"류지민"의 두 판 사이의 차이
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| (한 명의 사용자에 의한 8개의 중간 편집이 숨겨짐) | |||
| 2번째 줄: | 2번째 줄: | ||
===학력=== | ===학력=== | ||
*역사교육과 재학 | *역사교육과 재학 | ||
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==디지털 큐레이션 기획== | ==디지털 큐레이션 기획== | ||
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===[[용재총화 속 민간 설화]]=== | ===[[용재총화 속 민간 설화]]=== | ||
===[[업사이클링 브랜드]]=== | ===[[업사이클링 브랜드]]=== | ||
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| + | ===[[한국고대사]]=== | ||
==최부의 표해록== | ==최부의 표해록== | ||
| − | [[ | + | ===[[류지민_네트워크_그래프 | 네트워크 그래프]]=== |
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[http://jsg.aks.ac.kr/data/dir/downloadPdf.do?callNum=K2-4515&volNum=001 최부의 표해록 장서각본] | [http://jsg.aks.ac.kr/data/dir/downloadPdf.do?callNum=K2-4515&volNum=001 최부의 표해록 장서각본] | ||
===2월 19일=== | ===2월 19일=== | ||
| 143번째 줄: | 129번째 줄: | ||
“이섬은 단순히 길이 멀다고 근심했지만, 내가 괴로운 것은 아버지가 돌아가셨는데 염습도 하지 못했고, 어머니는 늙어 살아 계시지만 자식의 직분을 못했으며, 나그네의 길은 멀기만 하니, 비통한 마음은 천지가 캄캄할 정도입니다.” | “이섬은 단순히 길이 멀다고 근심했지만, 내가 괴로운 것은 아버지가 돌아가셨는데 염습도 하지 못했고, 어머니는 늙어 살아 계시지만 자식의 직분을 못했으며, 나그네의 길은 멀기만 하니, 비통한 마음은 천지가 캄캄할 정도입니다.” | ||
| − | *영역 | + | *영역(English translation) |
23rd Day. Passing Yang-chou Prefecture. This day it rained. | 23rd Day. Passing Yang-chou Prefecture. This day it rained. | ||
At dawn we left Kuang-ling Station and passed the wall of Yang-chou Prefecture. The prefecture was the site of the old Chiang-tu of Sui, the great market of the lower Yangtze. The splendors of the ten li of pearled blinds, the twenty-four bridges, and the thirty-six banks were the greatest of all the prefectures. This was the land celebrated by the lines, “The spring breezes caress the city, and music fills the ears.”62 Passing by boat, we could not look about, and the only thing we were able to see was Chen-huai Tower, which was the south gate of the wall and had three stories. [From there we went to Shao-po Transfer Station.] The garrisons and places through which we had passed since the city of Hang-chou had sent centurions in relay to escort us. The Centurion from Yang-chou Garrison, one Chao Chien, said to me, “Six years ago a countryman of yours, Yi Sõm, also drifted here and returned home. Did you know that?” I said, “Yes.” Then I asked for the whole story of Yi Sõm's going adrift and returning. Chien said, “In the beginning, Yi Som was driven by winds to Chüeh-chiang Stockade, Yang-chou. The Fortress Commander, Chang Sheng, sent Centurion Sang K’ai at the head of troops to arrest him. They imprisoned him. A Patrol Commander said that he should be placed in Hsi-fang Temple to stay, and they took him there in the boat in which he had come. He stayed there about a month. His Excellency Kuo, Coast Guard Commissioner, saw Yi Sõm's line, We spread ten sails but did not catch a wind,' and knew that he was a good man. He treated him like a visiting friend.” Then he asked me, “How many li is it from the coast on which you landed to here?” I said, “The road we took from Niu-t’ou-wai-yang to T’ao-chu Chiliad, Hang-chou, and Yang-chou was altogether over 2,500 li long." Chien said, “When he came here, Yi Sõm seemed to grieve because he was far from home. What saddens you now is many times (worse than what saddened] him.” I said, “Yi Som was sad only because the road was long. What pains me is that my father died recently and has not yet been put into his coffin, and my mother is growing old in the house. I have neglected my filial duties, and the road to be traveled is very long; in my grieving heart, the world is black.” | At dawn we left Kuang-ling Station and passed the wall of Yang-chou Prefecture. The prefecture was the site of the old Chiang-tu of Sui, the great market of the lower Yangtze. The splendors of the ten li of pearled blinds, the twenty-four bridges, and the thirty-six banks were the greatest of all the prefectures. This was the land celebrated by the lines, “The spring breezes caress the city, and music fills the ears.”62 Passing by boat, we could not look about, and the only thing we were able to see was Chen-huai Tower, which was the south gate of the wall and had three stories. [From there we went to Shao-po Transfer Station.] The garrisons and places through which we had passed since the city of Hang-chou had sent centurions in relay to escort us. The Centurion from Yang-chou Garrison, one Chao Chien, said to me, “Six years ago a countryman of yours, Yi Sõm, also drifted here and returned home. Did you know that?” I said, “Yes.” Then I asked for the whole story of Yi Sõm's going adrift and returning. Chien said, “In the beginning, Yi Som was driven by winds to Chüeh-chiang Stockade, Yang-chou. The Fortress Commander, Chang Sheng, sent Centurion Sang K’ai at the head of troops to arrest him. They imprisoned him. A Patrol