseol]'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = 說
|Author = 金時習
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0069A_0230_020_0030_2003_A013_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:김시습 명분설2.jpg|金時習名分說(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

是以。天子制諸侯。諸侯制卿大夫。卿大夫治士庶人。貴以馭賤。賤以承貴。上之使下。猶頭目之運手足。下之事上。如枝葉之衛本根。然後上下相資。本末相持。以之爲國而國自治。以之爲家而家自齊。由是而君君臣臣。父父子子。夫夫婦婦。長長幼幼。而百令順矣。衛君待孔子而爲政。必先正名。以謂名不正則言不順。言不順則事不成。事不成則民無所措手足。

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Is KIm Siseup legitimating or criticizing the status quo of Joseon society at the time?
# How was Gim Si-seup (Kim Sisŭp) related to other literati during Sejong's reign? Did the defenders and critics of Sejong's rule (or simply the political status quo during Sejong's rule) use clashing philosophical arguments or frameworks to bolster their respective cases, or did they generally agree on the philosophical underpinnings, and disagree only on the immediate facts?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
1. 司馬光, <<資治通鑑>>卷第一 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=579652

2. 김시습 in 한국민족대백과사전(Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, in Korean). http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0009666

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : (Yishu Ma)'''===
----
What the title and distinction mean to people really matters. The Book of Change says, "The sky is superior and the earth is inferior. Thus has the universe been fixed, have the superiority and inferiority been set, and have the high and low status of people been posited. This book claims that the title and distinction shouldn't be overstepped by people. What is called as the title are the son of heaven, the dukes, the ministers, the senior officials, and the common people. What is called as the distinction are the high and low status, superiors and inferiors, superiority and inferiority. Now that there are titles and the distinction, but there are no rituals to regulate them. Thereupon, the rules and standards cannot be protected. The fact of the titles and distinction is in vain as empty vessels. And no one could control them.

狗尾續貂，則混名份也。
Translation: Using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur, thus makes the title and distinction disordered.

a. Jin shu [晉書·趙王倫傳]：“每朝會，貂蟬盈坐，時人為之諺曰：‘貂不足，狗尾續。’ ”
"貂不足，狗尾續" here refers to a satire on the king who employed the unvirtuous people as officials.

b. Youxue qionglin [幼學瓊林·卷四·鳥獸類] ：“美惡不稱，謂之狗尾續貂。”
"狗尾續貂" means that using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur is not beautiful. It uses a metaphor of birds to illustrate this point.

c. Wudeng huiyuan [五燈會元·普覺禪師]:“這一個，那一個，更一個，若是明眼人，何須重說教，徑山今日不免狗尾續貂。"
"狗尾續貂" in this sentence means that there is no need for expounding something mechanically because that would be useless and meaningless.

Q: Why did the writer imitate Sima Guang's work? In other words, why Sima Guang and Zizhi tongjian [資治通鑑]？Were there any intellectual or socio-political backgrounds during the 15th century can provide the reasons?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
Great are title and distinction to people. The Book of Change states, “The heaven is supreme, and the earth is humble. Thus are they destined to be. Things high and low correspond to nobility and humility." Therefore, title and distinction must not to be subverted. What is “title”? It is the titles of the Son of Heaven, Dukes, Marquis, and Grand master. What is “distinction”? It is the distinction between the high and low, the respected and scorned, and the noble and humble. If you have title and distinction but do not realize them with rituals, the institution and laws [of the state] cannot be preserved. The reality of title and distinction becomes empty vessel. In that case, society can no longer be governed.

---

Hunting at Heyang was a wrongdoing that impaired the integrity of title and distinction.

Footnote: This is a reference from the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals: Xigong [春秋左傳: 僖公] 28.1. Kim was referring to an incident during the Age of Spring and Autumn in which the Duke of Jin illegitimately invoked the name of King Zhou, the Son of Heaven at the time, to call a meeting at Heyang, a place that the King frequented for his hunting activities. The incident became a staple example to criticize anyone who illegitimately invoked a title that was out of his or her social position. Similar reference to the incident is found in The School Sayings of Confucius: Quli Zigong Wen [孔子家語: 曲禮子貢問 ] 1, in which Confucius commented that, “[the incident was one in which] a minister summoned the king. [Such minster was so audacious that] he could not be taught.

