Seoul City Wall Time Machine

hanyang
Lyndsey (토론 | 기여)님의 2020년 10월 29일 (목) 15:29 판 (→‎National Palace Museum of Korea)
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Introduction

About the Project

The 2020 Seoul City Wall Project aims to understand the Seoul City Wall and the royal culture of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) by broadly surveying and compiling information relating to five major architectural structures (Gyeongbokgung Palace, Gwanghwamun Gate, Six Ministries Street, Sajikdan Altar, and the Office of the Royal Family) and their relevant historical materials and turning this information in 3D models and data which is stored in a semantic database archive to allow for analysis, utilization, and expansion of its content.

Hanyangdoseong, the Seoul City Wall

The Seoul City Wall was the fortress that surrounded Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). The royal capital was surrounded by such a fortress to defend the kingdom’s most important institutions and people from attack. Within its stone walls were the royal palaces, the royal shrine, the altar to the gods of land and grain, the national Confucian academy, the central government offices, private residences, markets, and more. The fortress was first constructed in 1396-1398 and renovated in 1421 and 1704. It was built along the ridge of four mountains in the north, south, east, and west, namely Baekaksan, Namsan, Naksan, and Inwangsan. It had four major gates in the cardinal directions and four minor gates between them. It also features water gates, hidden gates, and beacons.

The Seoul City Wall is the largest of any city wall in the world’s capital cities and was used for longer than any other capital fortress in East Asia. Despite being over 600 years old and located in a city of 10 million people, the wall has been relatively well-maintained. Originally 18.6 km in total length, around 70 percent of the wall remains. The city wall is both an important part of the city landscape and a place from which the city landscape can be best enjoyed – as it has been for centuries.

As the fortress wall was built, repaired, and rebuilt multiple times, the Seoul City Wall is an important resource in the understanding of changes in stone fortress construction techniques over time. The wall originally consisted of earthen walls or stone walls made of unhewn stones. The earthen walls were later replaced with long rectangular stones, and in repairs after that, square stones were used.

In each section of the wall, there are stones inscribed with information on the name of the section, the hometown of the person in charge, the official post of the manager, and the date the section was completed. These stones of record held those in charge accountable for their work. A total of 297 such stones have been identified (as of 2015).

During the Joseon dynasty, people enjoyed walking along the nearly 20 km-long wall. Beginning at dawn and ending at sunset, they completed a circle around the fortress in a single day, passing by all its eight gates. They took in the panoramic scenery, made wishes, and socialized.

Themes

Sajikdan Altar

Sajikdan Altar is a place where rituals for the spirits of the land and grain were held. According to records, such altars existed in Korea since ancient times. During the Joseon period (1392-1910), they were established by the government in important locations across the country, and rituals were held biannually in spring and autumn. Most were destroyed during the Japanese colonial period (191-1945). The Sajikdan Altar in Seoul, built in 1395, was one of the first structures constructed following the establishment of the dynasty. Located in the capital, it was the most important altar in the country. Here, the king would perform ritual offerings in request of a good harvest or to ask for assistance in times of national calamities such as droughts. The altar consists of two square platforms; The one in the east is for the spirit of land and the one in the west is for the spirit of grain. These platforms are surrounded by an inner and outer stone wall. On each side of the walls, there is a red-spiked gate which marks the entrance to a sacred place. There were originally more buildings, but they burned down during the Japanese invasions of 1592-1598.

Sajikdaeje Ritual

  • Ritual Officiants and Their Costume
  • Instruments and Dance Objects
  • Ritual Vessels

Gyeongbokgung Palace

Gyeongbokgung Palace was one of the main palaces of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910). With a legacy spanning over 600 years, the palace is an embodiment of Korea’s history of prosperity, foreign invasion, reconstruction, colonial oppression, modernization, and restoration. Situated in the center of downtown Seoul amidst modern infrastructure, the palace is an iconic symbol reminding us of the city’s deep cultural heritage.