Commander said that he should be placed in Hsi-fang Temple to stay, and they took him there in the boat in which he had come. He stayed there about a month. His Excellency Kuo, Coast Guard Commissioner, saw Yi Sõm's line, We spread ten sails but did not catch a wind,' and knew that he was a good man. He treated him like a visiting friend.” Then he asked me, “How many li is it from the coast on which you landed to here?” I said, “The road we took from Niu-t’ou-wai-yang to T’ao-chu Chiliad, Hang-chou, and Yang-chou was altogether over 2,500 li long." Chien said, “When he came here, Yi Sõm seemed to grieve because he was far from home. What saddens you now is many times (worse than what saddened] him.” I said, “Yi Som was sad only because the road was long. What pains me is that my father died recently and has not yet been put into his coffin, and my mother is growing old in the house. I have neglected my filial duties, and the road to be traveled is very long; in my grieving heart, the world is black.” | ||
| 156번째 줄: | 142번째 줄: | ||
소백체운소(邵伯遞運所)에서 소백호(邵伯湖) 신당(新塘)을 따라 소백순검사(郡伯巡檢司)·소백진(郡伯鎭)302. 마가도포(馬家渡鋪)·삼구포(三溝鋪)·요포(腰鋪)·노근열녀사(露筋烈女祠)303. 노근포(露筋鋪)·왕금포(王琴鏞)·팔리포(八里鋪)304를 지났습니다. 신당(新塘)의 석축은 길이가 30여 리나 되었습니다. 또 신개호(新開湖)를 따라 밤 2경에 우성역에 이르렀는데, 우성역은 고우주(高郵州) 성 남쪽 3리 밖에 있었습니다. | 소백체운소(邵伯遞運所)에서 소백호(邵伯湖) 신당(新塘)을 따라 소백순검사(郡伯巡檢司)·소백진(郡伯鎭)302. 마가도포(馬家渡鋪)·삼구포(三溝鋪)·요포(腰鋪)·노근열녀사(露筋烈女祠)303. 노근포(露筋鋪)·왕금포(王琴鏞)·팔리포(八里鋪)304를 지났습니다. 신당(新塘)의 석축은 길이가 30여 리나 되었습니다. 또 신개호(新開湖)를 따라 밤 2경에 우성역에 이르렀는데, 우성역은 고우주(高郵州) 성 남쪽 3리 밖에 있었습니다. | ||
| − | *영역 | + | *영역(English translation) |
24th Day. Arrival at Meng-ch'eng Station. This day was fair. | 24th Day. Arrival at Meng-ch'eng Station. This day was fair. | ||
From Shao-po Transfer Station [Ti-yün-so] we went [as far as Mengch'eng station]. | From Shao-po Transfer Station [Ti-yün-so] we went [as far as Mengch'eng station]. | ||
| 183번째 줄: | 169번째 줄: | ||
순검사(巡檢司), 괴각루(槐角樓)를 지나서 밤에 범수포(范水鋪) 앞에 정박하였습니다. | 순검사(巡檢司), 괴각루(槐角樓)를 지나서 밤에 범수포(范水鋪) 앞에 정박하였습니다. | ||
| − | *영역 | + | *영역(English translation) |
25th Day. Passing Kao-yu Department [Chou]. This day was cloudy. | 25th Day. Passing Kao-yu Department [Chou]. This day was cloudy. | ||
At cock-crow we left Meng-ch'eng Station and passed Kao-yu Department. The department had been the old Han-chou. Han-kou, also called Han River, curved round it, a strategic intersection in the north-to-south water route. The wall of the department overlooked a big lake, which was Kao-yu Lake. There, the scenery of the river and lake was splendid and the people numerous. It was another prosperous country, north of the Yangtze. In the time of Yü of Hsia (traditionally r. 2205-2197 B.C.], the Yangtze and the Huai were not yet connected. In Yü Kung, therefore, “They [tribute-bearers] followed the course of the Chiang and the sea, and so reached the Huai and the Ssu” [Legge, III: 112]. With King Fu Ch'ai of Wu, the Han-kou was first opened; when men of Sui widened it, boats first plied on it. We then came to Hsi-ho Dike [and continued on as far as Chieh-chou Station]. Ch'en Hsüan had come as a military officer with Yang Wang. Since he understood a little about writing, Yang had appointed him scribe. Hsüan was extraordinarily greedy, and there was no one more deceitful. Now he became angry at Kim Sok, a soldier of mine, and accused him of several things to Yang. Yang had Sok seized and sentenced him to more than ten lashes. I ordered Chong Po to make a statement to Yang: “The Commander is supposed to escort us and nothing more. Is there any law by which on your own authority you may sentence and flog us foreigners? The soldiers I have are the same as the blind and the dumb. Even if they sometimes make mistakes, you ought to explain to them sympathetically. On the contrary, you beat them and hurt them. That is not the way for China to escort strangers.” Yang could not answer. Fu Jung said secretly to me, “Originally His Excellency Yang was from Peking, but he was transferred to Hang-chou Garrison. He is illiterate and ignorant. I have corrected him repeatedly, but he will not listen to us and continues to act presumptuously and contrary to principles. It is not worth the effort to bring charges against him.” We went on, into the rain, past Tzu-ying-ch’ien and along Chieh-shou Great Lake. On the edge of that lake, too, was a long embankment. We passed a police station and Huai-chüeh Tower and at night stopped in front of Fanshui Stop. | At cock-crow we left Meng-ch'eng Station and passed Kao-yu Department. The department had been the old Han-chou. Han-kou, also called Han River, curved round it, a strategic intersection in the north-to-south water route. The wall of the department overlooked a big lake, which was Kao-yu Lake. There, the scenery of the river and lake was splendid and the people numerous. It