2018 GGHS Team 5

Introduction

Motivation and Purpose of Research

We will remember the spirit of Goryeo to mark the 1100th anniversary of the foundation of Goryeo and connect it with the present. Based on the historically popular diplomacy of Goryeo and internal policies of Goryeo kings, we would like to suggest ways to unify the two Koreas, which are now facing the reunification phase. Gwanghaegun of Joseon reportedly said, " Please learn Goryeo's diplomatic policies. " The Joseon Dynasty, which lasted for 519 years, also called for Goryeo to be taught. Thus, Goryeo would be a model for both internal and internal politics and future generations. Therefore, we will investigate and explore the diplomatic policies of Goryeo and the policies of each king throughout the Goryeo Dynasty and draw up a plan for reunification between the two Koreas. Hopefully, the research will give us a new perspective and bring us closer to reunification as we face a new phase of reunification.

Expectancy Effects

There is a famous Korean saying, "前事之不忘 後事之師也", which means the first thing the bunch don't forget the divisions. In other words, this quotation implied we should learn the lessons of past history as teachers and solve future coming events. Following this, we are going to draw the policy of unification between north and south by facing the 1100th anniversary of Goryeo foundation. Firstly, we are announcing the policies of unification in Goryeo by remembering beautiful Goryeo's history. Secondly, we are suggesting that the unification policies of the Two Koreas, one and only divided country in the world, by seeing at the new sight in domestic and foreign ways. Thirdly, We are contributing the world's peace according to suggest the measures not only two Koreas but also whole world make peacefully based on the Goryeo's unification to make peace in the Korean Peninsula.

Historical Background

Accomplishing Diplomacy Based on Political System between South and North Korea

In order to better understand the external diplomatic relations between the two Koreas, the understanding of the system between the two Koreas should come first. South and North Korea are the Korean race, but they are in a different regime and live absolutely different lives being influenced by different societies. South Korea is a liberal democracy and North Korea is a people's democracy. Liberal democracy, consists of liberalism and democracy, is a political ideology that points individual freedom and rights out as highest values. At this point, freedom is a state in which each person has opportunity to choose and decide what they want with minimum of limitation. Equality is a state in which the intrinsic values of an individual are equal and hereditary privilege is denied. Since liberal democracy values individualism and private property rights, it combines with the capitalist economic system. In our society, if we do not put any modifier on the word democracy, we refer to liberal democracy. This is because the U.S. and South Korea, the world's strongest nations, have been aiming. Therefore, South Korea naturally has a close relationship with the United States. People's democracy is a political ideology that has been adopted as a goal of equality for the people in socialistic countries. With the same logic as free democracy, people's democracy naturally combines with the socialist economic system. Communism is ultimately aimed at an ideal society in which every human being in the world works by capacity and is distributed by necessity. China is the powerful country that is advocating communism. Therefore, China and North Korea are leading to close ties.

Diplomatic Relation between the Two Koreas

Since Republic of Korea had had a Korean war with Democratic People's Republic of Korea, neighbor us and nearby the ceasefire line, South Korea still in military confrontation, and has had social influences a lot. Meanwhile, it has close ties with the U.S. \, which supported the Republic of Korea in the Korean war. Moon-Jae-In government was launching the Korea-U.S. summit meeting between Trump's currency as quickly, and on June 29, 2018, held in Wasington ; and finally, it worked. It was not until the end of the Cold War that Russia and China, which intervened in the Korean War while supporting the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, that they established diplomatic relations. The relations with neighboring countries such as the United States, Japan, China, and Russia have been at the core of Korean diplomacy based on geopolitical and historical significance, and the establishment of Korean independence, the establishment of Korean wars, and so on. North Korea has put more spurs to its nuclear and missile development since the inauguration of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in 2012, and the U.S. has responded with the UN Security Council's resolution to impose sanctions on the North. From 2012 to 2017, North Korea conducted 41 ballistic missile launches and three nuclear tests, and the U.N. Security Council adopted eight resolutions to impose sanctions against the North during the same period. Moon Jae-in, however, the government a result of trying to patch things up North America, 2018, held in Singapore on June 12, Donald Trump, president and Kim Jong Un, North Korea. The Secretary of State of the summit was held. Relations between North Korea and China have been close enough, both politically, economically and militarily. However, the North Korea-China relations had to worsen as China demanded a hard currency in trade with North Korea from 1991 and established diplomatic relations with South Korea in August 1992. The estranged bilateral relationship, including a decrease in high-level personnel exchanges, began to recover in September 1998 when the Kim Jong-il regime was officially launched in North Korea. The two sides have maintained their relations by only occasional exchanges of high-level personnel due to the North's continued nuclear and missile development and China's participation in sanctions against the North. Then, he visited China for the first time since Kim Jong Un took power in March 2018 and had a meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping.