Gyeongbokgung Palace was the first palace built in capital of the Joseon dynasty, Hanseong (today’s central Seoul). Its name means “palace of scenic fortune.” Completed in 1395, it served as the main palace where the king lived and ruled until it was destroyed during the Japanese invasions of 1592-1598. It was rebuilt at a grand scale in 1867 and served as the main palace again until 1895. During the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945), Japanese authorities tore down all but 10 of the palace’s over 300 buildings and built the Japanese Governor-General’s Building at its entrance. This building, a symbol of colonial oppression, was demolished in 1996. Since then, efforts to return the palace to its former glory have taken place, including archeological excavations and reconstructions of once-destroyed buildings.

The location and layout of Gyeongbokgung Palace not only follows the basic principles of Confucian architecture to demonstrate royal authority, but also accommodates the local topography to create a more harmonious and auspicious palace environment. The palace was located at the center-north of the old capital, with a mountain in the back and the main government offices and a stream in the front. To the east of the palace was the royal shrine, and to the west was the altar to the spirits of the land and grain. The main buildings of the palace are aligned along a south-north axis down the center of the complex. They consist of a series of main gates, an outer court with a throne hall and office where the king governed, and an inner court where the king, queen, and queen dowager lived. To the east of these main buildings is the crown prince’s quarters, while to the west is a banquet pavilion and pond. In the rear of the palace is a garden, which includes a pond, pavilion, library, and royal residence.

Palace Rituals and Ceremonies (Royal Banquets)

  • Costume of Banquet Participants
  • Banquet Objects (Flowers, Tableware)
  • Instruments and Dancing Objects

Buildings and Other Structures

Six Ministries Street

Six Ministries Street, called Yukjo geori in Korean, was where the highest governing bodies of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) had their offices. Located in front of Gyeongbokgung Palace - along today's Gwanghwamun Plaza - the street was home to the State Council, the Office of the Capital Area, the Office of the Inspector-General, the Office of Ministers without Portfolio, the Society of Elderly Officials, and the six ministries of Personnel, Taxation, Rites, Military Affairs, Punishments, and Public Works, from which the street gets its name, and later the Three Armies Command.

The street was established in 1395, shortly after the establishment of the dynasty. The buildings were destroyed during the Japanese invasions of 1592-1598, and were repaired as necessary. In the 1860s, the offices underwent a major renovation along with the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace.

Today, much of the Six Ministries Street has been covered by large buildings, such as the Kyobo Insurance Building, the American Embassy, the Museum of Contemporary Korean History, the Seoul Government Complex, and the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts. However, the remaining areas of the street have undergone excavations since 2008.

Government Offices

  • State Council (Uijeongbu)
  • Office of the Capital Area (Hanseongbu)
  • Office of the Inspector-General (Saheonby)
  • Office of Ministers without Portfolio (Jungchubu)
  • Ministry of Personnel (Injo)
  • Ministry of Taxation (Hojo)
  • Ministry of Rites (Yejo)
  • Ministry of Military Affairs (Byeongjo)
  • Ministry of Punishments (Hyeongjo)
  • Ministry of Public Works (Gongjo)
  • Society of Elderly Officials (Giroso)
  • Three Armies Command (Samgunbu)

Office of the Royal Family

The Office of the Royal Family, called Jongchinbu in Korean, was an administrative bureau of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) which managed affairs relating to the royal family. Among its responsibilities were record-keeping of the royal genealogy, storing portraits and seals of the king, taking care of the ceremonial attire of the king and queen, and dealing with matters relating to the official titles and government posts of the relatives and descendants of the royal family.

The royal family of the Joseon dynasty consisted of the kings and their offspring, i.e. the princes and princesses, who all belonged to the Jeonju Yi clan, as well as their female consorts (i.e. the daughters-in-law), who belonged to other clans but whose descendants would be born into the Jeonju Yi clan. Any male or their daughter who was born to a descendant of the founding king of the dynasty, Yi Seong-gye (King Taejo) was thus considered a royal relative. The sons-in-law of the family, who married the princesses, were not officially considered a royal relative, as although their wives belonged to the Jeonju Yi clan, their children would be born into a different clan. However, they were nonetheless important to the royal court, and were thus managed by a different office, called Uibinbu, which was located next to the Office of the Royal Family.