was another prosperous country, north of the Yangtze. In the time of Yü of Hsia (traditionally r. 2205-2197 B.C.], the Yangtze and the Huai were not yet connected. In Yü Kung, therefore, “They [tribute-bearers] followed the course of the Chiang and the sea, and so reached the Huai and the Ssu” [Legge, III: 112]. With King Fu Ch'ai of Wu, the Han-kou was first opened; when men of Sui widened it, boats first plied on it. We then came to Hsi-ho Dike [and continued on as far as Chieh-chou Station]. Ch'en Hsüan had come as a military officer with Yang Wang. Since he understood a little about writing, Yang had appointed him scribe. Hsüan was extraordinarily greedy, and there was no one more deceitful. Now he became angry at Kim Sok, a soldier of mine, and accused him of several things to Yang. Yang had Sok seized and sentenced him to more than ten lashes. I ordered Chong Po to make a statement to Yang: “The Commander is supposed to escort us and nothing more. Is there any law by which on your own authority you may sentence and flog us foreigners? The soldiers I have are the same as the blind and the dumb. Even if they sometimes make mistakes, you ought to explain to them sympathetically. On the contrary, you beat them and hurt them. That is not the way for China to escort strangers.” Yang could not answer. Fu Jung said secretly to me, “Originally His Excellency Yang was from Peking, but he was transferred to Hang-chou Garrison. He is illiterate and ignorant. I have corrected him repeatedly, but he will not listen to us and continues to act presumptuously and contrary to principles. It is not worth the effort to bring charges against him.” We went on, into the rain, past Tzu-ying-ch’ien and along Chieh-shou Great Lake. On the edge of that lake, too, was a long embankment. We passed a police station and Huai-chüeh Tower and at night stopped in front of Fanshui Stop. | ||
| 192번째 줄: | 178번째 줄: | ||
*한역(韓譯) | *한역(韓譯) | ||
| − | |||
회음역(淮陰驛)에 도착하였습니다. | 회음역(淮陰驛)에 도착하였습니다. | ||
이 날은 흐렸습니다. | 이 날은 흐렸습니다. | ||
| 198번째 줄: | 183번째 줄: | ||
범수포(1水鋪)에서 이곳까지 100여 리 사이에 동쪽 언덕에는 긴 제방을 쌓았는데, 돌로 쌓기도 하고 말뚝을 박아 울을 만들기도 하여 끊어지지 않고 죽 이어져 있었습니다. | 범수포(1水鋪)에서 이곳까지 100여 리 사이에 동쪽 언덕에는 긴 제방을 쌓았는데, 돌로 쌓기도 하고 말뚝을 박아 울을 만들기도 하여 끊어지지 않고 죽 이어져 있었습니다. | ||
| − | *영역 | + | *영역(English translation) |
26th Day. Arrival at Huai-yin Station. This day was cloudy. | 26th Day. Arrival at Huai-yin Station. This day was cloudy. | ||
[We went from Fan-kuang Great Lake to Huai-yin Station.] For the one hundred li and more between Fan-shui Stop and there, a long levee built on the east bank ran without break, either as stonework or as wooden palisades. | [We went from Fan-kuang Great Lake to Huai-yin Station.] For the one hundred li and more between Fan-shui Stop and there, a long levee built on the east bank ran without break, either as stonework or as wooden palisades. | ||
2021년 5월 5일 (수) 08:50 기준 최신판
목차
개요
학력
- 역사교육과 재학
디지털 큐레이션 기획
용재총화 속 민간 설화
업사이클링 브랜드
한국고대사
최부의 표해록
네트워크 그래프
2월 19일
- 원문(原文)
十九日,至常州府,是日晴,詰朝,無錫縣(무석현)知縣,忘其姓名,來遺饌物,自驛過建渡橋,入無錫縣治之中,縣卽古句吳太伯(태백)所都,過建虹橋、都憲門、少司寇第、億豐橋、進士坊,至錫山之下,山在縣西北間,又自錫山過十里鋪、高橋巡檢司、藩葑鋪、洛社鋪、石潭橋、横林鎮鋪、橫林橋、戚墅鋪、興明橋,至劍井,井在東岸,作屋以覆,卽瑞氣升騰之地,日夕,過个雁鋪、大橋,至采菱橋,橋之東西,皆作二層,閣以當路,卽進士牌樓也,又過大虹橋三,至常州府,從東水關入城,府治及武(晉)進縣”之治,俱在城中,所過虹橋,亦至七八,行十餘里,至毗陵驛少泊,又出自西水關,府卽延陵郡吳季子(계자)采邑,湖山之美,亭臺之設,自古稱道,又過遞運所、沛河橋,至牛犇大壩,手牽舟上岸,繞度壩限,日曙矣.
- 한역(韓譯)
상주부(常州府) 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 맑았습니다. 아침에 성명을 잊은 무석현(無錫縣)(无锡, Wúxī, 우시)의 지현이 와서 찬거리를 주었습니다. 석산역에서 건도교(建渡橋)를 지나 무석현치(無錫縣治)의 안으로 들어왔는데, 무석현은 곧 옛날 구오(句吳) 태백(太伯)이 도읍했던 곳이었습니다. 건홍교(建虹橋)·도헌문(都憲門)·소사구제(少司寇第)·억풍교(億豊橋)·진사방(進士坊)을 지나 석산(錫山)의 아래에 이르렀는데, 석산은 무석현의 서쪽과 북쪽 사이에 있었습니다. 또 석산에서 십리포(十里鋪)·고교순검사(高橋巡檢司)·반봉포(藩葑鋪)·낙사포(洛社鋪)·석독교(石潭橋)·횡림진포(橫林鎭鋪)·횡림교(橫林橋)·척서포(戚墅鋪)·흥명교(興明橋)를 지나 검정(劍井)에 이르렀습니다. 검정은 동쪽 언덕에 있었는데 지붕을 만들어 덮었으니, 곧 상서로운 기운이 올라오는 곳이었습니다. 해질 무렵 마안포(个雁鋪)의 대교(大橋)를 지나 채릉교(采菱橋)에 이르렀습니다. 채릉교의 동쪽, 서쪽에는 모두 2층 누각을 지어서 길을 막고 있으니 곧 진사패루(進士牌樓)였습니다. 또 큰 홍교(虹橋) 셋을 지나 상주부에 이르러서 동수관(東水關)을 따라 성에 들어갔습니다. 상주부의 부치와 무진현(武進縣)의 현치는 모두 성안에 있었습니다. 지나온 홍교 또한 7-8개나 되었습니다. 10여 리를 가서 비릉역(此陵驛)에 이르러 조금 머물렀다가 다시 서수관(西水關)으로 나왔습니다. 상주부는 곧 연릉군(延陵郡)이므로, 오나라 계자(季子)의 채읍(采邑)으로서, 호수와 산의 아름다움과 정대(亭臺)의 설치는 예로부터 명성이 자자합니다. 또 체운소(遞運所)와 패하교(流河橋)를 지나 분우대파(牛犇大廟)에 이르러, 배를 당겨 매고 언덕으로 끌어올렸습니다. 겨우 방죽의 끝을 지나니 날이 샜습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
19th Day. Arrival at Ch’ang-chou Prefecture. This day was fair. At dawn the County Magistrate of Wu-hsi County – I have forgotten his name - came and presented food to us. From the station we [continued on through Wu-hsi County and Ch’ang-chou Prefecture to Niu-pen Great Embankment].
2월 20일
- 원문(原文)
二十日,過呂城驛,至鎭江府(진강부),是日晴,午後雲暗, 朝過長店鋪、呂城鎭巡檢司、泰定橋, 至呂城驛, 過呂城壩、呂城閘、呂城鋪、清徽觀、青龍橋、唐家溝、栅口鋪、陸朝鋪、慈雲寺、聖墅鋪、七星橋、長樂鋪、定善院、惠政橋,到雲陽驛,何名卽潤河,又過雲陽橋、承恩門、鬼 p.402 神壇、寧眞觀、新橋、新河橋,至丹陽縣(단양현),縣枕河邊,過縣經新廟、廣福橋、七星廟、柏岡廟,夜過減水閘、萬景湖、新豐鎭,大雨,徹夜行,至鎭江府新門.