----

Questions

Where did he publish his work? Who were his audience? What was the exact year the piece was written? How was this piece circulated? Was it commercially exchanged?

Why did he write this piece? In what historical context was this piece written (against coup d’état, natural disasters?) Is it possible that Kim wrote this piece for personal ambition? For self-congratulatory purpose?

How was this piece compared to other writings of Kim, in terms of literary style and content?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
Grands sont les dénominations et statuts pour les Hommes. Le Livre des transformations dit : "Le Ciel est vénérable et la Terre est basse, le Cosmos a [ainsi] été disposé. [...]." Que nomme-t-on les "dénominations" ? Ce sont [les appellations] fils du ciel, duc, marquis, ministre, haut fonctionnaire, bureaucrate, roturier. Que nomme-t-on les "statuts" ? Ce sont [les états] supérieur et inférieur, riche et pauvre. En possédant les dénominations et statuts mais en ne les régulant pas par les rituels, la discipline ne peut les préserver ; le cœur des dénominations et statuts devient [alors] vainement un objet vide. Et personne ne peut le contrôler.

由是而君君臣臣。父父子子。夫夫婦婦。長長幼幼。而百令順矣。衛君待孔子而爲政。必先正名。以謂名不正則言不順。言不順則事不成。事不成則民無所措手足。

Par conséquent, le Fils du Ciel contrôle les seigneurs, les seigneurs contrôlent les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires, les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires gouvernent les bureaucrates et les roturiers. Les nobles, en tant que nobles, dirigent les humbles. Les humbles, en tant qu'humbles, suivent les [ordres des] nobles. Le fait que les supérieurs commandent les inférieurs, est similaire à la tête et aux yeux qui mettent en mouvement les mains et les pieds. Le fait que les inférieurs servent les supérieurs, est comme les branches [d'arbre] protègent les feuilles et les racines. [Ainsi,] Par la suite, les supérieurs et les inférieurs se soutiennent mutuellement, les racines et les extrémités [des arbres] se maintiennent mutuellement. Par cela, [appliqué] au pays, le pays se gouverne naturellement. Par cela, [appliqué] à la famille, la famille est mise en ordre naturellement. En suivant ce [raisonnement], le souverain agit comme un souverain, le sujet agit comme un sujet,

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。

Questions:

- In what year was this manuscript written?

- Was it written in answer to (or to prevent) Sejo's coup d'Etat?

- Who was this long text addressed to? Other scholars? The court?

- Is it a compilation of several texts written at different times and discussing all sorts of topics?

- If it was a pamphlet, how and where could it safely be conserved?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
As to titles and distinctions to people, it is of great importance. The Book of Change states, "The Heaven is lofty and the Earth is base, thus the Qian and Kun are destined. Put the hgh and low on display, the noble and ignoble ones thus had their places accordingly." This means that one cannot overstep the meaning of our titles and distinctions. What are titles? They are the Son of Heaven, his vassals, his ministers, his soldiers, and his subjects. What are distinctions? They are the high and low, the lofty and base, and the noble and ignoble. If there are titles and distinctions, but without ritual to regulate them, then the law and statuates will not be able to maintain themselves. The heart of titles and distinctions, in vein becomes empty vessel. And there is no way one can control it.

王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。
Although the person of the king was small, the king was listed above all of his vassals. Their distinction is subtle.

This refers to Sima Guang's comments in 資治通鑑卷第一 "《春秋》抑諸侯，尊周室，王人雖微，序於諸侯之上，以是見聖人於君臣之際，未嘗不惓惓也。"

DIscussion questions:
Why did Kim SIsŭp consider titles and distinctions such important matters that he wrote an essay about them?