The Office of the Royal Family was located across from Geonchunmun, the eastern gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace, which was the only gate of the palace which the royal relatives and court ladies were permitted to use. The office consisted of three main buildings: Gyeonggeundang, meaning “Hall of Respecting Close Relations,” and Okcheopdang, meaning “Hall of the Jade Letter,” which was another name for the royal genealogy, and Iseungdang, meaning “Hall of ???,” as well as various gates and auxiliary buildings. These auxiliary buildings and Iseungdang Hall were demolished during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). In 1972, the remaining two buildings were designated as Seoul Tangible Cultural Heritage No. 9, and in 1981, they were moved to the premises of the nearby Jeongdok Public Library due to the construction of a tennis court. In 2013, they were returned to their original location on the premises of today’s Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art - Seoul.

An office for managing the royal family was first established during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392) under a different name. The bureau was given its current name in 1430. In 1867, the office was built anew, and it is the buildings from this reconstruction that remain today. The office was closed in 1907, shortly after Korea was illegally forced into a becoming a protectorate of the Japanese Empire in 1905, and its responsibilities were taken over by the Kyujanggak Royal Library. In 1928, the Japanese colonial authorities opened an affiliated hospital of the Keijō Imperial University Medical College on the premises of the Office of the Royal Family. This hospital was later used as the Korean Armed Forces Capital Hospital before being renovated for use by the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in 2013. The various extant records and artifacts once produced and stored at the Office of the Royal Family are now kept at institutions such as the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, the Jangseogak Archives, the National Palace Museum, and the National Museum of Korea.

Artifacts of the Royal Family

  • Portraits of kings
  • Costumes of kings and queens
  • Excavated artifacts such as placenta chamber monuments and jars

Resources

Books

  • Joseon Royal Court Culture - Ceremonial and Daily Life (2004 / Shin Myung-ho; Trans. Timothy V. Atkinson / Dolbegae Publishers)
  • Court Paintings from the Joseon Dynasty (2016 / Park Jeong-hye; Trans. Park Ju-won; Proof. Jaime Stief / Seoul Selection)
Selected Relevant Entries
  1. Portrait of King Taejo (Taejo eojin)
  2. The Birthday Banquet for Lady Hyegyeong at Bongsudang (Bongsudang jinchando)
  3. Royal Procession Back to Hanyang (Hwaneo haengnyeoldo)
  4. Court Banquet & Ceremony of Presenting the Cloth (Jinmyorido & Jinchancho)
  5. Grand Congratulatory Ceremony at Injeongjeon Hall & Day Banquet at Tongmyeongjeon Hall (Injeongjeong jinhado & Tongmyeongjeon jinchando)
  6. The Grand Congratulatory Ceremony for the Birth of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (Wangseja tangang jinha dobyeong)
  7. The Crown Prince's Procession Departing from the Palace (Chulgungdo)
  8. Rank-positioned Procession of a Royal Visit (Dongga banchado)
  9. Envoys Paying Tribute to the King (Wanghoedo)
  10. Glossary
Table of Contents
  1. Gyeongbokgung: The First Palace
  2. A Tour of Gyeongbokgung
  3. The Other Four Palaces
  4. Royal Tombs: Enduring Spledor of Joseon
  5. Royal Funeral Processions
  6. Representative Joseon Tombs
Selected Chapters
  1. Court Dance
    1. Dangak Jeongjae
    2. Hyangak Jeongjae
  2. The History of Korean Dance
    1. Joseon Dynasty
Selected Chapters
  1. Confucianism
  2. Confucian Sites
  • Traditional Music (2011 / Robert Koehler, Byeon Ji-yeon / Seoul Selection)
  • Traditional Painting: Window on the Korean Mind (2010 / Robert Koehler et al. / Seoul Selection)
  • The Institutional Basis of Civil Governance in the Choson Dynasty' (2009 / John B. Duncan, Jung Chul Lee, Jeong-il Lee, Michael Ahn, Jack A. Davey / Seoul Selection)
  • Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea (1991 / James B. Palais / Harvard University Press)
  • Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty (1996 / James B. Palais / University of Washington Press)
  • Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern Period (1996 / Ed. Peter H. Lee / Colubia University Press)
  • Great Korean Portraits: Immortal Images of the Noble and the Brave (2010 / Cho Sun-mie; Trans. Lee Kyong-hee / Dolbegae)
  • Festive Occasions: The Customs in Korea (2008 / Yoon Seo-seok; Trans. Cho Yoon-jung and Park Hyun-ju / Ewha Womans University Press)
  • Traditional Korean Painting' (2011 / Hong Sun-pyo; Trans. Cho Yoon-jung and Park Hyun-ju / Ewha Womans University Press)
  • An Introduction to Korean Traditional Performing Arts (2009 / Nam Sang-suk and Gim Hae-suk / Minsokwon)
  • Korean Arts of the Eighteenth Century—Splendor & Simplicity (1993 / Asia Society Galleries)
  • A Review of Korean History: Joseon Era. Volume 2 (2010 / Han Young Woo; Trans. Chaibong Hahm / Kyongsewon)
  • A New History of Korea (1984 / Lee Ki-baik; Trans. Edward W. Wagner / Ilchokak Publishers)
  • Dongwoldo, Painting of Eastern Palace (2007 / Han Young Woo; Trans. Kim Jin Suk; Proof. John M. Dolginko, Steven Lehman / Hyohyung Publishing)
  • History of Korean Architecture (2013 / Kim Dong-uk; Trans. Lim Jong-hyun; Ed. Gregory A. Tisher / University of Kyonggi Press)
    • Confucian Influences on Early Joseon Architecture: Late 14th-15th Centuries
    • Regional Scholars and Architecture for the Literati: 16th and 17th Centuries