- 한역(韓譯)
여성역(呂城驛)을 지나 진강부(鎭江府)에 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 맑았다가 오후에는 구름이 끼어 어둠침침하였습니다. 아침에 장점포(長店鋪), 여성진순검사(呂城鎭巡檢司), 태정교(泰定橋)를 지나서 여성역에 이르렀습니다. 여성파(呂城壩)·여성갑(呂城聞)·여성포(呂城鋪)·청휘관(淸徽觀)·청룡교(靑龍橋)·당가구(唐家溝)·책구포(口鋪)·육조포(陸朝鋪)·자운사(慈雲寺)·성서포(聖聖鋪)·칠성교(七星橋)·장락포(長樂鋪)·정선원(定善院)·혜정교(惠政橋)를 지나서 운양역(雲陽驛)에 이르니, 강의 이름은 윤하(潤河)였습니다. 또 운양교(雲陽橋).승은문(承恩門)·귀신단(鬼神壇)·영진관(寧眞觀)·신교(新橋)·신하교(新河橋)를 지나서 단양현(丹陽縣)에 이르니, 단양현은 강가에 임해 있었습니다. 단양현을 지나서 신묘(新廟)·광복교(廣福橋)·칠성묘(七星廟)·백강묘(柏岡廟)를 거쳐, 밤에 감수갑(減水閘)·만경호(萬景湖)·신풍진(新豊鎭)을 지났습니다. 큰비가 내리는데 밤새도록 가서 진강부(鎭江府)의 신문(新門)에 이르렀습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
20th Day. Passing Lü-ch'eng Station and Arriving at Chen-chiang Prefecture. This day was fair; after noon it was cloudy. [We went from Chang-tien Stop to Chen-chiang Prefecture.]
2월 21일
- 원문(原文)
二十一日,至楊子江,是日陰,臣等自南水關,泝專城河,傍府城而南而西,過新壩,至京口驛留泊,夕步過京口閘,至通津遞運所,通津水淺,必待潮至,乃可通大江,故改乘船,留待潮候,以爲渡江之備,李節、金太等別臣曰:“隨路重蒙看顧,今日相別,君向楊州,我向儀眞,我於春暮,又向北京,尋到會同館來看你,”鎭江府卽閏州城,孫權從丹徒,築鐵瓮城,謂之京城,府治及丹徒縣之治在城中,城東又有鐵瓮地,而無其城,向吳亭在城西南,北固山在西北,卽梁武帝所名也,戴公山在西南,卽宋武帝所遊也,甘露寺、多景樓,俱在城東北,焦山、銀山,俱建巨刹在城北,金山在大江之中,與銀山相對,上有龍延寺,卽宋眞宗夢遊之地,府城東北隅臨江岸,江卽楊子江,俗呼洋子江,江廣二十餘里,源出岷山,會漢水經南京,至此府朝宗于海,卽《禹貢》岷山導江者此也,東通吳會,西接漢沔,北達淮泗,南距閩浙,眞四方都會之地也.
- 한역(韓譯)
양자강(揚子江)에 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 흐렸습니다. 신 등은 남수관(南水關)에서 전성하(專城河)를 거슬러 올라가 진강부성(鎭江府城)을 끼고 남쪽으로 갔다가 서쪽으로 가서 신파(新鬪)를 지나 경구역(京口驛)에 이르러 머물렀습니다. 저녁에 걸어서 경구갑(京口)을 지나 통진체운소(通津遞運所)에 이르니, 통진은 물이 얕아서 반드시 조수가 이르기를 기다려야 대강(大江)과 통할 수 있는 까닭에 배를 바꾸어 타고 머물러 조수가 이르기를 기다려 강을 건너갈 준비를 하였 습니다. 이절과 김태 등은 신에게 작별하면서 말하기를, “길을 따라 다니면서 거듭 보살핌을 받았는데 오늘 서로 헤어져 당신은 양주(揚州)를 향하고 나는 의진(儀眞)을 향하게 되었습니다. 나는 늦은 봄에 또 북경을 향하여 갈 것이니 바로 회동관(會同館)으로 당신을 찾아뵙겠습니다” 라고 하였습니다. 진강부는 곧 윤주성(閏州城)이니 손권(孫權)이 단도(丹徒)로 옮겨 철옹성(鐵瓮城)을 쌓고 이를 경성(京城)이라 불렀던 곳입니다. 진강부의 부치와 단도현의 현치는 성안에 있었습니다. 성 동쪽에 또 철옹지(鐵瓮地)가 있었으나 그 성은 없었습니다. 향오정(向吳亭)은 성 서남쪽에 있고, 북고산(北固山)은 서북쪽에 있었으니 곧 양무제(梁武帝)가 명명한 것입니다. 대공산(戴公山)은 서남쪽에 있는데 곧 송무제(宋武帝)가 노닐던 곳이었습니다. 감로사(甘露寺)와 다경루(多景樓)는 모두 성 동북방에 있었습니다. 초산(焦山)과 은산(銀山)에는 모두 거찰(巨刹)을 세웠는데 성 북쪽에 있었습니다. 금산(金山)은 대강(大江)의 가운데에서 은산과 서로 마주보고 있었으며, 위에는 용연사(龍延寺)가 있었는데 곧 송진종(宋眞宗)이 꿈에 노닐던 곳이었습니다. 부성(府城)의 동북 모퉁이는 강 언덕에 접해 있었으니 강은 곧 양자강으로서 속칭 '양자강(洋子江)'이라 하였습니다. 강의 너비는 20여 리나 되는데, 민산(眠山)에서 발원하여 한수(漢水)와 만난 다음, 남경을 거쳐 이 진강부에 이르러 바다로 흘러 들어가니, 곧 우공의 '민산(眠山)에서 강(江)이 발원하여'라는 곳이 이곳입니다. 동쪽으로 오군(吳郡)과 회계군(會稽郡)에 통하고, 서쪽으로 한수(漢水)와 면수(酒水)에 접하며, 북쪽으로 회수(淮水)와 사수(四水)에 이르고, 남쪽으로 복건과 절강에 도달하니 참으로 사방에서 모두 모여드는 큰 도시였습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
21st Day. Arrival at the Yangtze River. This day was cloudy. From Nan-shui Pass we went [as far as T’ung Ferry). The water there was shallow, and it was necessary to wait for the tide to come in to be able to pass into the Yangtze River. Making ready to cross the river, therefore, we got into boats again and waited for the tide. Li Chieh and Chin T'ai took leave of me, saying, “We have been honored to come to your notice on the road. Today we part, you going to Yang-chou and we to I-chen. Late in the spring we shall go to Peking again. We shall seek out the Central Post Hotel [Huit’ung-kuan] and come to see you." Chen-chiang Prefecture was Jun-chou Walled City [ch’eng]. When Sun Ch'uan moved to Tan-t’u and built T’ieh-weng Walled City, he called it the Capital City [Ching-ch'eng]. The prefectural capital and the seat of Tan-t'u County are inside the wall. East of the wall is the site of T'ieh-weng, but its wall is not there.59 Hsiang-wu Pavilion is southwest of the wall. Pei-ku Mountain is in the northwest; it was named by Wu