==='''Student 5 : (신동조)'''===
----
To man, the titles and duties (''mingfen'') are important. It is stated in the Book of Change that Heaven is honorable and the Earth is lowly. The two are settled.... The seriousness of ''mingfen'' cannot be overstated. How do we discuss ''ming''? This is of the relationship between emperors, lords, high officials, men of noble, and lowly men. How do we discuss ''fen''? This is of the relationship between the high and the low, the honorable and the vulgar, the precious and the base. If you don't control it even after having ''ming'', then you cannot maintain discipline and regulations, the heart of ''ming'' and ''fen''. Then everything goes useless. Nobody can control it after all.

吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。
The princes of Wu and Chu did not wear the dresses in accordance with their ranks. We should keep this custom from spreading.

==='''Student 6 : (Stacey Lui)'''===
----
Titles and distinction are of great importance to people. The Book of Changes states: []. This means we cannot overstep the limits of titles and distinction. What do we refer to as titles? This includes emperors, feudal lords, ministers, grand marquis, warriors and the common people. What do we refer to as distinction? This includes high and low, the venerable and vulgar, the precious and disparaged. If there are only titles and distinction, without rituals to regulate them, then discipline and structures cannot be governed. Titles and distinction, in reality, will become empty vessels and no-one will be able to control them.

不書卽位。罪其專也。
Not writing of ascending the throne is to criticise the usurper of the throne.

Zuoshi Chunqiu 左氏春秋 1.3:
元年，春，王周正月，不書即位，攝也。

Discussion: From where do these ideas of social distinction originate and until when were they upheld on the Korean peninsula?
Was this system of hierarchy effective in maintaining an orderly state?

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

Among people, title and distinction is a great matter. The ''Yijing'' says: "Heaven is venerable and the earth is base. Thus are ''gan'' and ''kun'' settled. The higher and lower are displayed [?]; thus the noble and mean have their places." It is speaking of the impossibility of overstepping title and distinction. What is title? It is: Son of Heaven, lord, duke, marquis, minister, soldier, commoner. What is distinction? It is upper and lower, venerable and base, noble and mean. If one only has title and distinction, but does not control it with ritual, then one cannot protect discipline and regulations by oneself. This is the essence of title and distinction; in vain it becomes an empty vessel, and nobody can control it.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
Titles and Social Distinctions are of great importance to people. [Legge's translation will be used.] This is to say that the boundaries established by Titles and Social Distinctions cannot be violated. Then, what does "Titles" mean here? It refers to titles in the sense of "emperors," "feudal lords," "officials," "grand masters," and "commoners." In the same sense, "Social Disticntions" refers to "high or low," "noble or lowly," and "lofty or base." If

春秋始於隱公
Spring and Autumn Annals begins with Duke of Yin in the state of Lu.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
==='''Student 11 : YeonJae Ra'''===
----
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

To people, names and distinction is great (thing). The book of changes says, “The heaven is high and the earth is low. Thus 乾(heaven) and 坤(earth) is set. As the high and the low are arranged, the noble and the humble also placed.” This is saying that ‘names and distinction, those could be not overplaced.’ What is the name? It is the emperor, the lord, the duke, the minister, the Kyŏngdaebu, the common. What is the distinction? It is up and down, high and low, noble and humble. Originally there is names, also there is no rituals to restrain itself. It means disciplines and rules. It could not be self protected. The core of names and distinction, in vain changes to empty vessel, it could not be controlled.

Q. Why this article ‘名分說’ is written as the form of “說”?
(Why the editor of <梅月堂文集> put ‘名分說’ in the third order among 人才, 生財, 名分, 常變, 神鬼, 生死, 易, 太極, 契仁)

==='''Student 12 : Wonhee Cho 趙元熙'''===
----

"Titles" and "distinction," these are paramount to people. 易曰... This means that titles and distinction cannot be violated. What do "titles" refer to? The Son of Heaven, Dukes, Ministers, Scholars, commoners, these are the examples of "titles. What does "distinction" refer to? Upper and lower, respected and vulgar, noble and debased are examples of 'distinction." If there are only "titles" and "distinctions," but not regulated by proper conduct (''li'' 禮), then moral standards and laws cannot protect themselves. The core of "titles" and "distinctions" will become empty vessels, and there will be no way to reign it (i.e., the core of "titles" and "distinctions.")