Body

Plural of Diplomacy

Taejo Wang Gun

This is a photo of Later Three Kingdoms.

Seong Jong

In the 10th century, Goryeo was surrounded by strong countries, such as Song, Kitan and Yeojin. Among the relative dominance of the Kitan, in which compete Song, and Goryeo are placed in the middle has emerged. Song considered the Goryeo Dynasty to be a partner. In order to prevent the expansion of the powerful clans such as the Kitan and Yeojin and protect midfield, They needed Goryeo. On the other hand, the idea of Kitan and Yeojin was to cut off the relationship between Goryeo and Song in the rear regions. Goryeo fully understood the diplomatic intentions of the three countries. Therefore, rather than having a one-sided relationship with either side, the two sides pursued diplomatic strategies in the direction most favorable to the Goryeo Dynasty. At the heart of the Goryeo diplomacy was the pursuit of territory and cultural benefits. Goryeo did not consider Song to be a true ally.

In 986, Song requested the dispatch of troops to Goryeo, saying, " We need to find land taken from China by the York-Korea. " Goryeosa Jeolyo, According to the book, King Suro, the king of Goryeo, intentionally evaded an answer. When Song threatened and kept asking for the troop dispatch, King Sungjong seemed to be ready to send troops, which made Song happy.

But in the end, they did not send troops. He decided that there was no need to consider the war to increase China's land. They were not worried about how to maintain an alliance with Song, but how to maximize the benefits of Goryeo.

" Even if the alliance between Goryeo and Song is not strong, Korea's conquest of China can not be achieved as long as this alliance is maintained, " York-Korea concluded. So, the Liao decided to break the alliance between the two countries. What has been done is the 993 invasion of Goryeo.

Suh-hee is a famous diplomat as a relief pitcher. Thanks to Suh-hee's diplomatic skills, Goryeo blocked war with the Liao dynasty in the interest of Goryeo. The Goryeo decided to honor the Liao kingdom as a condition that the kingdom understand that the kingdom takes over Gangdong-6, the land of North Pyeongang Province and the region of Yeojin.

Thus, the alliance between Goryeo and Song was broken and the alliance between Goryeo and Liao was formed. Instead of fighting with Liao to maintain loyalty to Song, Goryeo formed an alliance with Liao on the condition that it benefited from Gangdong 6. The first principle in the alliance diplomacy of Goryeo was the interest of Goryeo.

Goryeo was a country that performed "parallel diplomacy" and " equidistant diplomacy, " a multi-language diplomacy, in a very strategic manner, having diplomatic relations with several countries but taking practical benefits at the crucial moment. Until the beginning of the 12th century, Goryeo had diplomatic relations with Song and Khalitan, and later maintained diplomatic relations with Geum and Song. After the end of Geum in 1234, Goryeo formed a multidisciplinary diplomatic relationship with the Korean people, Yüan and Song. In the late 14th century, the Ming Dynasty appeared, and Goryeo conducted diplomacy amid the competition between Korea and China. The Goryeo Dynasty was one of the pillars of the world order of East Asia in this multidisciplinary manner, when East Asian relations greatly influenced on the development of Goryeo history.