Museum Publications

National Palace Museum of Korea

  1. Kings of the Joseon Dynasty
    1. Royal Throne and Folding Screen
    2. Royal Seals, Investiture Books, and Edicts
    3. Archival Culture (Sillok, Gukjo bogam)
    4. Royal Protocols (Uigwe)
    5. Government
    6. Meritorious Subjects
    7. State Examinations
  2. Royal Palaces
    1. Five Palaces
    2. Sculpures and Figurines
    3. Pillar Couplets
    4. Fires
    5. Spaces
  3. Life in the Joseon Court
    1. Royal Court Attire
    2. The Queen and Court Ladies
    3. Ornaments
    4. Tablewear
    5. Utensils
  4. The Korean Empire
    1. Proclomation and Establishments
    2. Emperors
    3. The Imperial Palace (Gyeongungung)
    4. Improvement of Administrative Systems
    5. Life of the Imperial Family
    6. Modern Banquets and Imperial Tableware
    7. Vehicles for the Emperor and Empress
  5. Calligraphy and Painting in the Joseon Court
    1. Royal Portrait of a King
    2. Documentary Painting
    3. Decorative Painting
    4. Writings and Calligraphy by Kings
  6. Royal Rituals
    1. Banquets
    2. Births
    3. Rites of Passage
    4. Embellishment for Royal Rituals
    5. State Funerals
    6. The Royal Ancestral Shrine (Jongmyo)
    7. Court Music
  7. Science
    1. Astronomy
    2. Stone Constellation
    3. Gunpowder Weapons
    4. Systems of Measurement
    5. Medical Science
    6. Self-striking Water Click (Jagyeongnu)
  8. Appendices
    1. Chronology of the Joseon Dynasty
    2. Monarchs
    3. Map of Royal Palaces
    4. Royal Palaces and Royal Tombs
  1. The King of the Joseon Dynasty
    1. Royal Symbols
      1. Royal Seals, Royal Investiture Books,and Edicts of Royal Investiture
      2. King’s Attire
      3. Royal Canopy, Throne, and the Screen of the Sun, Moon, and Five Peaks
      4. Jinjeon, the Royal Portrait Hall
    2. Recording Tradition of the Joseon Dynasty
      1. Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royalty
      2. Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
      3. Exemplary Accomplishments of the Monarch
      4. Royal Protocols, the Embodiment of a Documentary Culture
      5. King’s Documents
    3. Joseon: A Country Governed by Confucian Classics and Rites
      1. Lifelong Education to Become an Ideal Confucian Monarch
      2. Gyujanggak, Institution for the Realization of Civil Rule
    4. Royal Literature
      1. Written Compositions and Calligraphy of the Joseon Kings
      2. Royal Stationery
      3. King’s Personal Seals
  2. Joseon Palaces
    1. Architectural History of the Royal Palaces
    2. Spatial Structures of the Royal Palaces
    3. Guard Systems and Access to the Royal Palaces
    4. Plaques of the Royal Palaces
    5. Decorations of the Royal Palaces
    6. Fire Preventions at the Royal Palaces
    7. The Five Royal Palaces of the Joseon Dynasty
    8. Modern Facilities in the Royal Palaces
  3. Royal Court Life
    1. Lives of Royal Court Women
      1. Women with Official Ranks
      2. The Installation and the Role of the Queen
      3. Attine of Royal Court Women
    2. Royal Household Crafts
      1. Crafts for Royal Banquets
      2. Porcelain and Furniture
  4. State Rites
    1. Celebratory Rites, Garye
    2. Inauspicious Rites, Hyungnye
    3. Auspicious Rites, Gillye
    4. Military Rites (Gullye) and the Military System of Joseon
    5. Reception Rites, Billye