Ti of Liang [r. 502-549]. Tai-kung Mountain is in the southwest; there, Wu Ti of Sung [r. 420-422] visited. Both Kan-lu Temple and To-ching Tower are northeast of the wall. Mt. Chiao and Mt. Yin, on both of which large Buddhist temples are built, are north of the wall. Mt. Chin is in the Yangtze, opposite Mt. Yin, and Lung-yen Temple is on top of it. That is the place that Chen Tsung of Sung (r. 998-1022] visited and dreamed in. The northeast corner of the prefectural wall overlooks the bank of the river, which is the Yangtze, commonly called the Son of the Ocean. 60 The river is more than twenty li wide. It rises in the Min Mountains,61 joins the Han River, reaches the prefecture by way of Nanking, and enters the sea. This is the river of which Yü kung says, “From Mount Min he [Yü] surveyed the Chiang” [Legge, III: 137]. In the east it passes through Wu-k’uai, in the west it adjoins the Han and Mien, in the north it extends to the Huai and Ssu, and in the south it reaches Min and Che. Its region is truly one of great urban centers in all directions.
2월 22일
- 원문(原文)
二十二日,至廣陵辱,是日晴,自水府神祠開船,至楊子江,江邊五六里,盪舟於陸者,前後相望,臣等懸帆至江之中,金山下江豚戲浪,若戰馬墓奔然,至西津渡馬頭石堤,建水竿於水中,以爲長橋,往來者皆纜舟於橋下,線橋登堤岸,江淮勝槩樓,當道崢嶸,臣等步由樓下,過瓜洲鎭,至是禮河,一名鎭上河,復乘船而行,楊旺使傅榮謂臣曰:“你國有韓老老入在我國,知否?”臣曰:“聞有韓氏者入大國耳.”旺曰:“正是.此韓氏,卽你國婦人,入我國爲大行皇帝乳母,今已作古,起墳于天壽寺,”榮曰:“此指揮卽監葬韓氏者,故問云耳,”過攀桂門、南京甎廠、祈求兩澤祠、七錢鋪、花家園鋪、魚井鋪、衿城澤、楊子鋪,至楊子橋,橋廢只有閣懸標,又有橋第,日幕,過清涼鋪,夜至廣陵驛,睾北一里,卽楊州府城也,城中有府治及楊州衛、江都縣治、兩淮運鹽司.
- 한역(韓譯)
광릉역(廣陵驛)에 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 맑았습니다. 수부신사(水府神祠)에서 배를 출발시켜 양자강에 이르니, 강가의 5-6리 사이에는 육지에서 배를 손으로 밀고 가는 사람이 앞뒤에 잇따라 있었습니다. 신 등이 돛을 달고 강 가운데에 이르니 금산아래의 강돈(江豚)이 물결을 희롱하는 것이 마치 전마(戰馬)가 떼를 지어 달리는 듯하였습니다. 서진도(西津渡)의 마두석제(馬頭石堤)에 이르니, 나무 기둥을 물속에 세워서 긴 다리를 만들었습니다. 왕래하는 사람들이 모두 다리 아래에 배를 매고는 다리를 따라 석제(石堤)의 언덕으로 올라갔습니다. 강회승개루(江淮勝槩樓)는 길을 막고 솟아 있어, 신 등은 누각 아래를 걸어 과주진(瓜洲鎭)을 지나 일명 진상하(鎭上河)라고도 하는 시례하(是禮河)에 이르러서 다시 배를 타고 갔습니다. 양왕이 부영(傅榮)을 시켜 신에게 말하기를, “당신 나라의 한노로(韓老老)란 분이 우리나라에 들어온 것을 아시오?”라고 하였습니다. 신이 말하기를, “한씨(韓氏)가 대국에 들어갔다는 말을 들었을 뿐입니다”라고 하였습니다. 양왕이 말하기를, “바로 이 한씨가 귀국의 부인(婦人)으로서 우리나라에 들어와서 대행황제(大行皇帝)의 유모가 되었소. 지금은 이미 작고하여 천수사(天壽寺)에 무덤을 만들었소”라고 하였습니다. 부영이 말하기를,“이 지휘(指揮)가 바로 한씨의 장례를 감독한 분인 까닭에 물어 보신 것이오”라고 하였습니다. 반계문(攀桂門), 남경전창(南京甎廠), 기구우택사(祈求兩澤祠), 칠전보(七錢鋪), 화가원포(花家園鋪), 어정포(魚井鋪), 금성택(衿城澤), 양자포(揚子鋪)를 지나서 양자교(揚子橋)에 이르니, 다리는 없어졌고 표지가 달린 각(閣)과 교창(橋倉)이 있었을 뿐입니다. 날이 저물녘에 청량포(淸凉鋪)를 지나 밤에 광릉역(廣陵驛)에 이르렀습니다. 광릉역 북쪽으로 1리쯤 가면 곧 양주부성(揚州府城)입니다. 성안에 양주부치(揚州府治)와 양주위(揚州衛), 강도현치(江都縣治), 양회운염사(兩進運鹽司)가 있었습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
22nd Day. Arrival at Kuang-ling Station. This day was fair. From Shui-fu-shen Shrine we pushed off the boats and came to the Yangtze River. For five or six li along the edge of the river, endless lines of people were moving boats across the country. We hoisted the sails and went into the river. Below Mt. Chin, porpoises played in the waves like galloping war horses. We [went from Hsi-chin Ferry to the Shih-li River). Yang Wang sent Fu Jung to say to me, “A Dame Han of your country came to our country. Did you know that?” I said, “I have heard that a Han woman entered China, but that is all.” He said, “She was the one. This Han was a woman of your country who came to our country to be wet-nurse to the late Emperor. She is dead now, and her burial mound was put up at T’ien-shou Temple. This Commander is the one who took charge of burying the Han woman. That is the only reason he asked.” [We passed several places and came to Kuang-ling Station.]