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-02T06:47:39Z

Yishuma:

{{Primary Source Document3
|Image = 김시습 명분설1.jpg
|English =
|Chinese = 名分說
|Korean = 명분설(''Myŏngbunsŏl [Myeongbunseol]'')
|Genre = [[Literati Writings]]
|Type = 說
|Author = 金時習
|Year =
|Source = [http://db.itkc.or.kr/inLink?DCI=ITKC_MO_0069A_0230_020_0030_2003_A013_XML Korean Classics and Literati's Collection of Writings (한국고전종합DB)]
|Key Concepts=
|Translator = [[2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced)#Participants | Participants of 2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop (Advanced Translation Group)]]
|Editor =
|Translation Year = 2019

}}
[[File:Backward.png|right|40px|link=2019_JSG_Summer_Hanmun_Workshop_(Advanced)#.282019.29Primary_Sources_for_Korean_Studies]]
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px caption=>
File:김시습 명분설2.jpg|金時習名分說(2)
</gallery>

=='''Introduction'''==

=='''Original Script'''==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:110%; color:#002080; background-color:#ffffff;"
!style="width:40%;"|Classical Chinese || style="width:60%;"| English
|-
|
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

是以。天子制諸侯。諸侯制卿大夫。卿大夫治士庶人。貴以馭賤。賤以承貴。上之使下。猶頭目之運手足。下之事上。如枝葉之衛本根。然後上下相資。本末相持。以之爲國而國自治。以之爲家而家自齊。由是而君君臣臣。父父子子。夫夫婦婦。長長幼幼。而百令順矣。衛君待孔子而爲政。必先正名。以謂名不正則言不順。言不順則事不成。事不成則民無所措手足。

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。
||
(translation)
|-
|}

=='''Discussion Questions'''==
# Is KIm Siseup legitimating or criticizing the status quo of Joseon society at the time?
# How was Gim Si-seup (Kim Sisŭp) related to other literati during Sejong's reign? Did the defenders and critics of Sejong's rule (or simply the political status quo during Sejong's rule) use clashing philosophical arguments or frameworks to bolster their respective cases, or did they generally agree on the philosophical underpinnings, and disagree only on the immediate facts?

=='''Further Readings'''==

*
*

=='''References'''==
<references/>
1. 司馬光, <<資治通鑑>>卷第一 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=579652

2. 김시습 in 한국민족대백과사전(Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, in Korean). http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0009666

=='''Translation'''==

==='''(sample) : Jaeyoon Song'''===
----

*Discussion Questions:

==='''Student 1 : (Yishu Ma)'''===
----
What the title and distinction mean to people really matters. The Book of Change says, "The sky is superior and the earth is inferior. Thus has the universe been fixed, have the superiority and inferiority been set, and have the high and low status of people been posited. This book claims that the title and distinction shouldn't be overstepped by people. What is called as the title are the son of heaven, the dukes, the ministers, the senior officials, and the common people. What is called as the distinction are the high and low status, superiors and inferiors, superiority and inferiority. Now that there are titles and the distinction, but there are no rituals to regulate them. Thereupon, the rules and standards cannot be protected. The fact of the titles and distinction is in vain as empty vessels. And no one could control them.

狗尾續貂，則混名份也。
Translation: Using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur, thus makes the title and distinction disordered.

a. Jin shu [晉書·趙王倫傳]：“每朝會，貂蟬盈坐，時人為之諺曰：‘貂不足，狗尾續。’ ”
"貂不足，狗尾續" here refers to a satire on the king who employed the unvirtuous people as officials.

b. Youxue qionglin [幼學瓊林·卷四·鳥獸類] ：“美惡不稱，謂之狗尾續貂。”
"狗尾續貂" means that using a dog's tail to replace a sable's fur is not beautiful. It uses a metaphor of birds to illustrate this point.

c. Wudeng huiyuan [五燈會元·普覺禪師]:“這一個，那一個，更一個，若是明眼人，何須重說教，徑山今日不免狗尾續貂。"
"狗尾續貂" in this sentence means that there is no need for expounding something mechanically because that would be useless and meaningless.