Internal Policies of Goryeo

Taejo Wang Gun

King Taejo's domestic policy that placed the greatest importance on the people's safety from the beginning of the throne was the policy of public stability. The land system that had been damaged since the end of the Silla Dynasty was corrected, and a measure was taken to mitigate the severe taxation on the land since the Imperial Household. He set up a policy of integrating the Hoses into his own right to control the clans and families of the powerful, married daughters of the clans, and gave them government positions and land. As part of his marriage policy, Taejo had six queens and 23 wives. They were the daughters of the Ho-joo family from Jeolla Province, Gyeongsang Province, Gangwon Province, Chungcheong Province, Hwanghae-do and Gyeonggi Province. There were so many children, 25 sons and 9 daughters, all 34. It was to tie local householders to one place. Powerful clans refers to people who lived a long life in a province with large territory and armies. He was born and lived in the land for a long time, and was like a king to the people of the region. Wang Reung, the father of Taejo, was also a member of the powerful family of Songak. At the time of Wang Gun's establishment of Goryeo, the king's power was weak and the power of the powerful local family was strong. Some of the powerful family had thousands of military personnel. They trusted their strength and did not listen to the king. So King entered into the good of the powerful local clans through marriage. They marry the daughters of the family and associate themselves with their son-in-law as father-in-law.

This is a photo of 훈요 10조 from goryeosa.

Taejo had the political capacity to meet a new era request not seen by Gungye or Gyeon Hwon, and was able to stabilize the royal authority of the new dynasty to some extent in a short period of time.

Taejo had the political capacity to meet a new era request not seen by Gungye or Gyeon Hwon, and was able to stabilize the royal authority of the new dynasty to some extent in a short period of time. Thus, it moved to Gaesong in January of 919 (the second year of King Taejo). As a policy for stabilizing the lives of the people, taxes were collected according to principle in order to reduce the burden of the people, and too much tax was imposed on the Ho-s. The North Korean government valued Seokyeong (Pyongyang) and tried to restore the territory of ancient Goguryeo. They built castles in the north, kept troops in, and gradually expanded their territory.

Soon before his death, he invited Grand Park Sul-hee to the Queen and asked his successors to set an example for him by adopting '훈요10조' of King Seong-yo's reign is a valuable reminder of Taejo Wang Gun's political ideas. The policy of national integration was to actively accept not only Silla but also Yu-min including the prince of ancient Goguryeo, Baekje, and Balhae as a policy of national unity. The monarchy and its power was established to stabilize the royal authority, keeping the royal family in check. However, the marriage policy led to a struggle for the succession of the throne, causing much confusion later on.

Contents of Article 10 (Hunyo10jo)
1. Buddhism established the country by the power of Buddhism, so you should always respect Buddhism.
2. The temple should not be built on the basis of Doseon's feng shui theory.
3. The throne is subject to the succession of the firstborn, but if the firstborn is unwise, let the other son do so.
4. Our country and China do not need to follow Chinese culture as they differ from region to character. Also, do not take their example, because it is the same country as the beast.
5. Go west longitude (Pyongyang) during the month of February, August, and stay more than 100 days a year.
6. Must faithfully conduct Buddhist events such as the lanterns and Palgwanhoe.
7. Must listen to the upright opinions of your servants and keep the faith of the people.
8. People south of the Chahyeon mountains and outside the Gongju river should not be used.
9. The government should not recklessly reduce or increase the salaries of its officials, but lighten the tax burden on farmers.
10. The king should read the scriptures and history books to learn how to reflect on the past.

Gwang Jong

The stability of the royal authority took place after the reign of King Gwangjong. While on the throne for 26 years, Gwangjong pushed forward various policies to strengthen the royal authority.

First, in 956, the Slave Review Law was enforced to free slaves illegally owned by the local gentry, and in response to the proposal of a pair of naturalized slaves from Huzhu, China. In the past, the system was designed to select management by testing Confucian scriptures and sentence abilities based on individual skills. This allowed the king to choose new people who were loyal to him. In 960, all the officials cloths were established to restore discipline and strengthen the royal authority. These measures were also caused by resistance from the powerful clans but Gwangjong pushed ahead with them through oppression.

And, Gwangjong made a policy of favoring Ssangi and other naturalized groups during the reform process, forcing them to take property away and giving it to Ssangi.

Gwangjong purged its founding meritorious retainer and the powerful clans who were unhappy with his policy to strengthen the royal authority. Gwangjong, who strengthened the royal authority, made him call himself an emperor and used the dates of Jungpung and Gwangdeok.