2월 23일
- 원문(原文)
二十三日,過楊州府,是日雨,朝發廣陵驛,過楊州府城,府卽舊隋江都之地,江左大鎭,十里珠簾、二十四橋、三十六陂之景,爲諸郡最,所謂「春風蕩城郭,滿耳沸笙歌之地,臣等由舟而過,不得觀望,所可見者,鎭淮樓而已,樓卽城南門,有三層,沿河而東而北,過夏國公神道廟、觀音堂、懷遠將軍蘭公之塋、晏公廟、黃巾垻、北來寺、竹西亭鋪、收釘廳、楊子 灣巡檢司、灣頭關荒廟、鳳凰橋, 墩淮子河鋪、河泊八塔鋪、第伍淺鋪、稅課局、四里鋪、邵伯寶公寺、迎恩門,所過有閘二座,至邵伯驟, 驛北有邵伯太湖,棹傍湖邊二三里許,至邵伯遞運所,因水漲風亂,不得夜過湖,故經宿焉,自杭城所經衛所,亦遞差百戶以護送之,有楊州衛百戶趙鑑者謂臣曰:“前六年間,你國人李暹,亦漂來到此還國,你曉得否?”臣曰:“然.”因問暹之漂還始末,鑑曰:“暹起初被風打,到楊州掘港寨,守塞官張昇差百戶桑愷,領軍捉獲,拘囚獄中,有一巡檢言說:“放在西方寺安歇,推所乘舡所去處,留在幾一箇月,沿海備禦都指揮郭大人,見暹有“布帆十幅不遮風之句,知其爲好人,以賓朋相待,”又問臣曰:“你所到泊海岸至此凡幾里?”臣曰:“自牛頭外洋至桃渚所,至杭州,又至楊州,所過路無慮二千五百有餘里,”鑑曰:“暹到此,猶以遠於家山爲憂,今你所憂,倍於暹矣.”臣曰:“暹則徒以路遠為憂,我所痛者父新死未斂,母垂老在堂,子職已虧,客路愈遠,悲痛之心,天蒼地黑.”
- 한역(韓譯)
양주부를 지났습니다. 이 날은 비가 내렸습니다. 아침에 광릉역을 떠나 양주부성을 지났습니다. 양주부는 곧 옛날 수(隋)나라 강도(江都)의 땅으로서 강좌(江左)의 큰 진(鎭)이었습니다. 10리의 주렴(珠簾)289, 24교(橋)290, 36피(陵)291의 경치는 여러 군(郡) 가운데 제일이었으니, 이른바 '봄바람이 성곽을 흔들고, 귓전에 가득한 노랫가락' 292 이라는 곳이었습니다. 신 등은 배를 타고 지났기 때문에 구경할 수가 없었으니, 볼 수 있는 것은 진회루(鎭准樓)뿐이었습니다. 진회루는 곧 성의 남문으로서 3층이었습니다. 강을 따라 동쪽으로 갔다가 북쪽으로 가서 하국공(夏國公)의 신도묘(神道廟)·관음당(觀音堂)·회원장군(懷遠將軍) 난공(蘭公)의 무덤 · 안공묘(晏公廟)·황건파(黃巾垻)·북래사(北來寺)·죽서정포(竹西亭鋪)·수정청(收釘廳)·양자만순검사(揚子灣巡檢司)·만두관황묘(灣頭關荒廟)·봉황교돈(鳳凰橋數)·회자하포(子河鋪)·하박팔탑포(河泊八塔鋪)294. 제오천포(第伍淺鋪)·세과국(稅課局)·사리포(四里鋪)·소백보공사(卽伯寶公寺)·영은문(迎恩門)을 지났는데, 지나온 곳에 갑(開) 2개가 있었습니다. 소백역(邵伯驛)에 이르니 역 북쪽에는 소백태호(邵伯太湖)가 있었습니다. 노를 저어 호수를 따라 2-3리가량을 가서 소백체운소(邵伯遞運所)에 이르렀는데, 물이 불어나고 바람이 어지럽게 불어 밤에 호수를 지나갈 수가 없으므로 하룻밤을 묵었습니다. 항주성 이후부터는 지나온 위소(衛所)295에서 또한 백호를 번갈아 차출하여 호송하였습니다. 양주위백호(揚州衛百戶) 조감(趙鑑)이란 자가 신에게 말하기를, “6년 전에 당신 나라의 이섬296 이란 분이 또한 이곳에 표류해 왔다가 본국으로 돌아갔는데 알고 있습니까?”라고 하였습니다. 신은, “그렇습니다” 라고 하였습니다. 이어서 이섬이 표착했다 돌아간 전말을 물으니 조감이 말하기를, “이섬이 처음에 바람을 만나 양주 굴항채(掘港寨)에 도착하니, 수채관(守寨官) 장승(張昇)이 백호 상개(桑愷)를 보내어 군사를 거느리고 가서 잡아와서 옥에 가두었습니다. 어느 순검(巡檢)이 '서방사(西方寺) 298에 편히 묵게 하라’라 말하고, 배를 타고 지나온 길을 심문하느라 1개월 가까이 머물렀는데, 연해비어도지휘(沿海備禦都指揮) 곽(郭) 대인 299이 이섬에게 '돛 열 폭이 바람을 막아내지 못했네'라는 글귀가 있음을 보고는 그가 좋은 사람임을 깨닫고 손님과 벗의 예로 대접하였습니다” 라고 하였습니다. 다시 신에게 묻기를, “당신이 배를 댔던 해안에서 이곳까지는 모두 몇 리나 됩니까?"라고 하였습니다. “우두 앞 바다에서 도저소에 이르고, 항주를 거쳐서 또 양주에 이르렀으니, 지나온 길이 무려 2천5백여 리는 될 것입니다.” 조감이 말하기를, “이섬은 이곳에 이르러 오히려 고향이 멀다고 근심했는데, 지금 당신의 근심은 이섬보다 배는 되겠습니다” 라고 하였습니다. “이섬은 단순히 길이 멀다고 근심했지만, 내가 괴로운 것은 아버지가 돌아가셨는데 염습도 하지 못했고, 어머니는 늙어 살아 계시지만 자식의 직분을 못했으며, 나그네의 길은 멀기만 하니, 비통한 마음은 천지가 캄캄할 정도입니다.”