Q: Why does the writer imitate Sima Guang's work? In other words, why Sima Guang and Zizhi tongjian [資治通鑑]？Were there any intellectual or socio-political backgrounds during early Joseon can provide the reasons?

==='''Student 2 : Samuel Sai Hay Chan 陳世熙 진세희'''===
----
Great are title and distinction to people. The Book of Change states, “The heaven is supreme, and the earth is humble. Thus are they destined to be. Things high and low correspond to nobility and humility." Therefore, title and distinction must not to be subverted. What is “title”? It is the titles of the Son of Heaven, Dukes, Marquis, and Grand master. What is “distinction”? It is the distinction between the high and low, the respected and scorned, and the noble and humble. If you have title and distinction but do not realize them with rituals, the institution and laws [of the state] cannot be preserved. The reality of title and distinction becomes empty vessel. In that case, society can no longer be governed.

---

Hunting at Heyang was a wrongdoing that impaired the integrity of title and distinction.

Footnote: This is a reference from the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals: Xigong [春秋左傳: 僖公] 28.1. Kim was referring to an incident during the Age of Spring and Autumn in which the Duke of Jin illegitimately invoked the name of King Zhou, the Son of Heaven at the time, to call a meeting at Heyang, a place that the King frequented for his hunting activities. The incident became a staple example to criticize anyone who illegitimately invoked a title that was out of his or her social position. Similar reference to the incident is found in The School Sayings of Confucius: Quli Zigong Wen [孔子家語: 曲禮子貢問 ] 1, in which Confucius commented that, “[the incident was one in which] a minister summoned the king. [Such minster was so audacious that] he could not be taught.

----

Questions

Where did he publish his work? Who were his audience? What was the exact year the piece was written? How was this piece circulated? Was it commercially exchanged?

Why did he write this piece? In what historical context was this piece written (against coup d’état, natural disasters?) Is it possible that Kim wrote this piece for personal ambition? For self-congratulatory purpose?

How was this piece compared to other writings of Kim, in terms of literary style and content?

==='''Student 3 : Younès M'Ghari'''===
----
Grands sont les dénominations et statuts pour les Hommes. Le Livre des transformations dit : "Le Ciel est vénérable et la Terre est basse, le Cosmos a [ainsi] été disposé. [...]." Que nomme-t-on les "dénominations" ? Ce sont [les appellations] fils du ciel, duc, marquis, ministre, haut fonctionnaire, bureaucrate, roturier. Que nomme-t-on les "statuts" ? Ce sont [les états] supérieur et inférieur, riche et pauvre. En possédant les dénominations et statuts mais en ne les régulant pas par les rituels, la discipline ne peut les préserver ; le cœur des dénominations et statuts devient [alors] vainement un objet vide. Et personne ne peut le contrôler.

由是而君君臣臣。父父子子。夫夫婦婦。長長幼幼。而百令順矣。衛君待孔子而爲政。必先正名。以謂名不正則言不順。言不順則事不成。事不成則民無所措手足。

Par conséquent, le Fils du Ciel contrôle les seigneurs, les seigneurs contrôlent les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires, les ministres et hauts fonctionnaires gouvernent les bureaucrates et les roturiers. Les nobles, en tant que nobles, dirigent les humbles. Les humbles, en tant qu'humbles, suivent les [ordres des] nobles. Le fait que les supérieurs commandent les inférieurs, est similaire à la tête et aux yeux qui mettent en mouvement les mains et les pieds. Le fait que les inférieurs servent les supérieurs, est comme les branches [d'arbre] protègent les feuilles et les racines. [Ainsi,] Par la suite, les supérieurs et les inférieurs se soutiennent mutuellement, les racines et les extrémités [des arbres] se maintiennent mutuellement. Par cela, [appliqué] au pays, le pays se gouverne naturellement. Par cela, [appliqué] à la famille, la famille est mise en ordre naturellement.