Gwangjong ordered the slave to be saved and to be measured. This made it impossible for a servant to betray his master. The spirit of the man, which was destroyed by this, was loudly practiced, and everyone complained. The queen tried to stop him, but he didn't listen. - " Goryeosa Jeolyo " -

Gwangjong is in stark contrast to the second and third generation of King Hyejong. First, the reign of King Hyejong was 26 years, which is much longer than the second year of his reign and the fourth year of his reign. And while Hyejong and Jeong-jong relied on the power base of their close aides, represented by Park Sul-hee and Wang Sil-ryeom, respectively, King Gwang-jong secured the throne based on his own power base.

Thus, Gwang-jong was able to strengthen his royal authority without the influence of neighboring powers. As a result, the royal authority, which had been in the inferior position since King Taejo, was able to gain the upper hand over the royal family. The fact that they used their own dates such as " Gwangdeok " and " Jungpung " and " Gaekyeong, " the capital city, is called " Hwangdo " in their later years is all.

Although it is true that the system of the state has been refined thanks to the efforts of King Gwangjong, at the same time the royal authority limits were also exposed. Though the royal authority or the administrative power of the central government failed to penetrate the provinces and purged the royal power and strengthened the royal authority, it was not a unilateral victory over the royal power. This is evidenced by the massive anti-gloss movement following the death of King Gwangjong and the inauguration of the Gyeong-jong. However, Gwang-jong's achievements can be highly appreciated because he reorganized the national system and formed a new political order.

Seong Jong

King jeoung-jong ,who succeeded Gwang-jong, sought new stability by reinstating the founding public rather than political purge. Later, King sungjong established a centralized ruling system based on his enhanced royal authority during the reign of King Gwangjong. After he took office, he ordered officials of the central government to post comments on policy criticism and suggestions to reform the nation's operations. Choi Seung-ro raised Article 28 to urge the government to run based on Confucian ideology. He stressed that Buddhism is a religion for personal cultivation and that Confucianism should become an ideology of national rule. He also called for suppression of Buddhist events, dispatch of local government officials, reduction of soldiers and slaves in the royal palace, improvement of treatment for the descendants of Samhan, and improvement of slave related trials.

He accepted Choi Seung-ro's suggestion and reorganized the governance system needed for the central government. The central control center was established, focusing on parts 6 of the second province, and dispatched local authorities to establish the local administrative system. In addition, the Commission improved the national heritage and the past system, and sent Gyeonghakbaksa to provincial areas to promote education.

The new political system, which was adopted by the Chinese government, was the first time in Korea's history that the Chinese system was adopted and implemented in earnest. It should be noted in particular that it is not a simple imitation, but that the maturity and development of the nation's political and social conditions require the acceptance of such an advanced system. In other words, it has become impossible for the existing political system to embrace a new political force that has grown enormously since the birth of the Goryeo Dynasty.

The nature of the political dominance of the ruling party differed according to the period. In the first half of the reign of King Sung-jong, Confucian scholars focusing on the six-pack system had the upper hand in politics, and in the latter half of the reign, the founding public or the family members appeared. Despite differences in degree, however, it is true that the new regime has significantly increased its participation in the core of political structure since the Silla Dynasty.

Thus, to lead this new society, he felt the need to introduce advanced Chinese institutions and adopt Confucian ideology as the guiding ideology of politics and education.

He worked hard to develop Confucian political ideology, including respecting studying abroad and abolishing anti-Confucianism and Palgwanhoe. And they tried to appoint talented people to help realize such political ideology.

" If we do not build a great deal of learning, we will not be able to see the good, and if we do not appoint a good man, we will not be able to make a great achievement. As a result, scholars opened schools in Seoul to respect the arts, set up schools to teach cadets in rural areas, opened places to compete in literary arts, and expanded their academic careers. " All men with no resources shall come out to the royal palace and give thanks. " After a while, he will teach again.

In addition, they established Royal Ancestral Shrine and chose god of land and grain, and cultivated scholars and saved a good man by providing wealth to grand academician. And they actively prepared new policies for political, social and cultural development, encouraging the people to benefit, and encouraging filial piety to improve their customs.