- 영역(English translation)
23rd Day. Passing Yang-chou Prefecture. This day it rained. At dawn we left Kuang-ling Station and passed the wall of Yang-chou Prefecture. The prefecture was the site of the old Chiang-tu of Sui, the great market of the lower Yangtze. The splendors of the ten li of pearled blinds, the twenty-four bridges, and the thirty-six banks were the greatest of all the prefectures. This was the land celebrated by the lines, “The spring breezes caress the city, and music fills the ears.”62 Passing by boat, we could not look about, and the only thing we were able to see was Chen-huai Tower, which was the south gate of the wall and had three stories. [From there we went to Shao-po Transfer Station.] The garrisons and places through which we had passed since the city of Hang-chou had sent centurions in relay to escort us. The Centurion from Yang-chou Garrison, one Chao Chien, said to me, “Six years ago a countryman of yours, Yi Sõm, also drifted here and returned home. Did you know that?” I said, “Yes.” Then I asked for the whole story of Yi Sõm's going adrift and returning. Chien said, “In the beginning, Yi Som was driven by winds to Chüeh-chiang Stockade, Yang-chou. The Fortress Commander, Chang Sheng, sent Centurion Sang K’ai at the head of troops to arrest him. They imprisoned him. A Patrol Commander said that he should be placed in Hsi-fang Temple to stay, and they took him there in the boat in which he had come. He stayed there about a month. His Excellency Kuo, Coast Guard Commissioner, saw Yi Sõm's line, We spread ten sails but did not catch a wind,' and knew that he was a good man. He treated him like a visiting friend.” Then he asked me, “How many li is it from the coast on which you landed to here?” I said, “The road we took from Niu-t’ou-wai-yang to T’ao-chu Chiliad, Hang-chou, and Yang-chou was altogether over 2,500 li long." Chien said, “When he came here, Yi Sõm seemed to grieve because he was far from home. What saddens you now is many times (worse than what saddened] him.” I said, “Yi Som was sad only because the road was long. What pains me is that my father died recently and has not yet been put into his coffin, and my mother is growing old in the house. I have neglected my filial duties, and the road to be traveled is very long; in my grieving heart, the world is black.”
2월 24일
- 원문(原文)
二十四日,至盂城驛,是日晴,自邵伯遞運所,沿邵伯湖新塘,過邵伯巡檢司、邵伯鎭、馬家渡鋪、三溝鋪、腰鋪、露筯(筋)列女祠、露筯(筋)鋪、王琴鋪、八里鋪,新塘石築,長可三十餘里,又沿新開湖,夜二更,到盂城驛,驛在高郵州城南三里.
- 한역(韓譯)
우성역(盂城驛)301에 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 맑았습니다. 소백체운소(邵伯遞運所)에서 소백호(邵伯湖) 신당(新塘)을 따라 소백순검사(郡伯巡檢司)·소백진(郡伯鎭)302. 마가도포(馬家渡鋪)·삼구포(三溝鋪)·요포(腰鋪)·노근열녀사(露筋烈女祠)303. 노근포(露筋鋪)·왕금포(王琴鏞)·팔리포(八里鋪)304를 지났습니다. 신당(新塘)의 석축은 길이가 30여 리나 되었습니다. 또 신개호(新開湖)를 따라 밤 2경에 우성역에 이르렀는데, 우성역은 고우주(高郵州) 성 남쪽 3리 밖에 있었습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
24th Day. Arrival at Meng-ch'eng Station. This day was fair. From Shao-po Transfer Station [Ti-yün-so] we went [as far as Mengch'eng station].
2월 25일
- 원문(原文)
二十五日,過高郵州,是日陰,雞報時,發盂城驛,過高郵州,州卽古邗州,邗溝一名寒江,回抱南北水路之要衝,州城枕大湖,湖卽高郵湖也,江湖之勝,人物之繁,亦江北一澤國,蓋夏禹時江淮未通,故《禹貢》沿于江海,達于淮泗,至吳王夫差,始開邗溝,隋人廣之,舟楫始通焉,又至西河塘,塘在湖邊,木柵長七十有餘里,湖中有島,島有七公廟,望之微茫如仙觀焉. 又過樊將軍廟、前總鋪、塘頭鋪、巡檢司、張家鋪、井亭舖、塘灣舖,至界首驛,驛與遞運所,東西相對,陳萱以軍史,隨楊旺而來,稍解文字,故旺任以書手,萱貪婪無比,奸詐莫甚,至是怒我軍人金粟,訴諸旺,旺拿栗決杖十餘,臣令程保告于旺日:“指揮當護送我等而已,擅自決杖我異國人,亦有法文乎?我有軍衆,實同盲啞,雖或違誤,便當開說,在所矜恤,反爲傷打,非上國護送遠人之道也.”旺不能答,傅榮密告於臣曰:“楊公元是北京人,調來杭州衛,他不讀書不暗事,我屢次諫他,他不聽我們說,敢行悖理之事,不足責他”云云,又冒雨行,過子嬰淺,沿界首大湖,湖邊亦有長堤,過巡檢司、槐角樓,夜泊范水鋪前,
- 한역(韓譯)