易曰。大君有命。開國承家。小人勿用。言名之不可濫也。易曰。上天下澤。履。君子以辨上下。定民志。言分之不可陵也。天地定名分。聖人修名分。古今史典正名分。不許繁纓。謹名分也。

狗尾續貂。則混名分也。狩于河陽。傷名分之誤也。侯以不義。則違名分之實矣。王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。不書卽位。罪其專也。王不稱天。貶其謬也。春秋始於隱公。史編起於三晉。可以見聖賢造端托始謹嚴之微旨。而名分之定于一。不可造次顚沛因循苟且。以故爲舛錯也。

Questions:

- In what year was this manuscript written?

- Was it written in answer to (or to prevent) Sejo's coup d'Etat?

- Who was this long text addressed to? Other scholars? The court?

- Is it a compilation of several texts written at different times and discussing all sorts of topics?

- If it was a pamphlet, how and where could it safely be conserved?

==='''Student 4 : King Kwong Wong'''===
----
As to titles and distinctions to people, it is of great importance. The Book of Change states, "The Heaven is lofty and the Earth is base, thus the Qian and Kun are destined. Put the hgh and low on display, the noble and ignoble ones thus had their places accordingly." This means that one cannot overstep the meaning of our titles and distinctions. What are titles? They are the Son of Heaven, his vassals, his ministers, his soldiers, and his subjects. What are distinctions? They are the high and low, the lofty and base, and the noble and ignoble. If there are titles and distinctions, but without ritual to regulate them, then the law and statuates will not be able to maintain themselves. The heart of titles and distinctions, in vein becomes empty vessel. And there is no way one can control it.

王人雖微。列於諸侯之上。辨之微也。
The person of the king, although small, he is listed above all his vassals. Their distinction is subtle.

This refers to Sima Guang's comments in 資治通鑑卷第一 "《春秋》抑諸侯，尊周室，王人雖微，序於諸侯之上，以是見聖人於君臣之際，未嘗不惓惓也。"

==='''Student 5 : (신동조)'''===
----
To man, the titles and duties (''mingfen'') are important. It is stated in the Book of Change that Heaven is honorable and the Earth is lowly. The two are settled.... The seriousness of ''mingfen'' cannot be overstated. How do we discuss ''ming''? This is of the relationship between emperors, lords, high officials, men of noble, and lowly men. How do we discuss ''fen''? This is of the relationship between the high and the low, the honorable and the vulgar, the precious and the base. If you don't control it even after having ''ming'', then you cannot maintain discipline and regulations, the heart of ''ming'' and ''fen''. Then everything goes useless. Nobody can control it after all.

吳楚之君。不預衣裳之列。防其漸也。
The princes of Wu and Chu did not wear the dresses in accordance with their ranks. We should keep this custom from spreading.

==='''Student 6 : (Stacey Lui)'''===
----
Titles and distinction are of great importance to people. The Book of Changes states: []. This means we cannot overstep the limits of titles and distinction. What do we refer to as titles? This includes emperors, feudal lords, ministers, grand marquis, warriors and the common people. What do we refer to as distinction? This includes high and low, the venerable and vulgar, the precious and disparaged. If there are only titles and distinction, without rituals to regulate them, then discipline and structures cannot be governed. Titles and distinction, in reality, will become empty vessels and no-one will be able to control them.

不書卽位。罪其專也。
Not writing of ascending the throne is to criticise the usurper of the throne.

Zuoshi Chunqiu 左氏春秋 1.3:
元年，春，王周正月，不書即位，攝也。

==='''Student 7 : Russell Guilbault'''===
----

Among people, title and distinction is a great matter. The ''Yijing'' says: "Heaven is venerable and the earth is base. Thus are ''gan'' and ''kun'' settled. The higher and lower are displayed [?]; thus the noble and mean have their places." It is speaking of the impossibility of overstepping title and distinction. What is title? It is: Son of Heaven, lord, duke, marquis, minister, soldier, commoner. What is distinction? It is upper and lower, venerable and base, noble and mean. If one only has title and distinction, but does not control it with ritual, then one cannot protect discipline and regulations by oneself. This is the essence of title and distinction; in vain it becomes an empty vessel, and nobody can control it.