  5. Korean Empire and the Imperial Family
    1. Initiation onto the World Stage
    2. Introduction of Modern Culture and Systems
    3. Birth of the Korean Empire
    4. Life And Culture At the Impenrial Court
    5. Foiled Dream of the Korean Empine
    6. Fate of the Imperial Family during the Japanese Colonization
  6. Royal Court Paintings
    1. The Bureau of Painting and the Painters
    2. The King’s Portrait, Eojin
    3. Documentary Paintings of the Royal Court
    4. Decorative Paintings of the Royal Court
    5. Japanese Colonization and Royal Court Paintings
  7. Royal Court Music
    1. Symbolism of Traditional Musical Instruments
    2. Systematization of Court Music under King Sejong Ritual Music at the Shrine of Confucius
    3. Compilation of Canon of Music under King Seongjong
    4. Ancestral Ritual Music
    5. Jeongjae, Court Performing Arts
    6. Processional Music
    7. Court Music Department of the Yi Royal Household and Its Activities
  8. Royal Processions
    1. Royal Processions
      1. King Jeongjo’s Procession to Hwaseong in Painting
      2. Components of a Royal Procession
    2. The Royal Palanquin
      1. Yeon, the Primary Palanquin
      2. Types of Royal Palanquins
    3. Ceremonial Armours
      1. Ceremonial Armours in Illustrated Position Chart
  9. Joseon Science
    1. Astronomical Chart
      1. Stone Constellation Chart, Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido
      2. The Constellations Depicted in the Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido
      3. Korea’s Skies, Korea’s Stars
    2. Astronomical Instruments
      1. Sky Observation Instruments
      2. Sundials of the Joseon Dynasty
      3. Self-striking Water Clock, Jagyeongnu
      4. Rain Gauge
    3. Measuring Instruments
      1. The Ruler and the Measurement of Length
    4. Medicine
  10. Appendices
    1. List of illustration
    2. Chronology of Joseon Dynasty
    3. Royal Lineage of Joseon Dynasty
  • The Illustrated Dictionary of the Joseon Royal Culture - Costume (2012 / Trans. 유아름, Proof. 조윤정)
  • The Illustrated Dictionary of the Joseon Royal Culture - Court Music and Dances *English intro only (Trans. 이종찬)
  • Royal Palanquins of the Joseon Dynasty (2011 / Trans. 이지현)
    • Table of Contents
  1. Royal Palanquins of the Joseon Dynasty
  2. Ceremonial Implements for Royal Processions
  3. Structure of a Palanquin / Terminology of Palanquin Parts
  4. Royal Palanquins of the Joseon Period
  5. Joseon Royal Processions

Seoul Museum of History

Exhibitions (Including Annex Museums)

National Gugak Center

  • Ritual Music of the Korean Court - Korean Musicology Series, Vol. 8 (2015 / Ed. Kim Hee-sun, CedarBough Saeji)

National Museum of Korea

  • Quarterly Magazine Vol. 16 (2011 / Trans. Timothy V. Atkinson, Cho Yoonjung, Lee Mi-jin)
    • Culture of the Joseon Royal Family: Events and Ceremonies at the Pinnacle of Society
    • The Return of the Oegyujanggak Uigwe from France: Records of the State Rites of the Joseon Dynasty

Online Resources

Cultural Heritages

UNESCO

World Heritage Sites
Memory of the World

State Designated Heritages

National Treasure
Treasure
Historic Site
Natural Monument
National Folklore Cultural Heritage
National Intangible Cultural Heritage
National Registered Cultural Heritage

References

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