고우주를 지났습니다. 이 날은 흐렸습니다. 첫 닭이 울 무렵 우성역을 떠나 고우주를 지났는데, 고우주는 곧 옛날의 한주(邗州)였습니다. 한구(邗溝)는 한강(寒江)이라고도 부르는데, 남북의 수로를 둘러싸고 있는 요충이었습니다. 고우주의 성은 큰 호수에 임해 있으니 호수는 곧 고우호(高郵湖)였습니다. 강호의 경치가 뛰어나고 사람과 재물은 많아 또한 강북의 수향(水鄕)305 이었습니다. 대개 하(夏)나라 우왕(禹王)306 때는 양자강과 회수[1][2][3][4][5]가 서로 통하지 못했던 까닭에 우공에는 강과 바다를 따라서, 회수와 사수(泗水)에 도달한다'30고 했고, 오왕 부차(夫差) 때에 이르러 비로소 한구(弔構)를 개통했으며, 수나라 사람이 이를 넓혀서 뱃길이 비로소 개통되었던 것입니다. 또 서하당(西河塘)에 이르니 서하당은 호숫가에 있었는데 목책(木__)의 길이가 70여 리나 되었습니다. 호수 가운데에는 섬이 있고 섬에는 칠공묘(七公廟)가 있었는데, 바라보니 아득하게 바라보이는 것이 도관(道觀)과 같아 보였습니다. 또 번장군묘(樊將軍廟)308·전총포(前總鋪)·당두포(塘頭鋪)·순검사(巡檢司)·장가포(張家鋪)309. 정정포(井亭鋪)·당만포(塘灣鋪)를 지나서 계수역(界首驛)에 이르니, 역은 체운소와 동쪽 서쪽에서 서로 마주보고 있었습니다. 진훤은 군리(軍吏)로서 양왕을 따라왔는데, 조금 문자를 터득했기 때문에 양왕이 서수(書手)를 맡겼습니다. 진훤은 욕심 많기가 비할 데 없었고 아주 간사하였는데, 이때에 와서 우리 군인 김속(金粟)에게 노염을 품어 양왕에게 호소하니, 양왕이 김속을 잡아다 곤장 10대에 처하였습니다. 신은 정보를 시켜서 양왕에게 고하기를, “지휘께서는 우리들을 호송하면 될 뿐인데, 마음대로 우리 이국인에게 곤장을 때리니 그런 법규가 있습니까? 우리 군인들은 실로 장님과 벙어리 같습니다. 더러 잘못이 있더라도 알도록 깨우쳐 주며 불쌍히 여겨야 할 것인데 도리어 구타하니 상국(上國)이 먼 나라 사람을 호송하는 도리가 아닙니다”라고 하니, 양왕은 대답하지 못하였습니다. 부영이 신에게 몰래 알려주기를, “양공(楊公)은 본디 북경사람으로서 항주위(杭州衛)로 배치되었는데 글을 읽지 못하여 사리를 알지 못합니다. 내가 여러 번 그에게 간하였으나 그는 우리의 말을 듣지 않고 도리에 어긋난 일을 행하니, 책망할 거리도 못 됩니다” 라고 말하였습니다. 또 비를 무릅쓰고 가서 자영천(子要淺)을 지나 계수대호(界首大湖)를 따라가니, 호숫가에 또한 긴 제방이 있었습니다. 순검사(巡檢司), 괴각루(槐角樓)를 지나서 밤에 범수포(范水鋪) 앞에 정박하였습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
25th Day. Passing Kao-yu Department [Chou]. This day was cloudy. At cock-crow we left Meng-ch'eng Station and passed Kao-yu Department. The department had been the old Han-chou. Han-kou, also called Han River, curved round it, a strategic intersection in the north-to-south water route. The wall of the department overlooked a big lake, which was Kao-yu Lake. There, the scenery of the river and lake was splendid and the people numerous. It was another prosperous country, north of the Yangtze. In the time of Yü of Hsia (traditionally r. 2205-2197 B.C.], the Yangtze and the Huai were not yet connected. In Yü Kung, therefore, “They [tribute-bearers] followed the course of the Chiang and the sea, and so reached the Huai and the Ssu” [Legge, III: 112]. With King Fu Ch'ai of Wu, the Han-kou was first opened; when men of Sui widened it, boats first plied on it. We then came to Hsi-ho Dike [and continued on as far as Chieh-chou Station]. Ch'en Hsüan had come as a military officer with Yang Wang. Since he understood a little about writing, Yang had appointed him scribe. Hsüan was extraordinarily greedy, and there was no one more deceitful. Now he became angry at Kim Sok, a soldier of mine, and accused him of several things to Yang. Yang had Sok seized and sentenced him to more than ten lashes. I ordered Chong Po to make a statement to Yang: “The Commander is supposed to escort us and nothing more. Is there any law by which on your own authority you may sentence and flog us foreigners? The soldiers I have are the same as the blind and the dumb. Even if they sometimes make mistakes, you ought to explain to them sympathetically. On the contrary, you beat them and hurt them. That is not the way for China to escort strangers.” Yang could not answer. Fu Jung said secretly to me, “Originally His Excellency Yang was from Peking, but he was transferred to Hang-chou Garrison. He is illiterate and ignorant. I have corrected him repeatedly, but he will not listen to us and continues to act presumptuously and contrary to principles. It is not worth the effort to bring charges against him.” We went on, into the rain, past Tzu-ying-ch’ien and along Chieh-shou Great Lake. On the edge of that lake, too, was a long embankment. We passed a police station and Huai-chüeh Tower and at night stopped in front of Fanshui Stop.
2월 26일
- 원문(原文)
二十六日,至淮陰驛,是日陰,過汜光大湖及寶應大湖,至安平驛,又過寶應縣治,過白馬大湖及白馬鋪、黃浦鋪、平河橋里,涇河鎭店,十里亭鋪,夜泊淮陰驛,自泡水鋪至此百餘里間,東岸築長堤,或石築或木柵,綿連不絶.
- 한역(韓譯)
회음역(淮陰驛)에 도착하였습니다. 이 날은 흐렸습니다. 사광대호(汜光大湖)와 보응대호(寶應大湖)를 지나서 안평역(安平驛)에 이르고, 또 보응현치(寶應縣治)를 지나고 백마대호(白馬大湖)와 백마포(白馬鋪), 황포포(黃浦鋪), 평하교리(平河橋里), 경하진점(涇河鎭店), 십리정포(十里亭鋪)를 지나서 밤에 회음역(淮陰驛)에 정박하였습니다. 범수포(1水鋪)에서 이곳까지 100여 리 사이에 동쪽 언덕에는 긴 제방을 쌓았는데, 돌로 쌓기도 하고 말뚝을 박아 울을 만들기도 하여 끊어지지 않고 죽 이어져 있었습니다.
- 영역(English translation)
26th Day. Arrival at Huai-yin Station. This day was cloudy. [We went from Fan-kuang Great Lake to Huai-yin Station.] For the one hundred li and more between Fan-shui Stop and there, a long levee built on the east bank ran without break, either as stonework or as wooden palisades.