==='''Student 8 : Q'''===
----
Titles and Social Distinctions are of great importance to people. [Legge's translation will be used.] This is to say that the boundaries established by Titles and Social Distinctions cannot be violated. Then, what does "Titles" mean here? It refers to titles in the sense of "emperors," "feudal lords," "officials," "grand masters," and "commoners." In the same sense, "Social Disticntions" refers to "high or low," "noble or lowly," and "lofty or base." If

春秋始於隱公
Spring and Autumn Annals begins with Duke of Yin in the state of Lu.

==='''Student 9 : (Write your name)'''===
----

==='''Student 10 : (Write your name)'''===
----
==='''Student 11 : YeonJae Ra'''===
----
名分之於人。大矣哉。易曰。天尊地卑。乾坤定矣。高下以陳。貴賤位矣。言名分之不可僭也。何謂名。天子諸侯公卿大夫士庶人是也。何謂分。上下尊卑貴賤是也。旣有名分矣。又無禮節之。則紀綱法度。不能自守。名分之實。徒爲虛器。而莫之馭矣。

To people, names and distinction is great (thing). The book of changes says, “The heaven is high and the earth is low. Thus 乾(heaven) and 坤(earth) is set. As the high and the low are arranged, the noble and the humble also placed.” This is saying that ‘names and distinction, those could be not overplaced.’ What is the name? It is the emperor, the lord, the duke, the minister, the Kyŏngdaebu, the common. What is the distinction? It is up and down, high and low, noble and humble. Originally there is names, also there is no rituals to restrain itself. It means disciplines and rules. It could not be self protected. The core of names and distinction, in vain changes to empty vessel, it could not be controlled.

==='''Student 12 : Wonhee Cho 趙元熙'''===
----

"Titles" and "distinction," these are paramount to people. 易曰... This means that titles and distinction cannot be violated. What do "titles" refer to? The Son of Heaven, Dukes, Ministers, Scholars, commoners, these are the examples of "titles. What does "distinction" refer to? Upper and lower, respected and vulgar, noble and debased are examples of 'distinction." If there are only "titles" and "distinctions," but not regulated by proper conduct (''li'' 禮), then moral standards and laws cannot protect themselves. The core of "titles" and "distinctions" will become empty vessels, and there will be no way to reign it (i.e., the core of "titles" and "distinctions.")

[[Category:2019 JSG Summer Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:Advanced Translation Group]]

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-02T05:45:45Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-02T05:38:32Z

Yishuma:

(Translation) 金時習名分說

2019-07-02T02:15:24Z

Yishuma:

장서각위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1713年 崔壽學 原情 1

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1543年 李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 萬曆22年 鎭川 立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年 鎭川 立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年 鎭川 立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年 鎭川 立案

(Translation) 1636年 外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年 外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年 外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年 外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年 外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1543年 李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1543年 李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年 金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年 高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 徐命膺 北學議序

(Translation) 徐命膺 北學議序

(Translation) 徐命膺 北學議序

(Translation) 崔鳴吉 丙子封事第一

(Translation) 李珥 答成浩原(壬申)

(Translation) 成俔 文明論

(Translation) 鄭澈 戒酒文

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 金時習 名分說

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1713年崔壽學原情 1

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

(Translation) 萬曆22年鎭川立案

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1636年外藩蒙古書信

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1543年李彦迪諭書

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1792年金憙訓諭敎書

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 1079年高麗禮賓省牒

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

(Translation) 徐命膺北學議序

(Translation) 崔鳴吉丙子封事第一

(Translation) 李珥答成浩原(壬申)

(Translation) 成俔文明論

(Translation) 鄭澈戒酒文

(Translation) 金時習名分說

(Translation) 金時習名分說

(Translation) 金時習名分說

(Translation) 金時習名分說

(Translation) 金時習名分說

(Translation) 金時習名分說